Stabbing of Salman Rushdie: Difference between revisions

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[[Category:2020s crimes in New York (state)]]
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[[Category:Hezbollah attacks]]
[[Category:Stabbing attacks in 2022|Rushdie]]
[[Category:Stabbing attacks in 2022|Rushdie]]
[[Category:August 2022 crimes in the United States]]
[[Category:August 2022 crimes in the United States]]

Revision as of 18:40, 15 August 2022

Stabbing of Salman Rushdie
Part of Islamic extremism in the United States
Amphitheater stage where the attack occurred, as seen on July 20, 2022
Map
LocationChautauqua Amphitheater[1] Chautauqua Institution, Chautauqua, New York, U.S.
Coordinates42°12′30″N 79°27′51″W / 42.2084°N 79.4643°W / 42.2084; -79.4643
DateAugust 12, 2022 (2022-08-12)
c. 10:47 am[2] (EDT)
TargetSalman Rushdie
Attack type
Stabbing
Injured
  • Salman Rushdie
  • Henry Reese
Arrests1
MotiveIslamic extremism[3] (attempted realization of fatwa against Rushdie)
AccusedHadi Matar
Charges

On August 12, 2022, a man stabbed the Indian-born British-American novelist Salman Rushdie multiple times as he was about to give a public lecture at the Chautauqua Institution in Chautauqua, New York, United States.[4][5][6] The co-founder of City of Asylum, Henry Reese, who was also onstage and about to begin interviewing Rushdie, sustained a minor head injury during the assault. A 24-year-old suspect, Hadi Matar, was arrested at the scene. Matar was charged the following day with assault and attempted murder.

Rushdie had been living under threat of being killed since 1989, when the Iranian government called for his execution and set a bounty for his death following the publication of his fourth novel, The Satanic Verses, in 1988.

Background

Main article: The Satanic Verses controversy

Salman Rushdie had been living under threat of assassination since 1989.[7] His fourth novel, The Satanic Verses, garnered both critical acclaim and threats from hardliner Shia Muslims following its publication in 1988. In 1989, Ayatollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, issued a fatwa calling for Rushdie's assassination,[8][9] and Rushdie was forced into hiding for several years.[10] In the years prior to the stabbing, Rushdie traveled without a security detail, and the Chautauqua festival where he was speaking was known for an "accessible" and "relaxed environment".[2]

The Execution of Imam's Order Directive set a US$ 3 million bounty on Rushdie, with the 15 Khordad Foundation offering to pay it.[11]

The bounty against Rushdie has never been lifted, though in 1998 the government of Iran looked to distance itself from the fatwa and pledged to cease to urge that it be carried out. In 2017, however, the Supreme Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, reaffirmed that the edict remained in effect, saying, "The decree is as Imam Khomeini issued."[12][13]

In the aftermath, the Foundation remained quiet and declined to answer the Associated Press.[14]

Two weeks before he was stabbed, Rushdie told German current affairs magazine Stern that "nowadays my life is very normal again", and that social media would have made his life "more dangerous, infinitely more dangerous" had it existed in the 1980s.[15]

Attack

Salman Rushdie (left) and Henry Reese (right) were injured.

On August 12, at around 10:47 a.m. EDT,[2] an attacker rushed the stage of Chautauqua Institution, where Rushdie was about to give a talk about the United States as a safe haven for exiled writers. The assailant stabbed him 10 times in the abdomen and the neck, the police and witnesses said, straining to continue the attack even as several people held him back.[2] The co-founder of City of Asylum, Henry Reese, was also onstage at the time, about to begin interviewing Rushdie; he sustained a minor head injury during the assault.[16] A doctor, who was present for the lecture, immediately tended to Rushdie.[17]

A New York state trooper and a sheriff's deputy, both of whom were present at the event, arrested the assailant at the scene.[18][19][20]

Rushdie was flown by helicopter to UPMC Hamot, a tertiary-level hospital in Erie, Pennsylvania.[21] The novelist's literary agent, Andrew Wylie, said on the evening of August 12 that Rushdie had undergone surgery, and was on a ventilator, unable to speak. Wylie said that Rushdie faced the prospect of losing one of his eyes, in addition to the possibility of liver damage and multiple severed nerves in one arm.[2][4][22]

On August 13, a local district attorney expounded on the nature of Rushdie's injuries, confirming four wounds to the stomach area of his abdomen, three wounds to the right side of the front part of his neck, one wound to his right eye, one wound to his chest and one wound to his right thigh.[23] Later that day, Wylie said that Rushdie had been taken off the ventilator and was able to speak and joke.[24][25] On August 14, Wylie said that Rushdie was on the "road to recovery", adding, "it will be long; the injuries are severe, but his condition is headed in the right direction."[26] Rushdie’s son stated “Though his life-changing injuries are severe, his usual feisty and defiant sense of humour remains intact”.[27][28][29]

Accused

Police identified the suspect as Hadi Matar, a 24-year-old man from Fairview, New Jersey.[20][30][31] He was born in California.[24] His parents emigrated from Yaroun in the south of Lebanon.[24] Reporters who visited his ancestral home village of Yaroun witnessed flags of Iran-backed Hezbollah, and portraits of Hassan Nasrallah, Ali Khamenei, Ruhollah Khomeini, and Qasem Soleimani. Hezbollah spokespeople did not respond to requests for comment[24], but denied all involvement in the attack[32]. Matar's father returned to Southern Lebanon several years ago and lives in Yaroun, and according to the Yaroun's mayor Ali Tehfe, Matar's father locked himself in his house since the attack and is refusing to speak to anyone.[33]

