Notre-Dame fire

Coordinates: 48°51′11″N 2°20′59″E / 48.8530°N 2.3498°E / 48.8530; 2.3498
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Notre-Dame de Paris fire
Notre-Dame Cathedral is located in Paris
Notre-Dame Cathedral
Notre-Dame Cathedral
Notre-Dame Cathedral (Paris)
Notre-Dame Cathedral is located in France
Notre-Dame Cathedral
Notre-Dame Cathedral
Notre-Dame Cathedral (France)
Date15 April 2019; 5 years ago (2019-04-15)
Time18:50 CEST (16:50 UTC)
Duration15 hours[1]
VenueNotre-Dame Cathedral
LocationParis, France
Coordinates48°51′11″N 2°20′59″E / 48.8530°N 2.3498°E / 48.8530; 2.3498
Deaths0[2]
Non-fatal injuries3; one firefighter and two police officers[3][4]
Property damageRoof and spire destroyed; windows and vaulted ceilings damaged

On 15 April 2019, shortly before 18:50 CEST, a fire broke out in the roof of Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris, France, causing severe damage to the building. The fire was extinguished the following day, fifteen hours later, but fire crews remained to identify and extinguish residual fires.

The cathedral's spire and roof collapsed, and considerable damage was caused to the interior, upper walls, and windows, as well as to numerous works of art. The stone vaulted ceiling beneath the roof prevented most of the fire from spreading to the interior of the cathedral, saving the building from worse damage.

French President Emmanuel Macron promised the country would restore the cathedral and launched a fundraising campaign which brought in pledges of €800 million from several benefactors within 24 hours of the Notre-Dame de Paris fire. It has been estimated the restoration work could last up to twenty years.

Background

The fire at an early stage from the south

Construction of the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris ("Our Lady of Paris") began in the 12th century, using stonework for the walls and vault and wood for the main roofs and its spire. A new flèche (spire) designed by Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc was added in the 19th century, in oak covered with lead; the original, damaged by wind, had been removed between 1786 and 1791.[5] The cathedral was listed as part of the "Paris, Banks of the Seine" UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991.[6]

In recent years, the cathedral had suffered significantly from crumbling stonework, primarily due to environmental pollution[7] (limestone dissolves in acid rain[8][9][10]). Philippe Villeneuve, architect-in-chief of Historic Monuments in France, stated in July 2017 that "pollution is the biggest culprit."[7] In 2014, the Ministry of Culture estimated the cost of the renovation work needed by the cathedral at €150 million.[11]

In 2016, the Archdiocese of Paris launched an appeal to raise €100 million over the following five to ten years to meet the costs of maintenance and restoration.[7] At the time of the fire, it was undergoing renovations on the spire, estimated to cost €6 million. Bronze statues of the 12 Apostles had been removed from the roof and stored offsite days before the fire to protect them during this portion of the restoration work.[12][13] Steel scaffolding had been erected around the roofs.[14][15] Renovation works often cause fires, and it is suspected that the Notre-Dame fire may have been caused by such work,[16] which required blowtorch use.[17] Repairs to the lead roof required welding lead sheets[18] which rested on dry, well-seasoned timber, much of it porous or powdery with age.[17] This is a particularly risky process for historic buildings.[19]

Fire

Video of the fire

Originally the Paris prosecutor stated the fire started in the cathedral's attic around 18:50 CEST, when the cathedral was open to tourists.[3] However, it was later discovered the fire likely started about 18:20 when security guards first heard the fire alarm and began evacuating the cathedral; the security guards were unable to find where the fire was coming from until 18:43 when either the alarm rang again[20] or a second alarm rang.[21] A Mass was scheduled around that time, between 18:15 and 19:00, and was in progress[22][19] when the fire alarm rang. The cathedral was evacuated in an orderly manner within minutes.[21]

According to some of those at the scene, the doors of the cathedral were abruptly closed on them as they tried to enter, and white smoke started spreading from the roof.[23] The smoke turned black as the fire spread; flames then appeared from the spire.[23] The smoke later turned yellow.[24]

Emergency response

Police quickly evacuated the Île de la Cité, and the island was closed.[23][25][26] People gathered on the banks of the Seine and at nearby buildings to watch.[23] Most of the fire was extinguished by 23:30 CEST, and the fire was considered completely extinguished by early morning, after about twelve hours of fire-fighting.[27][3] Fire crews remained to identify and extinguish residual fires.[28] The Paris fire chief stated that if the fire had kept burning for another 30 minutes the bell towers and other structural elements would have likely fallen.[29]

