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Dzhokhar Tsarnaev

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In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Anzorovich and the family name is Tsarnaev.

Dzhokhar Tsarnaev
Джохар Царнаев
Passport photo of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev released during 2013 manhunt
Born
Dzhokhar Anzorovich Tsarnaev

(1993-07-22) July 22, 1993 (age 31)
Tokmok, Kyrgyzstan[1] or Dagestan, Russia[2]
Other namesJahar Tsarnaev[3]
CitizenshipUnited States[4]
EducationCambridge Rindge and Latin School
Alma materUniversity of Massachusetts Dartmouth (incomplete mechanical engineering program)
Known forBoston Marathon bombing
Criminal statusIncarcerated at ADX Florence[5]
Parent(s)Anzor Tsarnaev (father)
Zubeidat Tsarnaeva (mother)
Relatives
Conviction(s)Use of a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death (18 U.S.C. § 2332a) (2 counts)
Use of a weapon of mass destruction (18 U.S.C. § 2332a) (4 counts)
Conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death (18 U.S.C. § 2332a)
Bombing a place of public use resulting in death (18 U.S.C. § 2332a) (2 counts)
Conspiracy to bomb a place of public use resulting in death (18 U.S.C. § 2332a)
Maliciously destroying property resulting in death (18 U.S.C. § 844) (2 counts)
Conspiracy to maliciously destroy property resulting in death (18 U.S.C. § 844)
Carjacking resulting in serious bodily injury (18 U.S.C. § 2119)
Use of a firearm during a crime of violence resulting in death (18 U.S.C. § 924) (9 counts)
Use of a firearm during a crime of violence (18 U.S.C. § 924) (6 counts)
Interfering with commerce by threats or violence (18 U.S.C. § 1951)
Criminal penaltyDeath

Dzhokhar "Jahar" Anzorovich Tsarnaev (born July 22, 1993) is an American terrorist of Chechen and Avar descent who perpetrated the Boston Marathon bombing. On April 15, 2013, Tsarnaev and his older brother, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, planted pressure cooker bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon. The bombs detonated, killing three people and injuring 264 others.[6]

On April 18, 2013, the Tsarnaev brothers attacked and killed MIT Police Officer Sean Collier. During an ensuing shootout with police, Dzhokhar was injured and Tamerlan died. A Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Police officer was critically injured in the course of the Tsarnaevs' escape. On the evening of April 19, after thousands of police officers conducted a manhunt in Watertown, Massachusetts, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was located hiding in a boat in the backyard of a resident, was shot, and was taken into custody.[7] During a subsequent interrogation, Tsarnaev said he and his brother intended to also detonate explosives in New York City's Times Square. He has said that his crimes were inspired, in part, by Anwar al-Awlaki.

Tsarnaev was tried and convicted of 30 counts and was sentenced to death. His death sentence was vacated on appeal in July 2020, but the U.S. Supreme Court reversed that decision in March 2022. As of 2024, he was being held on death row at ADX Florence federal supermax prison in Colorado.[8]

Personal background

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Early life and family

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Dzhokhar Anzorovich Tsarnaev was born on July 22, 1993[9] to Anzor Tsarnaev, a Chechen, and Zubeidat Tsarnaeva, an Avar. His older brother, Tamerlan, was born on October 21, 1986.[10][11][12] In the years following World War II, the Tsarnaev family had been forcibly moved from Chechnya by the Soviet Union to the Soviet republic of Kyrgyzstan.[13] Anzor and Zubeidat moved peripatetically across Central Asia during the late 20th century.[14] In 1986, they were married in the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic,[15] and Tamerlan was born there the next day.[16][17] Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was born in either Kyrgyzstan[1] or Dagestan,[2] in the Russian Federation.[18] The parents also had two daughters.[19] The family raised their children as Muslims;[20][21][22] after the attack, a relative described Anzor as a "traditional Muslim" who objected to extremism.[23]

