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Ain Ebel

Coordinates: 33°06′35″N 35°24′10″E / 33.10972°N 35.40278°E / 33.10972; 35.40278
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(Redirected from 'Ain Ibl)

Ain Ebel
عين إبل, ܥܝܢ ܐܒܠ
Village
Ain Ebel in the winter, with Our Lady of Ain Ebel church in the background
Ain Ebel in the winter, with Our Lady of Ain Ebel church in the background
Map showing the location of Ain Ebel within Lebanon
Map showing the location of Ain Ebel within Lebanon
Ain Ebel
Location within Lebanon
Coordinates: 33°06′35″N 35°24′10″E / 33.10972°N 35.40278°E / 33.10972; 35.40278
Grid position187/279 PAL
Country Lebanon
GovernorateNabatieh Governorate
DistrictBint Jbeil District
Founded byUnknown
Government
 • Type15 Member Municipal Council
 • BodyMunicipal Council
 • MayorImad Lallous (Party Unknown)
Area
 • Total13.60 km2 (5.25 sq mi)
Highest elevation
850 m (2,790 ft)
Lowest elevation
750 m (2,460 ft)
Population
 • Total1,500−2,000; 3,500+ Summer Period
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Dialing code+961
Patron SaintSt. Mary

Ain Ebel (Arabic: عين إبل; Syriac: ܥܝܢ ܐܒܠ) is a Lebanese village [1] in the Nabatieh/Nabatiye Governorate, about 90 kilometers (56 miles) south of Beirut. Its inhabitants are predominantly Christian.[2]

As cross-border shelling between Hezbollah and Israel has increased, many residents, especially women and children, have fled to Lebanon's capital, Beirut.[3]

Etymology

[edit]

Historian Taissier Khalaf writes that the name means "Spring of the Monk" because in Aramaic Ain means spring and Ebel means a hermit or monk.[4] Others say that Ebel is a corruption of Baal, the Semitic god associated with storms and thus irrigation.[5] Combined with Ain the name may mean "Spring of Irrigation".[6] Edward Henry Palmer translated it literally as "Spring of Camels" based on classical Arabic.[7] Variant spellings include Ainebel, Aïn Ebel, Ain Ebl, Ain Ibl, Ayn Ibil, Ain Ibil, Aïn Ibel, and Ain Ibel.

History

[edit]
Relief with Apollo and Artemis, Louvre, found at Kh ed Doueir, just north of Ain Ebel

Ain Ebel is a historic village with numerous archaeological sites.

Prehistory

[edit]

Lower Paleolithic implements found in Ain Ebel attest to the region being inhabited in prehistoric times.[8] A Heavy Neolithic site of the Qaraoun culture was discovered by Henri Fleisch west of Ain Ebel in the Wadi Koura, with tools suggesting use by forest dwellers at the start of the Neolithic Revolution.[9] The region stretching from the north of Ain Ebel to south near Yaroun is rich in flint instruments, and the whole surrounding region as far as Jish contains megalithic ruins, perhaps pre-Canaanite.[10]

Ancient history

[edit]

In the Babylonian Talmud, Ain Ebel is referred to as 'En Bol, a village northwest of Safed, in a rabbinic discussion of the practice of baby girls undergoing ritual immersion prior to the immersion of the mother.[11]

Historian John T. Durward argues that Ain Ebel, located west of Kedesh of Naphtali (an ancient town documented in Judges 4:6, 10), is probably the biblical town of Abel Beth Ma'acah, and was the spiritual retreat of the clergy from Tyre and Acre.[12]

On the outskirts of the village is an area called Chalaboune where Ernest Renan, a French historian and philosopher who was sent by Emperor Napoleon III to Lebanon, found ancient graves.[13] According to Renan, Ain-Ebel had beautiful underground passages and large buildings in colossal stones and admirable carved sarcophagi in two remarkable places, Douair and Chalaboune, which he believed was the Biblical town of Shaalabbin of the Tribe of Dan.[14] On one of the graves, Renan discovered a bas-relief of Apollo and Artemis. The relief was transported to France where it remains today at the Louvre.[15] In 2011 and after months of negotiation, the Musée du Louvre agreed to make an exact replica of the bas-relief, which was delivered to the municipality of Ain Ebel in November.[16]

Middle Ages and early Modern period

[edit]

It is believed that the village has been continuously inhabited at least since the 15th century when Christians from the north of Lebanon migrated to lower elevations in the south to cultivate feudal lands.[17]

In his book, Salut Jerusalem: Les memoires d'un chretien de Tyr a l'epoque des Croisades, the Lebanese historian, Bechara Menassa, wrote that the people of Ain Ebel were in touch with the Crusaders in Toron, modern Tebnine. Menassa described how a Frankish monk killed a wild animal in Ain Ebel.

