2011 Egyptian revolution

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2011 Egyptian protests
Marching demonstrators on January 25th
Date25 January 2011 – ongoing
Casualties
Death(s)9 (Possibly dozens in Suez, see below)[1][2][3]
InjuriesAt least 850 protestors were injured[4]
ArrestedOver 1,000[5]
Politics of Egypt

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Arab League Member State of the Arab League

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The 2011 Egyptian protests or the Youth Revolution,[7] are a series of street demonstrations, protests, and civil disobedience acts that have taken place in Egypt since 25 January 2011, with organisers counting on the Tunisian uprising to inspire the crowds to mobilize. The demonstrations and riots were reported to have started over police brutality, state of emergency laws, unemployment, desire to raise the minimum wage, lack of housing, food inflation, corruption, lack of freedom of speech, and poor living conditions.[8] The protests' main goal is to oust President Hosni Mubarak's regime, which has been in power for almost 30 years.[6]

While localised protests were already commonplace in previous years, major protests and riots erupted all over the country starting on 25 January, known as the "Day of Anger", the date set by Egyptian opposition groups and others for a major demonstration.[8] The 2011 protests have been called "unprecedented" for Egypt,[9] and "the largest display of popular dissatisfaction in recent memory" in the country,[10] with Cairo being described as "a war zone"[11] by a local correspondent for The Guardian newspaper. For the first time, Egyptians from all walks of life with different socio-economic backgrounds have joined the protests.[10][12] These have been the largest demonstrations seen in Egypt since 1977 in what were known as the Bread Intifada or, as Anwar El Sadat called it, the "Thieves' Intifada".[10]

Background

Emergency law

Paramilitary riot police of the Central Security Forces deployed during the January 25th protest

Egypt is a semi-presidential republic under Emergency Law (Law No. 162 of 1958)[13] and has been since 1967, except for an 18-month break in 1980s. Under the law, police powers are extended, constitutional rights suspended and censorship is legalized.[14] The law sharply circumscribes any non-governmental political activity: street demonstrations, non-approved political organizations, and unregistered financial donations are formally banned. Some 17,000 people are detained under the law, and estimates of political prisoners run as high as 30,000.[15] Under that "state of emergency", the government has the right to imprison individuals for any period of time, and for virtually no reason, thus keeping them in prisons without trials for any period. The government continues the claim that opposition groups like the Muslim Brotherhood could come into power in Egypt if the current government did not forgo parliamentary elections, confiscate the group's main financiers' possessions, and detain group figureheads, actions which are virtually impossible without emergency law and judicial-system independence prevention.[16] Pro-democracy advocates in Egypt argue that this goes against the principles of democracy, which include a citizen's right to a fair trial and their right to vote for whichever candidate and/or party they deem fit to run their country[citation needed].

Police brutality

A political cartoon by Carlos Latuff depicting Khaled Mohamed Saeed holding up a flailing Hosni Mubarak.

Khaled Mohamed Saeed died under disputed circumstances in the Sidi Gaber area of Alexandria on 6 June 2010.[17] Multiple witnesses have testified that Saeed was beaten to death by the police.[18]

On 25 June Mohamed ElBaradei, former head of the International Atomic Energy Agency, led a rally in Alexandria against alleged abuses by the police and visited Saeed's family to offer condolences.[19]

It has been reported that many police have been restrained in the use of violence. One policeman has been quoted to have said to a protester that he had only three months of duty left and after that "I'll be on the other side of the barricade."[20]

Mubarak's presidency

President Hosni Mubarak has ruled Egypt since 1981. His government has been criticised in the media and amongst NGOs[which?]. His support of peace negotations in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has made him an ally of the West,[21][22] with Egypt receiving over US$1.3 billion in annual aid from the United States.[23] His government is also noted for its crackdown on Islamic militants.[21] As a result, the initial reactions to Hosni Mubarak's abuses by the U.S. were muted, and most instances of socio-political protest in the country, when they occurred at all, rarely made major news headlines in the United States.[24]

Demonstrator holding a sign depicting a shoe with "25 January" written on it flying at the face of President Mubarak

Corruption

While in office, political corruption in the Mubarak administration's Ministry of Interior has risen dramatically, due to the increased power over the institutional system that is necessary to secure the prolonged presidency. Such corruption has led to the imprisonment of political figures and young activists without trials,[25] illegal undocumented hidden detention facilities,[26][27] and rejecting universities, mosques, newspapers staff members based on political inclination.[28] On a personnel level, each individual officer can and will violate citizens' privacy in his area using unconditioned arrests due to the emergency law.