Matar's mother said he had changed after a 2018 trip to Lebanon to visit his father and had isolated himself, becoming more religiously inclined. She disowned her son and hoped that Rushdie would get well. The mother said that Matar barely worked and never had a girlfriend.[34]

A source in law enforcement told local news that Matar's social media accounts indicated support for the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and for "Shia extremism".[35] The New York Post, referencing law enforcement, reported that Matar expressed views in support of the Iranian government.[17] Matar was carrying a fake driver's license using a name evoking that of a killed Hezbollah militant, Imad Mughniyeh.[36][37][38] Matar had obtained an advance pass to attend the event.[36][39][38]

Investigation

The investigation into Rushdie's stabbing is being led by the New York State Police, with assistance from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Chautauqua County's district attorney.[40]

The suspect, Matar, was charged in state court with attempted second-degree murder and second-degree assault and remanded without bail.[41] Through an attorney, he pleaded not guilty to the charges.[24][12]

Aftermath

Reactions

A spokesperson for the Biden administration in the United States issued a statement publicly condemning the attack.[42] UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson, Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, French President Emmanuel Macron, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz also issued statements of outrage over the attack and expressed well-wishes for Rushdie.[42][43][44][45][46][47]

In India, where the novel is set and which was the first to ban it, the response was mostly muted; most political leaders, writers and public figures, barring a few, remained silent on the issue. The Guardian noted that the silence on the issue from Indian Muslim leaders was due to heightened religious tensions in the country in recent years which they were choosing not to further ignite with the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party which has also remained silent. Natwar Singh, the former foreign minister who originally advised then Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi to ban the book, justified his actions in the aftermath of the attack saying "The entire Muslim world is going to flare up. We have a large number of Muslims and apart from that, what the book contains at this time is not acceptable." Among Indian politicians who condemned the attack were Kerala Governor Arif Mohammad Khan, Shashi Tharoor and Karti Chidambaram of the Indian National Congress, Communist Party of India (Marxist) general secretary Sitaram Yechury, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) leader Kavita Krishnan and Shiv Sena MP Priyanka Chaturvedi.[48][49][50]

The CEO of PEN America commented, "We cannot immediately think of any comparable incident of a public violent attack on a writer during a literary event here in the United States."[2] The New York Times reported that the incident sent "ripples of 'shock and horror' through the literary world".[51] Nobel laureates Kazuo Ishiguro and Abdulrazak Gurnah were among the first to issue statements defending Rushdie, while his fellow Booker Prize winners Ian McEwan and Arundhati Roy also condemned the stabbing.[52] Islamic studies expert Kylie Moore-Gilbert wrote: "More than 30 years and a $3 million bounty later, Khomeini's poisonous fatwa has finally caught up with Salman Rushdie. A black day for freedoms of speech, expression, religion & conscience. A tragic day for literature."[53] Behrouz Boochani, an Iranian journalist in exile, condemned the stabbing of Rushdie, calling it an "attack on freedom of speech".[54] Paul Tighe, secretary of the Pontifical Council for Culture, spoke in support of Rushdie as he opened an exhibition the day after the attack.[55] Rushdie's son Zafar emphasized the lens through which the author sees the attack: "Free speech is the whole thing, the whole ball game. Free speech is life itself."[56]

The assault on Rushdie resulted in renewed interest in obtaining copies of The Satanic Verses, with the novel ranked number thirteen on Amazon.com by the afternoon afterwards.[24]

Iran has officially denied any involvement in the attack against Rushdie.[57] According to The Observer, senior officials in Iran linked the stabbing to nuclear talks between Iran and the United States.[58] Iranian-American political analyst Mohammad Marandi, a member of Iran's nuclear negotiations team, wrote: "I won't be shedding tears for a writer who spouts endless hatred & contempt for Muslims & Islam."[59] Marandi also alluded to a conspiracy theory suggesting that the action reflected an attempt by Iran's enemies to harm its brand, writing "is it a coincidence that just when we are on the verge of revitalising the nuclear agreement, America makes claims about an attempted assassination of Bolton and then this happens?"[60] Marandi's statement referenced the US Department of Justice's August 5, 2022 allegation that Iran had planned to assassinate US national security advisor John Bolton in 2020.[61]

Within Iran, conservative newspapers generally welcomed the attack, while reformist publications such as Etemad condemned it,[62] as well as the state broadcaster, who referred to Rushdie as an apostate (one who has renounced their religion).[63][64][65][66]

In Lebanon, Iran-backed Hezbollah denied any prior knowledge of the incident.[67][68] However, Hezbollah supporters hailed the attacker on social media, calling him a hero, and using the hashtag "holy stabbing" in their posts.[69]

British writer J. K. Rowling received a Twitter message shortly after the stabbing of Salman Rushdie which stated "you are next". She shared screenshots and said that police were investigating the incident.[relevant?][70][71][72]

Security issues

Questions were raised after the stabbing of Rushdie about security at the event, although a state trooper and a sheriff's officer were present.[73] Michael Hill, President of the Chautauqua Institution, stated that it had ensured law enforcement officers were present for the event.[17] He described the assault on Rushdie as "unlike anything in [the institution's] nearly 150-year history".[17] However, one eyewitness claimed that there was no security onstage.[74][75] A lawyer attending the event said food and drink was prevented from being brought into the amphitheater, but there was no check for weapons.[15]

It emerged that the leadership of the Chautauqua Institution disregarded recommendations for security precautions because they felt it would alienate the audience from the speakers.[76] Following the attack, the Chautauqua Institution announced it would require guests to furnish photo IDs to buy gate passes, which could be purchased anonymously before. Carried bags will also be banned in the amphitheater.[24]

References

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