Late Ottoman period

[edit]

In January 1837, Ain Ebel was hit by the Galilee earthquake, which devastated the South all the way to Safad and Tiberias.[18]

By the mid-nineteenth century, Ain Ebel had become the principal village of Christianity in the Upper Galilee, and in 1861 it was chosen for the first religious retreat organized in the Holy Land where 55 priests from the archdioceses of Tyre and Acre gathered for a reunion.[19]

Ain Ebel is mentioned in a Christian anthology, containing contributions from ministers and members of various evangelical denominations published in the United Kingdom in 1866:

Forwards we marched, with light spirits, through close woods, varied by occasional clearings, like what are called the 'rides' in old English forests; and sometimes we arrived at snug villages or prospects of such by the names of Teereh, Hhaneen and Ain Ibil, the latter at two hours from Tibneen. The people are Christians, and they cultivate silk and tobacco... A poor Maronite priest in his black robes and dark blue turban, came up to me, and, leaning on his staff, represented the sad story of his village (Ain Nebel) the day before, when of the subordinate officers of Tamar Bek, going round to inspect the Christians in their compulsory and unpaid labour at the lime-kilns, and finding the work of one of the men not equal to the task exacted, shot him dead on the spot.

— Johnstone, John, "Byeways in Palestine by a British Consul, Upper Galilee, Forest Scenery", page 188, The Christian Treasury, Volume 22 (1866)

In 1875 Victor Guérin visited, and noted 800 Maronite and 200 Greek Orthodox villagers.[20]

In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described 'Ain Ibl as a: "Well-built modern village, with a Christian chapel ; contains about 1,000 Christians (800 Maronites and 200 United Greeks). It has vineyards on the slope of the hill on which the village is placed, and olives in the valley below. Good water supply from springs in the valley."[21]

P. Engbert writes that the inhabitants of Ain Ebel offered the Jesuits in 1888 a fairly large lot of land after almost all the inhabitants signed the petition which was presented to R. P. Lefebvre.[22]

In 1889, the village harvest was bad and an epidemic spread among the townspeople, lasting all winter and killing more than fifty people.[23]

French Mandate

[edit]

The village celebrated the arrival of High Commissioner Gouraud to Lebanon by flying the flag of France and playing the French anthem.[24] By 1920, Ain Ebel had a population of 1,500, living in about 300 houses.[25]

Massacre of 1920

[edit]

While delegates from the Shia Conference of El-Hujair were in Damascus swearing allegiance to King Faisal, an act the Maronites of Jabal Amel considered threatening, a Shia gang led by Mahmoud Bazzi, which "proceeded from brigandage to confronting France and its Christian friends in the south",[26] attacked Ain Ebel on May 5, 1920, pillaging and killing more than 50 people.[27][28] It appears that the gangs responded to a call for jihad.[29] The people of Ain Ebel defended the town from sunrise to sunset until they ran out of ammunition.[30]

A contemporary Franciscan document chronicling the event states that attackers abandoned themselves in the violence, massacring children in the arms of their parents before killing them, raping young women and then killing them, and burning people who were still alive.[31] The survivors fled south to Haifa until French ships took them back to Tyre where General Gouraud promised the Maronite Patriarch to punish those who had caused the massacres and destruction.[32] The town was completely destroyed, and the damage done to the two churches, school and convent, were evidence of sectarian malice.[25][33] The neighboring villages of Debel and Rmaich were also attacked so after 12 days of plundering and massacres,[34] the French arrived and suppressed all activities in Jabal Amil region.[35]

While awaiting to return to their village, it was reported that a soldier, in the service of the English, offered the villagers to sell their properties to the Zionists because they were not guaranteed a return to Ain Ebel, but they all refused. This was yet another example of how the Christians of the Tyre district were under a lot of pressure to abandon their land and emigrate out of the area.[36] The massacres hardened Maronite opinion in favor of Jabal Amil being part of Greater Lebanon, which borders were cemented at the San Remo conference in 1920.[26]

