Şehzade Mustafa

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This article is about the son of Suleiman the Magnificent. For the son of Bayezid I, see Mustafa Çelebi. For the son of Mehmed I, see Küçük Mustafa. For the son of Medmed the Conqueror, see Gülşah Hatun.
In this Ottoman Turkish style name, Mustafa is the given name, the title is Şehzade, and there is no family name.
Şehzade Mustafa
Miniature of Şehzade Mustafa.jpg
An Ottoman miniature of Şehzade Mustafa
Bornc. 1515
Manisa Palace, Manisa, Ottoman Empire
Died6 October 1553(1553-10-06) (aged 37–38)
Konya, Ottoman Empire
Burial
Muradiye Complex, Bursa
SpouseFatma Handan Hatun
Begüm Nurcihan Hatun
IssueŞehzade Süleyman
Şehzade Ahmed
Şehzade Mehmed
Fatma Sultan
Raziye Sultan
DynastyOttoman
FatherSuleiman the Magnificent
MotherMahidevran Sultan
ReligionIslam

Şehzade Mustafa (Ottoman Turkish: شهزاده مصطفى‎; 1515 – 6 October 1553) was an Ottoman prince as the eldest son of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and his chief consort Mahidevran Sultan. He was the prince-governor of Manisa from 1533 to 1541, of Amasya from 1541 to 1549, and of Konya from 1549 to 1553. Şehzade Mustafa was the heir apparent to the Ottoman throne and an immensely popular prince among the army and the populace prior to his execution, by the order of his father Suleiman, which he later regretted.

Life[edit]

The murder of Mustafa in 1553 was the subject of the 1561 French tragedy La Soltane by Gabriel Bounin.

Şehzade Mustafa was born in 1515 in Manisa to Şehzade Suleiman (the future sultan) and Mahidevran.

Mustafa experienced some problems in his relationship with his father since very early in his life. Through he was the first son to survive childhood and the most potential heir, his father, according to some historians,[according to whom?] was more interested in Mustafa's younger half-brother, Şehzade Mehmed, the eldest son of Hürrem Sultan, the most prominent of Suleiman's consorts and later his legal wife.

Mustafa is thought by some to have been very close to his half-brothers Mehmed (born 1521), Selim (born 1524), Bayezid (born 1525), and Cihangir (born 1531), exemplified by the fact that Selim treated Mahidevran like his own mother by giving her back her wealth and helping to build Mustafa’s türbe in Bursa. But the truth is that we don't know what their relationships were. And due to the rules of fratricide it would have been difficult for them to have a close relationship.

Then, in 1541, he faced a second shock after being sent to Amasya from the more prominent Manisa; the rule of Manisa was given to Mehmed, while Şehzade Selim and Şehzade Bayezid were sent to Konya and Kütahya for their sanjak assignments. However, after he was sent to Amasya, Mustafa got the news of an edict written by Suleiman: he had sent him to Amasya not because he did not want him to be his heir, but to defend the eastern part of Anatolia and learn how to manage a large empire.[1][page needed] This relieved the Ottoman army and the people of Anatolia, as Şehzade Mustafa was the popular successor to the throne.

In Amasya, he got the news of the death of his brother Mehmed on 6 November 1543. It seemed like all barriers between the throne and Mustafa were gone, but he still faced another challenge. Selim was sent from Konya to Manisa in 1544, while Şehzade Bayezid remained in Kütahya. It was a critical decision, as they were Hürrem's sons, the mother of the late Mehmed. Hürrem's support of her own sons made Mustafa's political career difficult, but he successfully ruled Amasya for 8 years.

In 1547, during Suleiman's Elkas Campaign, the sultan met with his sons Selim, Bayezid, and Mustafa in different locations to discuss the political situation. It was well after the death of Mehmed, but the competition between the three princes was still going on.

In 1549, as a reward for his excellent participation in the Ottoman-Safavid War, Mustafa moved to Konya for his sanjak assignment.[2] The rumours and speculations say that Mustafa's life was now in danger, as Hürrem and Rüstem Pasha had made a court alliance against him in favor of Hürrem's sons, Selim and Bayezid.