Tsarnaev spent the first years of his life in Kyrgyzstan.[24][13] In 2001, the family moved to Makhachkala, Dagestan, in the Russian Federation.[25][4][26] In April 2002, the Tsarnaev parents and Dzhokhar went to the United States on a 90-day tourist visa.[27][28][29] Anzor Tsarnaev successfully[30] applied for asylum, citing fears of deadly persecution due to his ties to Chechnya.[31] Tamerlan had been left in the care of his uncle Ruslan in Kyrgyzstan[13] and arrived in the U.S. about two years later.[32] The parents then filed for asylum for their four children, who received "derivative asylum status".[33] They settled on Norfolk Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where Tamerlan lived until his death.[34]

The family "was in constant transition" for the next decade.[13] Anzor Tsarnaev and Zubeidat Tsarnaeva both received welfare benefits.[35] Anzor worked as a backyard mechanic and Zubeidat worked as a cosmetologist[36] until she lost her job for refusing to work in a business that served men. In March 2007, the family was granted legal permanent residence.[32] Tsarnaev would eventually become a U.S. citizen while in college.[4][29][37] Zubeidat also became a U.S. citizen. Tamerlan was unable to naturalize expeditiously because an investigation against him held up the citizenship process.[38]

Early education

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Tsarnaev attended Cambridgeport Elementary School and Cambridge Community Charter School's middle school program.[39] At Cambridge Rindge and Latin School, a public high school, he was an avid wrestler and a Greater Boston League winter all-star.[4][34] He sometimes worked as a lifeguard at Harvard University.[40]

In 2011, he contacted Brian Glyn Williams, a professor at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, who taught a class about Chechen history, expressing his interest in the topic.[41] He graduated from high school in 2011[4] and the city of Cambridge awarded him a $2,500 scholarship.[34] His brother's boxing coach, who had not seen them in a few years at the time of the bombings, said that "the young brother was like a puppy dog, following his older brother."[42][43]

University education

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Tsarnaev enrolled at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth in September 2011. He majored in marine biology with the intent on becoming a director but later changed to nursing.[4][44]

Tsarnaev was described as "normal" and popular by some fellow students. Others described him as "creepy." His friends said he sometimes smoked marijuana,[45] liked hip hop, and did not talk about politics.[46] Many friends and other acquaintances at first found it inconceivable that he could be one of the two bombers,[41] calling it "completely out of his character".[47] He was not perceived as foreign, spoke American English without an accent,[46] was sociable, and was described by peers as "[not] 'them'. He was 'us'. He was Cambridge."[48]

On the Russian-language social-networking site VK, Tsarnaev described his "world view" as "Islam" and his personal priorities as "career and money".[34] He posted links to Islamic websites, links to videos of fighters in the Syrian civil war, and links to pages advocating independence for Chechnya.[49] Tsarnaev was also active on Twitter. According to The Economist, he seemed "to have been much more concerned with sport and cheeseburgers than with religion, at least judging by his Twitter feed";[50] however, according to The Boston Globe, on the day of the 2012 Boston Marathon, a year before the bombings, a post on Tsarnaev's Twitter feed mentioned a Quran verse often used by radical Muslim clerics and propagandists.[51]

In 2012, Arlington Police ran a warrant check on Tsarnaev and checked his green Honda when they were investigating a report of underage drinking at a party in Arlington Heights.[52]

At the time of the bombing, Dzhokhar was a sophomore living in the UMass Dartmouth's Pine Dale Hall dorm.[51][53] He was struggling academically, having a 1.09 GPA and receiving seven failing grades over three semesters, including Fs in Principles of Modern Chemistry, Introduction to American Politics, and Chemistry and the Environment[34] and had an unpaid bill of $20,000 to the university.[54] He also sold marijuana.[55]

2013 Boston Marathon bombing and aftermath

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Main article: Boston Marathon bombing

The 117th annual Boston Marathon was run on Patriots' Day, April 15, 2013. At 2:49 p.m. EDT (18:49 UTC), two pressure cooker bombs detonated about 210 yards (190 m) apart at the finish line on Boylston Street near Copley Square.[56][57][58][59] The explosions killed three spectators and injured 264 others.[60]

Tsarnaev continued to tweet after the bombings, and sent a tweet telling the people of Boston to "stay safe".[46][61] He returned to his university after the bombing and remained there until April 18, when the FBI released pictures of him and Tamerlan at the marathon. During that time, he used the college gym and slept in his dorm; his friends said that he partied with them after the attacks and looked "relaxed".[62]

