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2022 Serbian general election

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2022 Serbian general election

3 April 2022
Presidential election
← 2017

Incumbent President

Aleksandar Vučić
SNS



Parliamentary election
← 2020

All 250 seats in the National Assembly
126 seats needed for a majority
Party Leader Current seats
SNS coalition Aleksandar Vučić 180
SPSZS Ivica Dačić 24
VMSZ István Pásztor 9
PUPS Milan Krkobabić 9
JS Dragan Marković 8
SDPS Rasim Ljajić 8
UVSDA S Shaip Kamberi 6
SPPUSS Samir Tandir 5
Independent Vladan Glišić 1
Incumbent Prime Minister
Ana Brnabić
SNS

General elections will be held in Serbia on 3 April 2022 to elect both the president and National Assembly.[1][2]

Initially, parliamentary elections were supposed to be held before 2024, although the incumbent president Aleksandar Vučić announced in late October 2020 that the elections will be called earlier.[3] Besides the general elections, city assembly elections will be held in Belgrade.[1]

Background

A populist coalition led by the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) came to power after the 2012 election, along with the Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS).[4] Aleksandar Vučić, who was appointed as deputy prime minister in 2012, was elected prime minister after the 2014 election, and finally elected as president in 2017, winning 55% of the popular vote.[5] Since he came to power, observers have assessed that Serbia has suffered from democratic backsliding into authoritarianism, followed by a decline in media freedom and civil liberties.[6][7] Mass protests began after Vučić's election in 2017 due to the dominant control of Serbia's media by Vučić.[8][9] Subsequently, Vučić appointed Ana Brnabić as the new head of government,[10] who initially served as an independent but later joined SNS in 2019.[11]

Numerous government affairs triggered the start in late November 2018 of long-lasting anti-government protests,[12][13][14][15] which ended only in 2020 with the COVID-19 lockdowns.[16] These protests helped to strengthen the unity of opposition forces, of which the Alliance for Serbia (SzS) was the biggest and most prominent,[17][18] and demonstrators ordered the resignation of Vučić and other senior officials.[19][20] Parallel to this, Vučić launched the "Future of Serbia" campaign in 2019.[21] Some opposition parties and coalitions declared that they would boycott the 2020 parliamentary election, citing that the conditions weren't free and fair.[22][23]

The SNS-led ballot list, named "For Our Children", managed to win a majority of votes and seats in the June 2020 parliamentary election,[24] while the government was formed in late October 2020.[25] Shortly after the election ended, protests erupted in the country, mainly in the capital city of Belgrade.[26] These anti-government protests were marked with police brutality and violence orchestrated by the government,[27][28][29] while the protesters were divided between taking peaceful and violent approaches.[26][30][31] This time, the protests mainly lasted only in July, while some sporadic protests continued to be organized until late 2020.[32][33] SzS was hit by an inter-party and coalition problems that remained until its dissolution in August 2020.[34] The United Opposition of Serbia (UOPS) was formed as a direct successor to the SzS.[34] This coalition remained unstable and faced inter-party problems.[34] Due to ideological differences, the coalition's dissolution began in December 2020 and by January 2021 it was officially dissolved.[35][36] The former alliance was split into two blocs, one headed by the centre-left parties and the other by the centre-right parties.[37][38]

Inter-party dialogues on electoral conditions

Aleksandar Vučić has led Serbia as its president since 2017

The dialogue between non-parliamentary opposition parties and government parties to improve election conditions began on 28 April 2021,[39][40] while some parties decided to not participate in talks on electoral conditions with delegators from the parliament of the European Union.[41][42] Initially, the talks with delegators from the parliament of the European Union were supposed to begin in early June,[43] although they were later postponed to begin around 8 July.[44] Work board dialogues began on 18 May,[45] they continued through the following months, and ended on 29 October.[46][47][48]

A dialogue regarding the status of Kosovo in which Vučić participated was held on 21 June.[49][50] It was deemed as "constructive" by Boško Obradović.[51] A day later, Vučić thanked the participants and criticized the opposition that participated in the dialogue with European Union delegators.[52] In late July, the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats group condemned the attacks made by the Serbian government on the opposition.[53]