Later French rule

[edit]

During the French Mandate, the network of paved road expanded, coinciding with the introduction of automobiles in Lebanon. The arrival of the first car in a village became a celebratory event, and this was true in Ain Ebel, where the inhabitants, dressed in their Sunday best, gathered in the church square to welcome the first car to drive through the village.[37] The French planned to build an automobile road to connect the southern villages with those of Mandatory Palestine. The original plan was to build the road from Bint Jbeil via Yaroun and Rmaich, but the people of Ain Ebel protested, knowing the significance of such a road for the development of their town, and in the end, they were able to convince the French government to change the plan and have the road run through the village.[38]

During World War II, the Vichy French had a line of widely spaced blockhouses that stretched from the coast to the inland heights, reaching Ain Ebel.[39] During the Syria–Lebanon Campaign to liberate Lebanon and Syria from the Vichy, Australian Captain Douglas George Horley was ordered to clear Ain Ebel.[40] Australian Brigadier J. E. S. Stevens decided that he would seize Aitaroun, Bint Jbel, Ain Ebel, Yaroun, Rmaich, Ayta ash Shab, Ramié, Jereine, Aalma ech Chaab and Labouna to cut a road from Al-Malkiyya to the French frontier road so as to make a second gateway into the coastal zone.[39] The Australian squad, guided by Meir Davidson's squad, finally captured the town of Bint Jbeil and the villages of Aitaroun and Ain Ebel.[41] After taking Yaroun and Bint Jbeil, Ain Ebel was found to have been abandoned by the Vichy.[40]

Contemporary history

[edit]

In October 1948, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Ain Ebel received Palestinian refugees, especially from the village of Eilabun via Meiron, who stayed in the church for three days before being relocated to the Mieh Mieh refugee camp.[42]

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the village was often caught in the skirmishes between the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Israel Defense Force.[43] Israel imposed a food and fuel blockade on Christian villages, such as Ain Ebel and Qlaiaa, forcing the inhabitants to deal with Israel.[44] Christian militia arrived in Ain Ebel and neighboring Christian villages in August 1976[45] to open a new line of confrontation against the PLO strongholds in neighboring villages.

Ain-Ebel native, Monsignor Albert Khreish was abducted from his home on April 24, 1988.[46] A week later on May 1, 1988, Monsignor Albert Khreish, who was head of the Maronite Spiritual Affairs Court, and nephew of Cardinal Anthony Peter Khoraish, was found dead in the pine forest outside of Ghazir.[47] Khreish, who was shot 30 times, was an authority on international law and had served on the Maronite religious tribunal and lectured at the Government-run Lebanese University.[48] His death was believed to be politically motivated, but the case was unsolved.[49]

2006 Lebanon War

[edit]

In July 2006, Ain Ebel, like other villages that string Lebanon's southern border, such as Debel, Qaouzah, Rmaich, and Yaroun, was caught in the 2006 Lebanon War between Lebanon and Israel. The village and its surrounding valleys were attacked by Israël .[50] During the conflict, the village witnessed ferocious battles with missiles destroying many houses and orchards and leaving the townspeople besieged and without bread for three weeks.[51]

After allegations that Hezbollah was using humans as shields, the Human Rights Watch visited Ain Ebel on several occasions, and concluded that "Hezbollah violated the prohibition against unnecessarily endangering civilians when they took over civilian homes in the populated village, fired rockets close to homes, and drove through the village in at least one instance with weapons in their cars".[52][53] Residents of Ein Abel informed Human Rights Watch investigators that Hezbollah had declared several fields "off limits" to the locals following the Israeli withdrawal in 2000, later using these areas to construct military installations.[54]

Death of Elias Hasrouni

[edit]