Manhunt and additional crimes

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At 5:00 p.m. on April 18, three days after the bombing, the FBI released images of two suspects carrying backpacks, asking the public's help in identifying them.[63] The FBI-released images depicted Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev.[62]

Hours after the FBI released photos of the two suspects in the bombing, Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev visited their family's apartment in Cambridge. There, they obtained five improvised explosive devices (IEDs), ammunition, a semiautomatic handgun, and a machete. The two brothers then drove to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[63]

On April 18, 2013, at 10:25 p.m., the Tsarnaev brothers ambushed Sean A. Collier of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department and shot him six times. Collier died from his injuries.[63] The shooting occurred as part of a failed attempt to steal Collier's gun. The brothers then traveled to the Boston neighborhood of Allston. There, the brothers carjacked an SUV and robbed its owner,[64] Dun Meng, who said he managed to escape when the Tsarnaevs became momentarily distracted in the process of refueling the car at a cash-only gas station.[65] Meng fled to another nearby gas station and contacted the police. Police were then able to track the location of the car through Meng's cellphone and the SUV's anti-theft tracking device.[66]

In the early hours of April 19, police found the brothers and a shootout ensued in Watertown. During the gunfight (in which bombs were thrown at responding officers), Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was wounded and Tamerlan was shot a number of times. Dzhokhar escaped by driving the stolen SUV toward the officers who were arresting his brother, and drove over Tamerlan Tsarnaev, dragging him under the SUV about 30 feet (9 m) in the process. Tamerlan later died at a nearby hospital. Dzhokhar drove off but abandoned the car about 1⁄2 mile (800 m) away and then fled on foot.[67] A Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Police officer was critically injured in the course of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's escape.[68][69] A manhunt involving thousands of police officers from several nearby towns, as well as state police, FBI, and SWAT teams, searched numerous homes and property in Watertown. Images of squad cars and large black armored vehicles crowding the side streets, as well as videos of residents being led out of their homes at gunpoint, soon flooded social media. The Boston metro area was effectively shut down all day on April 19.[70]

After Tsarnaev's name was published in connection with the bombings, his uncle Ruslan Tsarni, who lives in Montgomery Village, Maryland, pleaded with Tsarnaev through television to turn himself in "and ask for forgiveness", and said that he had shamed the family and the Chechen ethnicity.[71]

Arrest and detention

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Tsarnaev at the time of his capture

On the evening of April 19, Tsarnaev was discovered wounded in a boat in a Watertown backyard, less than 1⁄4 mile (400 m) from where he abandoned the SUV.[67] David Henneberry, the owner of the boat, had noticed that the cover on the boat was loose. When the "shelter in place" order was lifted, he went outside to investigate.[72] He lifted the tarpaulin, saw a bloodied man, retreated into his house and called 911.[73] Three Boston police officers responded and were soon joined by Waltham police. Tsarnaev's presence and movements were verified through a forward looking infrared thermal imaging device in a State Police helicopter.[74] After he was observed pushing up at the tarp on the boat, Boston police began firing but were stopped by the superintendent on the scene.[75][76] Though there were initial reports of a shootout between police and Tsarnaev, and that Tsarnaev had attempted suicide via gunshot, officials later said that he was unarmed when captured.[77][78]

In an image broadcast on the night of the arrest, Tsarnaev was shown stepping out of the boat.[79] Tsarnaev was "hauled down to the grassy ground" by SWAT officer Jeff Campbell and handcuffed by SWAT officer Saro Thompson.[67]

Tsarnaev, who had been shot and was bleeding badly from wounds to his left ear, neck and thigh,[80] was taken into federal custody. He was transported to Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, in Boston, where he was treated in the intensive-care unit. He was in serious but stable condition.[81][82] According to one of the nurses, he cried for two days straight after waking up.[55] According to a doctor that treated him, Tsarnaev had a skull-base fracture, as well as injuries to the middle ear, a portion of his C1 vertebra, the pharynx, and the mouth; he also had a soft tissue injury and a small vascular injury.[83]