The fire being fought with a high-pressure deluge gun

The Paris Fire Brigade had drilled regularly in preparation for any fire at the cathedral, including two training exercises held on the site in 2018. They also cooperated in the routine thrice-daily fire watch and the alarm system. They therefore knew the building and the difficulties of fighting a fire in it well.[30]

The fire was primarily fought from the inside, in line with common French fire-fighting practice. Attacking the fire from the outside risked damaging the interior by deflecting flames and hot gases (at temperatures up to 800 °C or 1,470 °F) inwards.[18] Twenty firefighters climbed inside the two towers.[21] Deluge guns from ground-based vehicles were carefully used to douse the fire while avoiding further damage to the building.[31][32][33] Following the plans the fire department made for such an emergency, boats were rapidly deployed on the Seine river to pump the water.[30]

The possibility of aerial firefighting was discounted, as the weight of the water and the intensity of the drop at low altitude could have weakened the cathedral's structure.[34] In addition, the limestone used in the construction of the cathedral could have cracked in the heat, especially if abruptly chilled by being doused with water.[35] Fire-fighting by helicopter was also discounted due to dangerous updrafts that came from the burning building.[36] Drones were used for visual and thermal imaging, and robots were used for visual imaging and positioning and directing hoses.[30]

A spokesman for the Paris Fire Brigade announced that more than 400 firefighters were engaged;[31] another hundred worked to evacuate artifacts.[30] Along with the high temperatures of the fire, molten lead from the roof also posed a hazard.[23] Paris police reported that no one was killed in the fire, but one firefighter and two police officers were injured.[3][4]

Damage

The wooden spire before its collapse

Within an hour of flames being seen, the lead-clad timber roof of the cathedral, including its timber central spire, was engulfed,[37][38] causing it to collapse onto the masonry of the cathedral's ceiling vault.[39] The oak section of the church's roof was destroyed.[40] Much of the timber structure that burned was the cathedral's "forest": wooden roof trusses, made from approximately 21 hectares (0.21 km2; 52 acres) of oak trees cut down for the construction of the cathedral; each individual tree contributed a single beam. The older timbers dated from the early 13th century.[41][42] Approximately 200 tonnes (220 short tons) of lead sheet sat atop the timber framing to complete the cathedral's roof.[43] This lead mostly melted during the fire.[23]

There was fear that the collapsing timber roof would damage the stone vaulting that forms the ceiling of the cathedral and supports the walls from the inside (the flying buttresses support them from the outside). If the masonry vault had collapsed, the damage would have been significantly worse;[44][45] there were fears that the entire structure would be destroyed.[25] Although the vaulting was intended by the medieval designers to protect the cathedral's nave from roof fires, this is not always effective; similar cathedrals have been completely destroyed by fires in the past.[35] Lead melting down onto the vaults could have unbalanced them, causing collapse.[46] The vaults mostly remained intact and continued to support the flaming roof timbers after they collapsed, preventing most of the burning roof from falling into the nave. A few sections fell, leaving holes in the vault,[39] through which the fire could be seen from the nave below.[2] Embers fell through the holes and landed on the marble floor and debris from the collapse.[21]

Around 23:15 CEST, an official with the Interior Ministry reported that the fire had weakened and that "both towers of the cathedral are safe."[38][47] Following the fire, the primary structure, including both of the towers, and one-third of the roof remained standing.[23] Early pictures taken inside the cathedral after the fire showed that most of the stone vaulted ceiling remained in place, but sections had collapsed, allowing flaming debris to fall through.[3][39] Inspectors later found some weaknesses in the surviving structure, and evacuated an adjacent row of apartment houses on the Rue du Cloître as a precaution.[30]

The north rose window remained intact.[48] Later images showed that all three of the church's 13th-century rose windows survived,[49] although there was damage to some of the 19th-century windows.[50]

  • The triangular wooden roof framing and curved masonry vault in a schematic transverse section
    The triangular wooden roof framing and curved masonry vault in a schematic transverse section
  • Curved masonry rib vaults in the church interior before the fire
    Curved masonry rib vaults in the church interior before the fire
  • Timber framing in the cathedral roof interior before the fire, with the top of the curved vault visible below
    Timber framing in the cathedral roof interior before the fire, with the top of the curved vault visible below
  • Triangular exterior form of the roof before the fire
    Triangular exterior form of the roof before the fire
  • Lead sheet roofing on the outside of the wood structure.
    Lead sheet roofing on the outside of the wood structure.