A patronage with the European Union was announced on 7 July,[54] and it began two days later.[55] On 9 July, Tanja Fajon, Vladimír Bilčík and Knut Fleckenstein met with Vučić in Belgrade,[56] and soon after the discussion began with Vladimir Orlić, Sandra Božić, and Marijan Rističević representing SNS.[57] After the meeting, delegators filed a proposal to improve electoral conditions.[58] The draft document was revealed to the opposition on 1 September and was met with critical statements from opposition leaders and parties,[59][60] with Dragan Đilas and Janko Veselinović stating that "it's not acceptable to the citizens of Serbia" and that they would be giving them another chance to improve the document.[61][62][63] Most opposition leaders and some government figures such as Vučić, have announced that they would not sign the document unless it gets improved.[60][64][65] On 17 September, Vučić and Dačić met again with the delegators.[66][67] Đorđe Milićević, the head of the Socialist Party of Serbia parliamentary group, and Vučić have confirmed that they were ready to accept most of the suggestions in the document.[68][69] A day later, Đorđe Vukadinović and members of the People's Party commented that the document is "completely unacceptable",[70] and a majority of the opposition parties have stated that they would reject the document.[71][72] Political parties such as Party of Freedom and Justice, Movement for Reversal, Movement of Free Citizens, and Democratic Party announced that they have abandoned future dialogues because "the government rejected all proposals concerning elections and opposition representation in the media".[73][74] Vučić and Dačić criticized the opposition because of their approaches to the dialogue.[75][76] Dačić announced that the government accepted the suggestions of forming a media monitoring body and the change of the composition of the Election Commission of the Republic (RIK).[73] On 20 September, Dačić stated that the inter-party dialogue with the participation of delegators from the parliament of the European Union had ended.[77]

On 27 August, Dačić announced that the electoral threshold will remain at the current 3 percent.[78] On 2 September, it was reported that the document regarding the improvement of elections was presented to the opposition parties.[79] Opposition leaders gave mixed responses to the document,[80][81][82] and they stated that they would send amendments to the document by the end of 6 September.[79] On 10 September, the fourteenth work board dialogue was held in which opposition leaders agreed to postpone the signatory meeting.[83][84] Initially, the signatory meeting was supposed to be held on 11 September,[85][86] although Saša Radulović, the leader of the Enough is Enough party, suggested to postpone the signatory meeting due to the "Ecological Uprising" protest and the solemn celebration of the officers which were held on that day.[84] Miloš Jovanović, the president of the Democratic Party of Serbia, stated on 18 September that the signatory meeting would be held sometime in the next two weeks,[87] although on the next work board which was held on 23 October,[88] Dačić announced that the signatory would be held before 30 October.[89][90]

The signatory meeting was held on 29 October,[91][92] which was participated by representatives of Dveri, Democratic Party of Serbia, POKS, Enough is Enough, Healthy Serbia and Serbian Radical Party.[91] Obradović initially stated that he wouldn't sign the document unless all the requirements were met,[93][94] including Radulović.[95] Other opposition representatives were satisfied with the document.[95] In the final document, it was stated that: the minimum number of collected signatories for minority ballots was set to 5,000, more funding would be given to election participants, the obligation to post a financial guarantee for the participants in the election has been abolished, the right of free use of all halls of local communities for pre-election activities for the opposition has been allowed, prohibition of electoral campaigning ten days before the election date, increased fees for members of polling stations, including composition changes of the Regulatory Body of Electronic Media (REM) and Election Commission of the Republic (RIK), and a control body for the implementation of the agreement.[95][96] In the initial document, some changes were also included in this version,[80][97] although after amendments that were submitted by the opposition, the government agreed to make changes to the composition of REM and RIK, including the creation of a control body.[79] The government declined to separate election dates and to change ballot head rules,[79] although they offered to not open any roads and factories a week before the election.[98]

Constitutional referendum

Shortly after the 2020 parliamentary election, the government submitted a proposal to change the constitution to the National Assembly.[99] In December, the National Assembly adopted the proposal,[100] and further amendments were accepted during 2021.[101][102][103] In order for the changes to get adopted, a referendum was needed to take place.[102] It was initially supposed to be held in fall of 2021,[104] although in November, it was announced that it would be held on 16 January 2022.[105] The proclamation of the referendum was preceded by the adoption of changes to the law on referendum and people's initiative, which had been on the waiting list since the implementation of the 2006 constitution,[106][107] that abolished the 50% turnout that was needed for referendums to be considered valid.[108][109] The law was signed by Vučić on 25 November, while further amendments were adopted in early December.[110][111] Multiple non-governmental organizations and politicians criticized the law mainly due to the abolishment of the threshold and the possibility of abusing the law on cases such as Rio Tinto.[108][112][113]

The government and its officials have stated their support for the constitutional changes,[114][115][116] while the opposition remained divisive. Most opposition parties have called for citizens to vote for the "no" option,[117][118][119] while some parties have also argued to boycott the referendum or for the referendum to be postponed.[120][121] Nevertheless, analysts have concluded that the campaign would be restrained due to the general elections and that a possibility of abuse of the referendum was possible.[122][123]

In the end, the "yes" option prevailed over the "no" option in the referendum,[124] although the turnout was reported to be the lowest since the re-introduction of parliamentarism in 1990.[125] The "no" option prevailed in municipalities of Belgrade Novi Sad, and Niš.[126][127][128] Irregularities were reported at voting stations, and some non-governmental organizations and opposition parties have claimed voter fraud.[129][130]

Environmental protests

Protests in Belgrade on 11 December 2021

The environmental protests have been held as early as in January 2021,[131] although its presence has been more noticeable since the protests in September 2021.[132] They have been mainly organized by environmental organizations, of which the "Ecological Uprising", "Kreni-Promeni", and "Assembly of Free Serbia" received the most attention.[133][134] The protests mainly began due to environmental concerns in the country, although later on, demonstrators have also shown its opposition to Rio Tinto's planned lithium investment.[135][136]