Interrogation

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Tsarnaev was questioned by a federal High-Value Interrogation Group, a special counterterrorism group composed of members of the FBI, CIA and Department of Defense that was created to question high-value detainees.[84][85][86][87] Questioned without being provided a Miranda warning,[88] Tsarnaev wrote his answers to the team's questions in a notebook, as a tracheostomy rendered him unable to speak.[89][90][91]

After initial interrogations, officials announced that it was clear the attack was religiously motivated, but that so far there was no evidence that the brothers had any ties to Islamic terror organizations.[92] Officials also said that Dzhokhar acknowledged his role in the bombings and told interrogators that he and Tamerlan were motivated by extremist Islamic beliefs[93] and the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq to carry out the bombing.[94][95] Dzhokhar admitted during questioning that he and his brother were planning to detonate explosives in New York City's Times Square. The brothers formed the plan spontaneously during the April 18 carjacking, but things went awry after the vehicle ran low on gas and they forced the driver to stop at a gas station, where he escaped.[96] Dzhokhar says he was inspired by online videos from imam Anwar al-Awlaki,[97] who also inspired Faisal Shahzad, who attempted a car bombing in 2010 in Times Square.[98]

Investigators found no evidence that Tsarnaev was involved in any jihadist activities, and, according to The Wall Street Journal, came to believe that unlike his brother Tamerlan, Dzhokhar "was never truly radicalized".[99] Examinations of his computers did not reveal frequent visits to jihad websites, expressions of violent Islamist rhetoric or other suspicious activities. Some law enforcement officials told the WSJ that Tsarnaev "better fit[s] the psychological profile of an ordinary criminal than a committed terrorist".

During CBS This Morning on May 16, 2013, CBS News senior correspondent John Miller said he had been told that while Tsarnaev was hiding in the boat, he wrote a note claiming responsibility for the April 15 attack during the marathon. The note was scribbled with a pen on one of the inside walls of the cabin and said the bombings were payback for the U.S. military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq, and referred to the Boston victims as collateral damage, the same way Muslims have been in the American-led wars. He continued, "When you attack one Muslim, you attack all Muslims." He also said he did not mourn his brother's death because now Tamerlan was a martyr in paradise and that he (Dzhokhar) expected to join him in paradise. Miller's sources said the wall the note was written on had multiple bullet holes in it from the shots that were fired into the boat by police. According to Miller, the note painted a clear picture of the brothers' motive "consistent with what he told investigators while he was in custody".[100][101] Photographs of the note were eventually released by prosecutors in March 2015.[102]

On April 26, Tsarnaev was transported by U.S. Marshals to the Federal Medical Center, Devens,[103] a United States federal prison near Boston for male inmates requiring specialized or long-term medical or mental health care. He was held in solitary confinement and restricted to one three-page letter and one telephone call per week.[104]

Criminal charges

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On April 22, Tsarnaev was charged via a complaint with "using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death" and with "malicious destruction of properties resulting in death", both in connection with the Boston Marathon attacks.[105][106] He was read his Miranda rights at his bedside by a federal magistrate judge of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, nodded his head to answer the judge's questions, and answered "no" when asked whether he could afford a lawyer.[88] After being read his Miranda rights, Tsarnaev stopped talking and declined to continue to cooperate with the investigation.[77]

In June 2013, Tsarnaev was indicted by a federal grand jury on 30 charges.[107] Some of the charges were death-penalty eligible.[108]

Middlesex County prosecutors also brought criminal charges against Tsarnaev for the murder of Sean Collier. A surveillance camera at MIT captured the brothers approaching Collier's car from behind.[109]

Tsarnaev's arraignment for 30 charges, including four counts of murder, occurred on July 10, 2013, in federal court in Boston before U.S. magistrate judge Marianne Bowler. It was his first public court appearance.[110] He pleaded not guilty to all 30 counts against him, which included using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death.[111]

On January 30, 2014, United States Attorney General Eric Holder announced that the federal government would seek the death penalty against Tsarnaev.[112]

Prosecutors initially argued that Tsarnaev's pre-Miranda statements should be admissible, invoking Miranda's public safety exception.[113]: 136–37  However, the exception was not considered by the court because the prosecutors later decided not to use those statements in their case.[114]: 643 