Elias Hasrouni, a veteran Lebanese Forces official, was first thought to have died in a car crash on Sunday, August 6, 2023, but an autopsy later revealed that he was killed and many, including Samir Geagea, believed the murder was politically motivated.[55] Samir Geagea declared Hasrouni's death an assassination, pointing the finger at Hezbollah as the crime occurred deep within areas controlled by them but that accusation was never proven .[56] Politician Samy Gemayel also hinted that Hezbollah might have been behind the killing.[57] The residents of Ain Ebel, one of the few Christian villages in the predominately Shiite province, one of Hezbollah's main power bases, are mostly supportive of Hezbollah's largest political ennemy, the Lebanese Forces, and the murder of Hasrouni created sectarian tentions.[58] Two months later, Hasrouni's wife, Yvette Sleiman died in a car accident, but it was unclear whether her death was also politically motivated.[59]

2023 Hezbollah-Israel conflict (8 October 2023 - present)

[edit]

Ain Ebel, about 7.5 km (4.7 mi) from the border with Israel, was caught in the crossfire during the 2023 Hezbollah-Israel border conflict. While the village, like other neighboring Christian villages, was not aligned to Hezbollah, Israeli attacks led some villagers, especially the women and children, to evacuate to Beirut.[60] Only 40% of the population, mostly adult men, remained in the village.[3] The Israeli military reported that Ismail Baz, the commander of Hezbollah's coastal sector, was killed in a strike on a vehicle near Ain Ebel. [61] The Saint-Joseph and Saints-Cœurs Schools closed amid the war after three of their students were killed on November 5 on the road between Aitaroun and Ain Ebel by an Israeli strike.[62][63][64] On November 23, 2023, several rockets launched by Hezbollah toward Israel hit Ain Ebel.[65] [66] As residents prepared for a subdued Christmas under the shadow of the ongoing conflict, United Nations peacekeeping handed out toys on Saturday, December 23 to some 250 children whose families had remained in Ain Ebel and in the nearby villages of Rmaich and Debel.[67] On September 7, 2024, a drone crashed in the Ain Ebel area, prompting the Lebanese army's engineering team to conduct an inspection. On October 1, 2024, the Israeli army issued a call for the evacuation of residents from 23 villages in southern Lebanon, including Ain Ebel.[68] At least 800 people from Ain Ebel sought refuge in the border town of Rmeish on October 2, 2024, where they stayed until the papal nuncio and the patriarchate coordinated an evacuation to Beirut that was escorted by the Lebanese army.[69][70]

Geography

[edit]

Located in the mountainous region of southern Lebanon, known as Belad Bechara[71] in Jabal Amel, or the Lebanese Upper Galilee, Ain Ebel occupies several hills with elevation ranging from 750 to 850 meters above sea level. There are three natural springs in Ain Ebel, including Tarabnine, Tahta and Hourrié, and in the valley between Ain Ebel and Hanine is Ain Hanine.[10]

Ain Ebel in winter

Climate

[edit]

The village has a Mediterranean climate [72] and enjoys four seasons with autumn and spring being mild but rainy, winter being cold and sometimes snowy and summer being dry and very pleasant with average temperatures between 25–27 °C (77–81 °F).[73]

Temperature in Ain Ebel is rarely below 1°C (34°F) or above 30°C (86°F):
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
185
 
 
8
3
 
 
83
 
 
9
5
 
 
49
 
 
14
7
 
 
17
 
 
18
10
 
 
20
 
 
24
14
 
 
1
 
 
24
14
 
 
1
 
 
25
16
 
 
1
 
 
27
18
 
 
3
 
 
26
17
 
 
20
 
 
25
15
 
 
91
 
 
21
11
 
 
125
 
 
13
6
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [74][75]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
7.3
 
 
46
37
 
 
3.3
 
 
48
41
 
 
1.9
 
 
57
45
 
 
0.7
 
 
64
50
 
 
0.8
 
 
75
57
 
 
0
 
 
75
57
 
 
0
 
 
77
61
 
 
0
 
 
81
64
 
 
0.1
 
 
79
63
 
 
0.8
 
 
77
59
 
 
3.6
 
 
70
52
 
 
4.9
 
 
55
43
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Geology

[edit]

Deposits of bitumen, a black mixture of hydrocarbons obtained naturally, is found in Ain Ebel.[76][77] Flint is also found; it was excavated and used to build tools by ancient dwellers of the region.[10]

Vegetation

[edit]

The main agricultural products are olives, almonds, chestnuts, pecans, grapes, figs, pomegranates, and apples. Oak and pine woods can be found on the outskirts of the village.