Execution[edit]

Strangling of Şehzade Mustafa; engraving by Cl. Duflos, 18th century

During Suleiman's Persian campaign, his army halted in Ereğli for a while. While Suleiman's army was in Ereğli, Rüstem Pasha made an offer to Mustafa to join his father's army. At the same time he warned Suleiman and persuaded him that Mustafa was coming to kill him. He was accused by his father because of Hürrem sultan and Rüstem Pasha.[3]

Mustafa accepted Rüstem Pasha's offer and assembled his army to join his father's. Suleiman saw this as a threat and ordered the execution of his son. When Mustafa entered his father's tent to meet with him, Suleiman's guards attacked Mustafa, and after a long struggle they killed him using a bow-string. The name of the man who strangled Şehzade Mustafa was Mahmut Ağa. He was Rüstem Pasha's right hand.[4]

After the death of the prince, the Janissaries and Anatolian soldiers of Mustafa rebelled against Suleiman's decision. The Janissaries supported Mustafa because of Ottoman traditions about succession and the success of Mustafa as a warrior.

The people blamed Suleiman's wife Hürrem, his son in law Rüstem, his daughter Mihrimah, and even the Sultan himself for this unfair execution which was caused by the schemes of the Harem. As a result, during the year of 1553, an atmosphere of tension and fear was clearly to be felt in Istanbul; the palace was attacked by thousands of people who were angry and disappointed by Suleiman's decision.

After the protests of the army, Suleiman dismissed Rüstem from his position as Grand Vizier and sent him back to Istanbul.

Suleiman ordered that Mustafa be given a state funeral in Istanbul. After a week lying in state at Hagia Sophia, Mustafa was laid to rest in a large mausoleum in Bursa. Mustafa's execution caused unrest in Anatolia, especially in Amasya, Manisa and Konya, because the people saw him as the next sultan and because of his generosity and braveness.

In most of Anatolia, people remembered Mustafa as "Sultan Mustafa", as though he had successfully inherited the throne. His life and fate became a part of Anatolian Turkish literature. The poet Taşlıcalı Yahya composed an elegy for the dead prince. His story was similar to the story of Sultan Cem.

It is also important to note that the involvement of Hürrem Sultan in his execution is based on rumours and hearsay, mostly because women couldn't leave the harem and people were forbidden to enter it; ambassadors and foreigners could only infer and base their statements from the words of the servants and slaves who lived in the palace.

Family[edit]

Consorts

Mustafa had two consorts:

  • Fatma Handan Hatun (buried in Üçhanım Kızlar Mausoleum, Bursa);[5]
  • Begüm Nurcihan Hatun (buried in Üçhanım Kızlar Mausoleum, Bursa);[5]
Sons

Mustafa had three sons:

Daughters

Mustafa had two daughters:

  • Fatma Sultan (died in Istanbul), married to Maktul Ahmed Pasha, governor of Rumelia Eyalet;[6]
  • Raziye Sultan (died in Istanbul);[6]

Depictions in literature and popular culture[edit]

A posthumous engraving of Mustafa, dated 1584

In 1561, eight years after Mustafa's death, the French author Gabriel Bounin wrote a tragedy titled La Soltane about the role of Hürrem Sultan in Mustafa's death.[9] This tragedy marks the first time the Ottomans were introduced on stage in France.[10]

In the television series Muhteşem Yüzyıl, Mustafa is played by Turkish actor Mehmet Günsür.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Afyoncu, Erhan (2012). Şehzade Mustafa. Atlas Tarih.
  2. ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet; Bu Mülkün Sultanları, page 137.
  3. ^ Beosch, Moritz. The Height of the Ottoman Power; Murder of Prince Mustafa
  4. ^ A General History of the Middle East, Chapter 13: Ottoman Era, Suleiman the Magnificent
  5. ^ a b Eğri, Sadettin (2016). Mahidevran (Gülbhar) Sultan Ve Itiknâmesi. pp. 50 n. 10.
  6. ^ a b c Hüsameddin, Hüseyin (1927). Amasya Tarihi, Volume III. Istanbul. p. 311.
  7. ^ Konyalı, İbrahim Hakkı (2007). Konya Tahihi. Konya. p. 280.
  8. ^ Demirtaş, Funda (2010). Şehzade Mustafa’nın Öldürülmesi -Tahlilî Bir Yaklaşım-. Bilimname. p. 217.
  9. ^ The Literature of the French Renaissance by Arthur Augustus Tilley, p.87 [1]
  10. ^ The Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge p.418 [2]
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