In January 2015, CNN reported that plea negotiations had failed when the government refused to rule out the possibility of the death penalty.[115]

Trial

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Main article: Trial of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev

Guilt phase

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The trial began on January 5, 2015. Tsarnaev was prosecuted by assistant U.S. attorneys William Weinreb and Aloke Chakravarty, of the Anti-Terrorism and National Security Unit of the U.S. Attorney's Office in Boston.[116] His defense team included federal public defender Miriam Conrad,[117] William Fick,[118] and Judy Clarke.[119] Tsarnaev pleaded not guilty to all thirty charges laid against him. Judge George O'Toole presided over the trial.[120][121] Tsarnaev's attorney, Judy Clarke, admitted in her opening statement that Tsarnaev committed the acts in question; however, she sought to avert the death penalty by asserting that his brother Tamerlan had influenced and manipulated him.[122] Counter-terrorism expert Matthew Levitt gave testimony in March 2015.[123]

On April 8, 2015, Tsarnaev was found guilty on all thirty counts of the indictment. The charges of usage of a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death, in addition to aiding and abetting, made Tsarnaev eligible for the death penalty.[124]

Sentencing phase

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During the sentencing phase, the jury heard from victims of the bombing and Tsarnaev's friends and relatives.[125][a] Tsarnaev, who had displayed little emotion throughout his trial, appeared to weep when his relatives testified on his behalf on May 4, 2015.[127] Bill and Denise Richard, parents of Martin Richard (the youngest of the three killed in the bombings and 1 of the 2 people killed by Dzhokhar's bomb, the other person being Chinese-exchange student Lingzi Lu), urged against a death sentence for Tsarnaev. They stated that the lengthy appeals period would force them to continually relive that day, and would rather see Tsarnaev spend life in prison without parole (possibility of release), and waive his right to appeal.[128]

On May 15, 2015, the jury sentenced Tsarnaev to death by lethal injection on six of 17 capital counts.[129][130] According to the verdict forms completed by the jurors, three of 12 believed that Tsarnaev had taken part in the attack under his brother's influence; two believed that he had been remorseful for his actions;[131] two believed that Tamerlan, not Dzhokhar, had shot and killed Officer Collier; three believed that his friends still care about him; one believed that Tsarnaev's mother, Zubeidat Tsarnaeva, was to be blamed for the brothers' actions; one believed that Tsarnaev would never be violent again in prison.

On June 24, 2015, Tsarnaev faced his living victims in court as his death sentence was formally delivered. Victims and their families were able to present impact statements to the court, and Tsarnaev, who had been silent throughout his month-long trial, admitted to carrying out the bombings and apologized to the injured and bereaved.[132]

ADX Florence, the prison housing Tsarnaev

The following morning, on June 25, 2015, Tsarnaev was transferred from Federal Medical Center, Devens to the United States Penitentiary, Florence High in Colorado; as of July 17, 2015, he had been transferred to ADX Florence.[133][134] A Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) spokesperson stated that "unique security management requirements" caused the agency to place Tsarnaev in Colorado instead of United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute, Indiana, where male death-row inmates are normally held.[135]

According to The Guardian, in June 2016, Al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri issued a threat to the United States warning of the "gravest consequences" should Tsarnaev be harmed.[136] Al-Zawahiri has since died, having been killed by the CIA on July 31, 2022.

Appeal

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Main article: United States v. Tsarnaev

Tsarnaev appealed his sentence on the grounds that the trial should not have been held in Boston, that there were errors in jury selection and that the judge improperly excluded evidence that Tamerlan Tsarnaev and another man, Ibragim Todashev, committed a prior triple murder in Waltham on September 11, 2011, arguing that such evidence would suggest that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev acted under the influence of Tamerlan Tsarnaev and was possibly fearful of what would happen to him if he refused.[137]