Contents and decorative elements

A decorative screen between the choir and the ambulatory, before the fire.[51]

The cathedral contained a large number of artworks, religious items, and other antiques.[52] Some contents were evacuated by a human chain of civil servants, including emergency responders and municipal workers.[53] Others were protected from direct contact with the fire by the surviving portions of the building;[53] many of the relics and works of art that were not removed therefore survived the fire, but the state of some is still unknown.[41]

Artwork, relics, and other antiques stored at the cathedral include a crown of thorns which some believe to be the one Jesus wore prior to his crucifixion, a purported piece of the cross on which Jesus was crucified, a much-rebuilt pipe organ by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, stained-glass windows, the Virgin of Paris statue of Mary and the baby Jesus, and bronze statues of the twelve Apostles.[52] According to a spokesperson for the cathedral, some of the artwork had already been removed prior to the renovations, whilst most of the sacred relics were held in the cathedral's sacristy and thought to be safe.[54]

Images showed that several pews were destroyed and that the sculpted arches had been blackened by smoke, though the church's main cross and altar survived, along with the statues surrounding it.[55][56][57]

Some paintings appear to have been damaged by smoke but not by fire.[58][19] These paintings are expected to be transported to the Louvre for restoration work.[19]

Stone, copper, and bronze statues, including statues of the twelve Apostles that surrounded the base of the spire, had been removed from the site as part of the renovations;[14][59] work on the statues was finished on 11 April, and the rooster reliquary atop the spire was due to be removed within weeks.[17] The reliquary was believed to have been lost when the spire fell,[41] but it was found among the debris the day after, damaged but not destroyed.[60]

Other than the statues, which had been removed from the spire for renovations four days before the fire,[59] the first artefacts to be confirmed as rescued from the blaze – shortly before midnight on the night of the fire – were the crown of thorns and the Tunic of St. Louis.[61][59]

Some lead holding stained glass windows together melted in the heat of the fire.[58][28] The day after the fire, a spokesperson for the cathedral reported that the three major rose windows, dating to the 12th and 13th centuries, had not been damaged. However, the cathedral's rector later indicated that one of the rose windows may have become unstable and may have to be dismantled for safekeeping. Damage to the cathedral's stained glass appeared restricted to 19th-century windows.[50]

According to Laurent Prades, steward of the cathedral's interior patrimony, the two pipe organs were not significantly damaged: "The [ancient] large organ was not touched at all except that it was very dusty. But it did not take a single drop of water. It took soot and dust, so it is currently unusable, but nothing has burned, nothing has melted. [...] [The second, modern organ] was drenched, but it was to preserve the 18th century stalls that are just below."[62]

Some of the cathedral bells that hung in the towers during the fire were preserved, including the bourdon.[41] The liturgical treasury of the cathedral and the "grands Mays" monumental tablets were evacuated during the fire.[41]

Investigation

Within hours, the Paris prosecutor's office had opened an investigation into the fire,[23] led by the Paris Region Judicial Police.[63] The cause of the fire was not immediately known.[23] The investigation most strongly suspected a case of "accidental destruction by fire", but had not ruled anything out, saying it was too early to know the cause of the fire.[64][65][18]

A police source reported that they were looking into the possibility that lead welding set fire to the roof trusses,[18] as in similar fires.[19] Le Bras Frères, the firm that was carrying out the renovations, said it had followed procedure and would co-operate fully with the investigation. It said none of its personnel were on-site when the fire broke out[53][a] In general, fires started during renovations of historic buildings can smolder for hours unseen before breaking out.[16] On 16 April, the Paris prosecutor said that nothing his office had learned suggested a deliberate act.[30]

Reactions

Notre Dame from the South Facade in 2017 (top) and on 16 April 2019, showing the extent of damage.

President Emmanuel Macron postponed a major speech planned for the evening after news of the fire broke.[66] He had been due to give a televised address to outline measures he plans to take following nationwide public debates held in response to the yellow vests movement; instead, he travelled to the site of the blaze, where he gave a brief address to the French people.[67] Multiple groups gathered in vigils for Notre-Dame.[68][69] The mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, described the fire as "terrible".[70] The fire has been compared to the similar 1992 Windsor Castle fire and the Uppark fire,[19] among others,[71] and has raised old questions about the safety of similar structures[19] and the techniques used to restore them.[71]

Numerous world, Catholic, and other religious leaders and governments expressed their sorrow and extended condolences to the French people and authorities.[b] The Archbishop of Paris, Michel Aupetit, tweeted on the 15th: "To all the priests of Paris: The firefighters are still fighting to save the towers of Notre-Dame de Paris. The frame, the roof, and the spire are consumed. Let us pray. If you wish, you may ring the bells of your churches as an invitation to prayer."[96][c] A team of UNESCO experts prepared to conduct a damage assessment,[97] and the international community of craftsmen and experts working in stained glass and stone masonry offered assistance, including the caretakers of York Minster, which suffered a serious fire in 1984.[98] Cardinal Gianfranco Ravasi, the president of the Pontifical Council for Culture, offered the use of the expertise of the Vatican Museums in reconstruction.[99]