In January 2023, perennial oak trees were illegally cut down in the western woods of the town, and while the culprit, a resident of Ayta ash Shab, was arrested, he was believed to be close to Hezbollah and was eventually released by a decision from the Nabatieh Public Prosecutor.[78]

During the 2023-2024 Lebanon-Israel border conflict, the Israeli army conducted airstrikes on the forest areas between Ain Ebel and Bint Jbeil.[79] Additionally, Israel's use of white phosphorus and other incendiary weapons burned tens of thousands of olive trees and other crops in the border area.[80]

Demographics

[edit]

In 2014 Christians made up 99,05% of registered voters in Ain Ebel. 79.83% of the voters were Maronite Catholics and 15,39% were Greek Catholics. The Christian population is mostly Maronite.

The people of Ain Ebel are mainly Maronite Catholics, Greek Catholics and Armenian Catholics.[81] In 2009, there were 410 members of the Saint-Élie parish of the Melkite Church in the village.[82]

Education

[edit]

There are three schools in the village: two private schools (Saints-Cœurs and Saint Joseph) and one public school. Of the three, the oldest is Saints-Cœurs, which was established by the Jesuits in 1881.[83]

Saint Joseph School

Within a decade, Ain Ebel had two schools, and Missionary Père Angelil requested the aid of the nuns of Ain Ebel in 1890 to teach for eight days the inhabitants in neighboring Mi'ilya after which two nuns remained there to manage the new school.[84]

Arts, culture, sports

[edit]
Our Lady of Ain Ebel
Lebanon Mountain Trail in Ain Ebel

Architecture

[edit]

There are three historic churches, built in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, and a convent that was built in 1857.[85]

A shrine, consisting of a 200-foot tower to be topped by a 45-foot statue of the Virgin Mary, is being built in Ain Ebel at the north entrance of the village, funded primarily by expatriates.[3]

Religious structures

[edit]

Chapels

  • Chapel of the Sacred Heart
  • Saint Mary's Chapel

Churches

  • Our Lady of Ain Ebel Maronite Catholic Church
  • Saint Elie Greek Catholic Melkite Church
  • The New Saint Elie Greek Catholic Melkite Church

Convents

Shrines

Festivals

[edit]

Each summer, a grand festival is organized in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The festival culminates on the Assumption of Mary on August 15. Outdoor events and open-air concerts are held in the village's square. The festivities peak with a procession of the Virgin Mary icon.

Hiking

[edit]

Funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), in partnership with the Community Support Program (CSP), Ain Ebel's western slopes, which are covered with olive and oak trees, became connected in 2022 to the Lebanon Mountain Trail, a long-distance hiking trail that crosses Lebanon from north to south.[87]

Notable figures from Ain Ebel

[edit]

Academia

Arts

Business

Cardinal Anthony Peter Khoraich

Clergy

Diplomacy

  • Ambassador Mounir Khoreich[97]

Journalism

Politics

Military

In literature

[edit]
  • In Half a Lira's Worth: The Life and Times of Vivronia by Mick Darcy
"The Kazzy family, in the early 1920s, were small landholders in the village of Ain Ebel, in Southern Lebanon