The appeal was heard by a three-judge panel of the First Circuit on December 12, 2019.[137] On July 31, 2020, the First Circuit overturned the death sentence and three of the other convictions, agreeing that the judge failed to determine how much the potential jurors had been aware of the event during jury selection, and ordered a retrial with a new jury for the penalty phase of his trial. Tsarnaev remained in prison from multiple life sentences carried by the other uncontested convictions.[138][139][140] U.S. Circuit Judge O. Rogeriee Thompson, who wrote the opinion, clarified the ruling of the court. She stated, "Make no mistake: Dzhokhar will spend his remaining days locked up in prison, with the only matter remaining being whether he will die by execution."[141]

On March 22, 2021, the Supreme Court agreed to consider an appeal from the Department of Justice,[142] and on October 13, 2021, the Department of Justice presented arguments in favor of reinstating the death penalty for Tsarnaev.[143] The Supreme Court ruled on March 4, 2022, in a 6–3 decision, that the First Circuit improperly vacated the death sentence that Tsarnaev had been given. The Court reversed the First Circuit's decision, reinstating the death penalty.[144]

Tsarnaev asked the First Circuit Court of Appeals to consider four constitutional claims that had not been considered by the Supreme Court.[145] On January 10, 2023, the First Circuit heard the matter. Tsarnaev's attorneys argued that jurors in the case had lied about prior discussions of the case on Twitter and Facebook. The jurors, the attorneys say, claimed to have never discussed the case on social media, whereas the attorneys say the jurors actually did participate in discussions showing a strong bias against Tsarnaev. Tsarnaev's attorneys argued this lack of disclosure should have disqualified the jurors from serving.[146] In March 2024, the First Circuit ruled that the trial judge had not adequately investigated the claims of juror bias, and sent the case back to the trial court with instructions for the trial judge to investigate the defense's claims and determine whether Tsarnaev's death sentence should stand.[147]

Media coverage

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Image of Tsarnaev on the cover of Rolling Stone

Tsarnaev was the subject of a cover story for an August 2013 issue of Rolling Stone entitled "The Bomber: How a Popular, Promising Student Was Failed by His Family, Fell into Radical Islam and Became a Monster." The magazine drew heavy criticism for the flattering photo of Tsarnaev on the issue's cover. Boston Mayor Tom Menino wrote that the cover "rewards a terrorist with celebrity treatment." Massachusetts State Police sergeant Sean Murphy said that "glamorizing the face of terror is not just insulting to the family members of those killed in the line of duty; it also could be an incentive to those who may be unstable to do something to get their face on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine".[148] The New York Times used the same photo on their front page in May 2013,[149] but did not draw criticism. Rolling Stone columnist Matt Taibbi criticized those who took offense at the cover, arguing that they associated Rolling Stone with glamour instead of news,[150] stating that The New York Times did not draw the criticism that Rolling Stone did "because everyone knows the Times is a news organization. Not everyone knows that about Rolling Stone ..."[150]

The editors of Rolling Stone posted the following response:

Our hearts go out to the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing, and our thoughts are always with them and their families. The cover story we are publishing this week falls within the traditions of journalism and Rolling Stone's long-standing commitment to serious and thoughtful coverage of the most important political and cultural issues of our day. The fact that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev is young, and in the same age group as many of our readers, makes it all the more important for us to examine the complexities of this issue and gain a more complete understanding of how a tragedy like this happens. –THE EDITORS[24]

CVS Pharmacy[151] and other retailers announced that they would no longer sell the issue.[152]

Adweek magazine ranked the cover the "hottest" of the year after it doubled newsstand sales to 120,000.[153] The cover photo was taken by Tsarnaev himself, not a professional photographer.[154]

See also

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Notes

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ The state of Massachusetts eliminated the death penalty for state crimes in 1984. However, because Tsarnaev was tried by the federal government, he is eligible for execution.[126]