In 2010, Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index report assessed Egypt with a CPI score of 3.1, based on perceptions of the degree of corruption from business people and country analysts, with 10 being very clean and 0 being highly corrupt. Egypt ranked 98th out of the 178 countries included in the report.[29]

Economic policy

About 40% of Egypt's 80-million population lives on around the equivalent of US$2 day, and a large part of the population relies on subsidised goods.[8]

Protests

Self-immolation

In Egypt, at least six cases of self-immolation have been reported, including a man arrested while trying to set himself on fire in downtown Cairo.[30] Abdou Abdel-Moneim Jaafar, a 49-year-old restaurant owner, set himself alight in front of the Egyptian Parliament.[31][32]

Self-immolation incidents in Egypt
Name Residence Date of
self-immolation		 Status Ref(s)
1 Abdou Abdel-Moneim Jaafar El-Qanater 17 January 2011 [31][32]
2 Mohammed Farouk Hassan Cairo 18 January 2011 [33]
3 Ahmed Hashim al-Sayyed Alexandria 18 January 2011 Died 18 January 2011 [34][35]
4 Mohammed Ashour Sorour Cairo 18 January 2011 [36]

Deaths in Suez

The city of Suez has seen the most violence of the protests thus far. Three of the seven documented deaths have occurred in Suez. Reports from eye witnesses have suggested that the death toll in Suez may be significantly higher, in what has been described as a "massacre". These reports cannot be confirmed as media coverage is banned from Suez.[1]

25 January – Day of Anger

Protesters marching on 25 January. Demonstrators later moved to al-Tahrir Square, in Downtown Cairo, where the main protests were being held.

On 25 January 2011, known as the Day of Anger (Arabic: يوم الغضب, IPA: [ˈjoːm elˈɣɑdɑb])[37] or the Day of Revolt,[38] protests took place in several cities, including Cairo, Alexandria, Suez and Ismailiya.[38] Cairo protesters gathered Tuesday morning in front of the High Court in downtown Cairo within the framework of the activities of the protests, which marks the official celebrations of "Egypt Police Day" (a celebration of the Egyptian National Police). The demonstration that was in front of the Supreme Court was larger than usual and was able for the first time to break the security cordon and head to Midan Tahrir.

A policeman was reported to have died in Cairo, while in Suez two protesters died.[38] In Cairo, police forces used tear gas and water cannons against the protesters, who in turn threw stones at police, eventually forcing them to retreat.[38]

Thousands protested in Cairo on 25 January, with 15,000 alone occupying Tahrir Square;[37] 20,000 in various locations across Alexandria,[39] 200 demonstrators were in the southern city of Aswan, 2000 in the eastern city of Ismailiya; and about 3000 in the northern city of Mahallah.[40]

26 January

On 26 January continued uprisings broke out, with protesters numbering in their thousands, although no accurate estimate has yet been made. There was increased use of violence from both the protesters and the police, with one protester and one police official killed in Cairo. Suez experienced dramatic uprising, with many being fired upon by live ammunition, and both protesters and police being beaten. Protesters in Suez also managed to set fire to several government buildings, including the police station.[41][42][43] Police eventually retreated from Suez, though later the army[verification needed] took up the position of blocking protesters.[44]

27 January

Wikinews has related news:
Marching protesters on January 25th

Protests were not as great as on 25 January due to preparations being made for the planned large-scale uprising on 28 January. The Muslim Brotherhood declared full support for the protests, and members planned to take part during Friday's protests.[45] Reformer and opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei promised to return in time for Friday's protests. ElBaradei also stated that if asked, he would take over as Egypt's president during the transitional period if Hosni Mubarak were to leave Egypt.[46]

Later in the day a protestor of Bedouin descent was shot dead by the police in the North Sinai region, bringing the death toll to seven.[47]

Suez continued to be a site of major uprising and conflict as more buildings were set on fire, including police posts. The population of Suez and the Sinai region were armed with firearms, and Suez and the nearby region experienced armed revolts by protesters.[41]

The death toll rose to at least eight as one protester happened to video-tape a man being shot by police[48]; the man killed was identified as Mohamed Atef (22), a protester killed in Sheikh Zoweid.[49]