In media

[edit]
  • YouTuber Anthony Rahayel featured the village in a special episode in 2022.[105]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Piveteau, Jean (1968). La Préhistoire: Problèmes et Tendances. Paris: Ed. du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. p. 113.
  2. ^ "Christians in Lebanon's tense border area prepare to celebrate a subdued Christmas". AP News. 23 December 2023. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  3. ^ a b c Matt Bradley and, Ziad Jaber (2 November 2023). "Emptied by worries of war, a tiny Christian town clings to Lebanon's edge". NBC News. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  4. ^ Khalaf, Taissier (2006). al-Masīḥ fī al-Jūlān : Tārīkh wa-Athār [Christ in the Golan: History and Traces] (in Arabic). Dār Kanʻān.
  5. ^ Freedman, David Noel, ed. (1992). The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary. Vol. 1. New York: Doubleday.
  6. ^ "Ain-Ebel". Archived from the original on 2 December 2003. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
  7. ^ From A Personal name, according to Palmer, 1881, p. 62
  8. ^ Field, Henry (1956). Ancient and Modern Man in Southwestern Asia. Vol. 1. University of Miami Press. p. 44.
  9. ^ Copeland, L.; Wescombe, P. (1966). Inventory of Stone-Age Sites in Lebanon: North, South and East-Central Lebanon. Impr. Catholique. p. 88. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  10. ^ a b c Hulot & Rabot, "Actes de la societé géographie," Seance du 6 décembre 1907, La Géographie, Volume 17, Paris, 1908, page 78
  11. ^ The Talmud Babylonian: Seder Tomoroth, "Tractate Niddah," Folio 32a. Translated by Epstein, I. Halakah. 1935. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  12. ^ Durward, John T. (1913). Holy Land and Holy Writ. Baraboo, WI: Pilgrimage Publishing Company. p. 668.
  13. ^ Renan 1864, pp. 677–678.
  14. ^ Minervini, Giulio. Bulletino archeologico italiano, Volumes 1–2, "Antichità Oritentali", Naples, Italy, 1862 pages 150–151
  15. ^ Conder, C. R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 236.
  16. ^ Al-Amin, Danny (18 November 2011), عين ابل تفاوض اللوفر وتستعيد نسخة عن تحفتها, Al-Akhbar, no. 1565
  17. ^ Jalabert, Henri; Goudard, Joseph (1966). Lebanon, the Land and the Lady. Translated by Burns, Eugene P. (1st ed.). Beirut: Catholic Press. p. 24.
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  20. ^ Guérin 1880, pp. 120–121.
  21. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 200
  22. ^ Relations D'Orient. "Missions Dans La Haute-Galilée" par P. Engbert, 22 August 1988, Imprimerie Polleunis, Ceuterick et de Smet, Brussels, 1889, page 28
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  24. ^ Chalabi, Tamara (2006). The Shi'is of Jabal 'Amil and the new Lebanon: community and nation sate, 1918-1943 (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-4039-7028-2. OCLC 60839434.
  25. ^ a b The New Near East, Volumes 6–8. The Near East Relief, New York, NY, June 1921, page 12
  26. ^ a b Harris, William H. (2012). Lebanon: A History, 600 – 2011. Oxford University Press. p. 177.
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  28. ^ Gharbieh 2010, pp. 59, 63.
  29. ^ Chalabi, Tamara (2006). The Shi'is of Jabal 'Amil and the new Lebanon: community and nation sate, 1918-1943 (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-4039-7028-2. OCLC 60839434.
  30. ^ The New Near East, Volumes 6–8. The Near East Relief, New York, NY, June 1921, page 12.
  31. ^ Pirone & Noujaim 2023, p. 369.
  32. ^ Pirone & Noujaim 2023, p. 370.
  33. ^ The Times History of the War. Vol. 21. The New York Times. 1920. p. 449.
  34. ^ Villeneuve de, Armand, Catholic Missions: Annals of the Propagation of the Faith, Volume 1, "A Poor Mission of Syria," Society of the Propagation of the Faith, NY, MY 1924, page 91.
  35. ^ Gharbieh 2010, p. 60.
  36. ^ Pirone & Noujaim 2023, p. 371.
  37. ^ Abou Houdeib, Toufoul (2015). "Sanctity Across the Border: Pilgrimage Routes and State Control in Mandate Lebanon and Palestine". In Schayegh, Cyrus; Arsan, Andrew (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of the History of the Middle East Mandates. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis. p. 387.
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  39. ^ a b Long 1953, p. 342.
  40. ^ a b Long 1953, p. 349.
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  49. ^ Hourany, Youssef (11 September 2006). "Sfeir: UN presence reassuring; let's think about rebuilding together". Asia News. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  50. ^ Totten, Michael J. The Road to Fatima Gate: The Beirut Spring, the Rise of Hezbollah, and the Iranian War Against Israel, Encounter Books, New York, 2011, page 195
  51. ^ Tavernise, Sabrina (2 August 2006). ""Hilltop Village in Lebanon Feels Stuck in the Middle"". The New York Times.
  52. ^ Bouckaer, Peter. Why They Died: Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War, Volume 19. The Human Rights Watch, pages 54–55
  53. ^ Bouckaert, Peter. Fatal Strikes: Israel's Indiscriminate Attacks Against Civilians in Lebanon, Volume 18, The Human Rights Watch, page 15
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Bibliography

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