Through the night of 15 April and into the next day, citizens and visitors to Paris gathered along the Seine to hold vigils, pray, and sing prayers such as the Hail Mary to the damaged cathedral.[100][101][102]

During the fire, one of the specialists involved in the restoration work expressed horror at the burning of the cathedral, and the possibility that "In wanting to give her a second youth, we have perhaps destroyed her."[17]

Reconstruction

On the night of the fire, President Emmanuel Macron announced that the cathedral, which is owned by the state, would be rebuilt, and launched an international fundraiser the next day.[64][103][25][104] The cathedral itself, as well as several other historical buildings in France, were not insured due to cost constraints, leaving the costs to rebuild to the state.[105] The exact cost is unknown, but the heritage conservation organisation Fondation du Patrimoine estimated the damage in the hundreds of millions of euro.[53] European art insurers anticipate it could grow as high as about €7 billion, accounting for the massive amount of scaffolding needed to replace the roof.[106] This cost does not include damage to any of the artwork or artefacts within the cathedral; art insurers stated that any pieces on loan from other museums would have likely been insured, but the works owned by the cathedral would not have been insurable.[106] While Macron desired to have the cathedral rebuilt in five years, architects expect the work could take from twenty to forty years, as any new structure would need to balance restoring the look of the original building, using wood and stone sourced from the same regions used in the original construction, with the structural reinforcement required for preventing a similar disaster in the future.[105][107] Junior Interior Minister Laurent Nuñez stated that some immediate work will be performed to secure the surviving structure.[108]

The Île-de-France region announced it would allocate €10 million, and the City of Paris declared it would make €50 million available.[109]

Fundraising

Less than 24 hours after the fire had broken out, over €800 million had been pledged for its reconstruction.[110] In addition to private individuals, numerous companies have pledged money towards the reconstruction effort.

List of pledges
Donor Type Nationality Pledged
Arnault Family & LVMH Private France €200 million[111]
Bettencourt Family & L'Oréal Private France €200 million[112]
Pinault Family & Artémis Private France €100 million[113]
Total SA Private France €100 million[114]
Paris city government Public France €50 million[115][116]
BNP Paribas SA Private France €20 million[117]
Decaux Family & JCDecaux Private France €20 million[118]
AXA SA Private France €10 million[119]
Safra Family Private Brazil, Israel, United States €10 million[120]
Bouygues Family Private France €10 million[121]
De Lacharrière Family & FIMALAC Private France €10 million[116]
Île-de-France Public France €10 million[116]
Société générale Private France €10 million[122]
BPCE Private France €10 million[122]
Kravis Family Private United States $10 million[116]
The Walt Disney Company Private United States $5 million [123]
Crédit agricole Private France €5 million[124]
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Public France €2 million[125]
Occitanie Public France €1.5 million[126]
Capgemini Private France €1 million[127]
UiPath Private Romania €1 million[128]
Ubisoft Public France €500,000[129]
Notre Dame University Private United States $100,000[130]
Ratel Family Private France, United Kingdom €50,000[131]
Szeged Public  Hungary €10,000[132]
Apple Inc. Private United States TBD[133]
Total ~ €800 million[120]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The fire set off alarms around 18:20 in the evening,[20] and the workers normally stop work at 17:00, 17:30 at the latest.[65]
  2. ^ Including the Vatican,[64] Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom,[72] Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres,[73] President of the European Council Donald Tusk,[74] President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker,[75][19] Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel,[76] Prime Minister of Spain Pedro Sánchez,[77] Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Theresa May,[78][79] Prime Minister of the Netherlands Mark Rutte, President of Portugal Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa,[80], President of Bulgaria Rumen Radev,[81] President of Romania Klaus Iohannis,[82] Prime Minister of Hungary Viktor Orbán,[83] Prime Minister of Greece Alexis Tsipras,[84] Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau,[85][86] President of the United States Donald Trump,[87] President of Russia Vladimir Putin,[88] President of Israel Reuven Rivlin,[89] King of Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa,[90] President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping,[91] Prime Minister of Australia Scott Morrison, King Mohammed VI of Morocco,[92] President of Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi,[93] President of Ghana Nana Akufo-Addo,[94] and Gérald Caussé, Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, who is from Paris.[95]
  3. ^ #NotreDameCathedral

References

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2019 Notre-Dame de Paris fire.
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