28 January – Friday of Anger

The same Facebook group which originally declared 25 January as a day of protests, scheduled Friday, 28 January, to be another day of revolution, calling for one million protesters to join a "one million man march".[50] Hours ahead of the expected massive anti-government protests, the Egyptian government shut down Internet service, though some were still able to communicate using alternative means,[51] in Cairo and other cities at about 1:00 local time.[52] Text messaging and cell phone services also appeared to be blocked.[53] All mobile operators in Egypt have been instructed to suspend services in selected areas. Under Egyptian legislation the authorities have the right to issue such an order and the operators are obliged to comply with it.[54]

Around 15 minutes after daily prayers, tens of thousands of Egyptians started protesting, and within hours the number rose to the hundreds of thousands. Potential presidential candidate Mohamed ElBaradei has returned to Cairo and said that he planned to join the protesters.[55][56] ElBaradei has been leading the protests in Giza. On 28 January ElBaradei was arrested at an anti-government rally,[57] and has been placed under house arrest.[58]

Police fired tear gas into crowds Friday as violent clashes between authorities and anti-government protesters. It is confirmed that protesters are now numbered in the hundreds of thousands[where?][citation needed], and most if not all cities are affected. Thousands in Suez stormed and took control of the police station, and freed all protesters held under arrest there.[59][citation needed]In Port Said tens of thousands of protesters gathered and multiple government buildings were set ablaze.[59] In Suez, at least one man protesting has died on this day when police shot him.[60] The government issued a curfew, ignored by protesters and police trying to enforce, from 6pm until 7am.[60] In the evening, protesters set one of the NDP headquarters buildings in Cairo on fire.[61][62] While protesters paused for evening prayers, police continued firing tear gas at protesters.[63]

The Egyptian government deployed the military in Cairo, Alexandria, and Suez to assist the police.[64] Reports described protestors and troops smiling and waving at each other, the army taking no action to suppress the protests.[65]

Arrests

Rows of Egyptian Central Security Forces on the Day of Anger

Rights activists have said that security agents have detained a number of protesters who were taking part in the 25 January demonstration. Twenty-five people have been arrested at Assiut,[66] according to Gamal Eid, director of the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI). He also noted that security agents seized banners hoisted by the protesters.[66] Security sources said that Assuit's police arrested approximately 50 young people the night before "25th" demonstration and confined them in central security trucks.[66] Meanwhile, sources at the Muslim Brotherhood, said a number of the group’s members have been detained in Mohandessin before heading to join "25th" demonstration.[66] An estimated 860 protesters have been arrested as of the beginning of demonstrations on Tuesday.[67]

Ayman Nour, the founder of the liberal opposition El-Ghad Party, has tweeted that his son was taken by an unmarked car.[67] Security forces in Cairo arrested Jack Shenker, a Guardian news reporter, who secretly recorded his subsequent journey in a police van. Shenker was beaten several times along with numerous other protesters, after which they were loaded onto one of the security trucks. Shenker was crowded with 43 others in the vehicle, whose only ventilation were thick metal grates. They were driven for hours, and one of the protesters, who was diabetic, fell into a coma. Others futilely tried to get the truck driver to stop. After stopping near a government security headquarters far outside the city, a policeman unlocked the vehicle door, wanting a specific prisoner, Ayman Nour's son. The detainees managed to overpower the policeman and escape, flagging down cars to evacuate the unconscious man, while the rest worked to find their way back to Cairo.[67]

Mohamed ElBaradei, 68, former head of the International Atomic Energy Agency and Nobel Peace Prize winner, returned to Egypt on January 27, 2011 saying he would take part in the protests. However, ElBaradei was put under house arrest and was quoted as saying "If Mubarak continues like this, it will surely backfire."[68]

Reactions

Domestic

Reports of Mubarak's family escape

Gamal Mubarak, President Hosni Mubarak's son, who has been widely tipped as his successor – was reported by the US-based Arabic website Akhbar al-Arabto to have fled to London with his family on 25 January 2011.[69] Later reports said that Mubarak's family did not, in fact, flee.[70] Officials say that Gamal is still in Cairo, but security and government officials themselves do not know exactly where Hosni Mubarak is.[41]

Stock market

On 26 January, Egypt's EGX stock market index fell on speculation the instability would spread.[71] EGX30 have dropped almost 1000 points since 13 January 2011. EGX dropped 6.1% on Wednesday, 26 January and then another 6.2% on Thursday, 27 January before the chief of the Egyptian stock market temporarily suspended trading[72] due to marked losing of points in the first minutes of the opening session. The stock index closed the day down by 10.5%.