Citations

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  1. ^ a b Idov, Michael (April 19, 2013). "Are the Tsarnaev Brothers Russian?". The New Yorker.
  2. ^ a b Jacobs, Bruce (April 20, 2013). "Kyrgyz Former Neighbors Talk About Tsarnaevs, North Caucasus Ties". Radio Free Europe.
  3. ^ "United States vs. Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, Case 1:13-mj-02106-MBB Criminal Complaint (with FBI affidavit)" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. April 21, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2015. Based on the foregoing, there is probable cause to believe that on or about April 15, 2013, DZHOKHAR TSARNAEV violated 18 U.S.C. § 2332a (using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction, resulting in death) and 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) (malicious destruction of property by means of an explosive device, resulting in death).
  4. ^ a b c d e f Finn, Peter (April 19, 2013). "Tamerlan Tsarnaev and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev were refugees from brutal conflict". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  5. ^ Sargent, Hillary. "Tsarnaev moved to supermax prison". Retrieved December 2, 2023.
  6. ^ "After Action Report for the Response to the 2013 Boston Marathon Bombings" (PDF). National Policing Institute. December 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  7. ^ "Photos: Manhunt for Boston Marathon bombing suspects". The Chicago Tribune. April 19, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  8. ^ Murphy, Shelley (April 16, 2023). "Where the legal battle over Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's death sentence stands a decade after the Marathon bombings". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  9. ^ Russian: Джоха́р Анзо́рович Царна́ев [dʐɐˈxar ɐnˈzorəvʲɪtɕ tsɐrˈna(j)ɪf]; Chechen: Царнаев Анзор-кIант ДжовхӀар or ЖовхӀар[1] Carnayev Anzor-khant Dƶovhar; (Kyrgyz: Жохар Анзор уулу Царнаев, Jokhar Anzor uulu Tsarnaev)
  10. ^ Nechepurenko, Ivan. "Hunt for Boston Clues Reveals Tangled Caucasus Web". The Moscow Times. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  11. ^ Mong, Adrienne. "Boston bombing suspects' father 'a good man,' neighbors in Dagestan say". NBC News. Archived from the original on April 22, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  12. ^ Balmforth, Tom (April 22, 2013). "'A Clear Setup': The Conspiracy Theory of the Boston Bombing Suspects' Father". The Atlantic. Makhachkala. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  13. ^ a b c d Martin, Phillip (June 6, 2013). "Two Hours With Ruslan Tsarni, the Alleged Boston Marathon Bombers' Uncle". WGBH-TV. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
  14. ^ Vigeron, Peter (June 14, 2017) [April 13, 2015]. "The Brothers Tsarnaev". Pacific Standard.
  15. ^ Gerstein, Josh (April 22, 2013). "Boston bombing suspects' parents granted divorce in 2011". Politico.
  16. ^ Kirk, Chris; Brady, Heather (April 25, 2013). "From Boxing Champion to Bombing Suspect".
  17. ^ Cullison, Alan; Sonne, Paul; Troianovski, Anton; George-Cosh, David (April 22, 2013). "Boston Marathon Bombings: Turn to Religion Split Bomb Suspects Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's Home". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  18. ^ Elder, Miriam; Williams, Matt (April 19, 2013). "Chechnya connections build picture of Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev". The Guardian. Local police, cited in Kyrgyz media, suggest that both were born in Kyrgyzstan. But family members in the US said the younger brother, Dzhokhar, was born in Dagestan.
  19. ^ Milmo, Cahal (April 19, 2013). "Boston Marathon bombing: Tamerlan Tsarnaev was a boxer. Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was a wrestler". The Independent. London. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  20. ^ Kaleem, Jaweed (April 19, 2013). "Boston Bombing Suspects' Muslim Identity Provides Few Clues To Motivation For Bombing". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  21. ^ Noronha, Charmaine (April 19, 2013). "Aunt says US suspect recently became devout Muslim". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  22. ^ Goode, Erica (April 19, 2013). "Brothers Seen as Good Students and Avid Athletes". The New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  23. ^ Radia, Kirit (April 20, 2013). "Boston Bomb Suspect Alarmed Russian Relatives With Extremist Views". ABC News.
  24. ^ a b Reitman, Janet. "Jahar's World". Rolling Stone.
  25. ^ "Timeline: A look at Tamerlan Tsarnaev's past". CNN. April 21, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  26. ^ Sullivan, Eileen (April 19, 2013). "Manhunt in Boston after bombing suspect is killed". Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  27. ^ Perez, Evan; Smith, Jennifer; Shallwani, Pervaiz (April 19, 2013). "Boston Bombing Suspect Killed in Shootout". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
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