Egyptian dollar-denominated bond yields also rose to a record high as oil prices rose and global stock market indices sank.[73]

On January 28, 2011, Fitch Ratings changed Egypt's rating outlook to negative from stable, saying the upsurge in protests adds uncertainty to the political and economic outlook.[68]

Media censorship

Political cartoon depicting Mubarak's regime being ensnared by technologically-advanced youth protesters

Since the first day of protests the Egyptian government censored most of the media outlets inside Egypt and took measures to block social media websites[74] that have helped the protesters spread the news about the events on the ground. The success of the protests have been largely attributed to the involvement of tech savvy youth all over Egypt who were able to overcome the government blockades on social media. On 27 January, it was reported on Twitter by many Egyptian and foreign reporters on the ground that the government has blocked text messaging and BlackBerry messaging services.[75] Shortly afterwards, it was reported that all cellphone services were to be suspended on Friday in anticipation of the fourth day of protests, which is expected to be the largest in the country's recent history.[citation needed]

Twitter was sporadically blocked,[76][77][78] then Facebook.[79][80]

Total internet blackout

Starting about 00:10 to 00:35[81] 28 January (Cairo time), in an unprecedented[81][82] action in the history of internet censorship, the Egyptian government almost entirely cut off Egypt from the rest of the Internet.[83][81][82] About 3500 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routes to Egyptian networks were shut down from about 22:10 to 22:35 UTC 27 January.[81] The shutdown happened within the space of a few tens of minutes, not instantaneously. According to Renesys, Telecom Egypt started shutting down at 22:12:43 UTC, Raya at 22:13:26, Link Egypt at 22:17:10, Etisalat Misr at 22:19:02, and Internet Egypt at 22:25:10.[81] Renesys interpreted the shutdown as "people getting phone calls, one at a time, telling them to take themselves off the air. Not an automated system that takes all providers down at once; instead, the incumbent leads and other providers follow meekly one by one until Egypt is silenced.[81] Facebook confirmed a decrease in traffic from Egypt.[84] A Border Gateway Protocol monitoring site in Vancouver, Canada, has reported most of the primary AS (ISP's) are dropping all if not a large percentage of route advertisements.[85] Virtually all of Egypt's Internet addresses were unreachable, worldwide.[86]

International

Protesters draped in the Egyptian flag outside the Egyptian embassy in Washington, D.C.
  • European Union European Union's foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton said Egyptian authorities should listen to their people, deal with their problems and respect their right to demonstrate, urging the "Egyptian authorities to respect and to protect the right of Egyptian citizens to manifest their political aspirations".[87]
  • Germany Germany's Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle said he was "very concerned" and called on all concerned to show restraint.[87]
  • Norway Norway's Foreign Secretary Jonas Gahr Støre called on the Egyptian authorities to refrain from violence, allow peaceful protests and respect basic political and economical rights. "I deeply regret that lives have been lost during these demonstrations. The right to free speech and to demonstrate are basic human rights and prerequisites for democratic development. The extensive demonstrations can be viewed as a sign that there are limits to political free speech in Egypt." [88]
  • Israel Israel's Labor Member of Knesset Binyamin Ben-Eliezer said that Israel expresses its support for Mubarak and hopes the riots pass quietly.[89]
  • United Kingdom United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary William Hague called on the authorities and protesters in Egypt to show restraint and avoid violence. He urged the Egyptian authorities to "listen to the concerns" of demonstrators.[90]
  • United States US Vice President Joseph Biden said "...we’re encouraging the government to act responsibly and – and to try to engage in a discussion as to what the legitimate claims being made are, if they are, and try to work them out.", as well as choosing not to refer Mubarak as a dictator and that he should not step down[22] US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said "The Egyptian government has an important opportunity to be responsive to the aspirations of the Egyptian people, and pursue political, economic and social reforms that can improve their lives and help Egypt prosper."[91] The White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs posted a statement on Twitter expressing concern "about violence in Egypt" adding that "government must respect the rights of the Egyptian people & turn on social networking and the internet". [92] US Ambassador Margaret Scobey later commented: "we call on the Egyptian authorities to allow peaceful public demonstrations."[91]

NGO

Hacktivist group Anonymous has attacked multiple government websites, and is preparing a press release calling for support of the Egyptian people.[93]

See also

References

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Day of Anger.

Protests break out in Egypt at Wikinews

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