Rio Tinto has previously operated in Serbia since 2004, although it has only had permission to explore near the Jadar Valley.[137][138] The government of Serbia later implemented the "Project Jadar" in 2017, which would give Rio Tinto permission to exploit the jadarite mineral, which was discovered back in 2004.[137][139] Simultaneously with the law on referendum and people's initiative, another law regarding expropriation was also in discussion.[140][141] It mainly garnered negative coverage from activists, lawyers, and politicians.[140][142] Vučić and other officials have stated that the laws have nothing to do with Rio Tinto.[143][144][145]

Mass protests continued through November and December, where the protests reached its peak.[146][147] During that period, the demonstrators have also roadblocked, and numerous violent incidents also occurred.[148][149] The protests that were held on 4 December, were participated by at least 100,000 demonstrators,[150] and protests also occurred in the Serbian diaspora.[151] Following the protests, the government withdrew the expropriation law and the spatial plan for "Project Jadar" was abolished.[152][153][154] Protests have continued to be held up until this day.[155][156]

Numerous public celebrities and most opposition parties stated their support for the protests,[157][158] while the government and pro-government medi have spread misinformation regarding the protests and its organizers.[159][160][161]

Electoral system

The president of Serbia is elected using the two-round system and has a term of five years, although it is limited to two terms in any order of service.[162][163] If no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round, a second is held.[163] A person willing to become an official candidate needs to collect 10,000 signatures.[164] In addition, to become a candidate, a person needs to be at least 18 years old and to possess Serbian citizenship, while it is not necessary to have been born in Serbia.[164]

The 250 members of the National Assembly are elected by closed-list proportional representation from a single nationwide constituency. Seats are allocated using the d'Hondt method with an electoral threshold of 3% of all votes cast,[165] although the threshold is waived for ethnic minority parties.[164] Minority ballots need at least 5,000 signatories in order to qualify on ballot while non-minority ballots need 10,000.[96] As of 2020, 40% of the candidates on the electoral lists must be female.[166]

The incumbent president Vučić will announce the parliamentary and presidential elections on 15 February and 2 March in order to hold the elections on the same day.[96] After the election has been called, the National Assembly will be dissolved and it will remain dissolved until the confirmation of the new one.[96]

Political parties

The table below lists political parties represented in the National Assembly after the 2020 parliamentary election.

Name Ideology Political position Leader 2020 result
Votes (%) Seats
SNS–led coalition Populism Big tent Aleksandar Vučić 60.65%
188 / 250
SPSJSKPZS Populism Centre-left Ivica Dačić 10.38%
32 / 250
Serbian Patriotic Alliance National conservatism Right-wing Aleksandar Šapić 3.83%
11 / 250
Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians Minority politics István Pásztor 2.23%
9 / 250
SPPDPM Muamer Zukorlić 1%
4 / 250
Party for Democratic Action Shaip Kamberi 0.82%
3 / 250
SDA Sandžak Sulejman Ugljanin 0.77%
3 / 250

Pre-election composition

Party Seats
For Our Children 180
SPSZS 24
Party of United Pensioners of Serbia 9
Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians 9
United Serbia 8
Social Democratic Party of Serbia 8
PDDSDA S 6
SPPUSS 5
Independent 1

Campaign

Participating parties and coalitions

SNS and its coalition partners secured a supermajority in the parliament after the 2020 parliamentary election, with no official opposition represented in the parliament itself.[167] Later, in early May 2021, Vučić sent a proposal to Aleksandar Šapić, the leader of the Serbian Patriotic Alliance (SPAS), about the merger of two parties.[168][169] Šapić announced his willingness to merge his party into SNS, which was realized on 26 May.[170][171] He was subsequently promoted to vice-president of SNS,[172] while its MPs joined the SNS-led parliamentary group in early June.[173] SNS also affirmed their position to continue their cooperation with the Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS), with whom they have been in government since 2012.[174] After a meeting in January 2022, it was announced to the public that they would participate with a joint presidential candidate while participating on separate ballot lists for the parliamentary election.[175]

The Alliance for Serbia, a major opposition alliance that boycotted the parliamentary election,[176][177] was transformed into the United Opposition of Serbia in August 2020.[178] It remained divisive, and it was later dissolved between December 2020 and January 2021.[179][180] The parties later re-continued their cooperation,[181][182] after the announcement that the Party of Freedom and Justice (SSP) would be forming a joint opposition coalition.[183][184] Talks about the formation were held until 23 November,[185][186] after which it was announced to the public that SSP would lead the coalition alongside the Democratic Party (DS), People's Party (NS), Movement of Free Citizens (PSG) and other minor parties and movements.[187][188][189] Marinika Tepić was chosen as their parliamentary representative.[190][191] It was officially formalized as a coalition in February 2022, under the name of United Serbia (US).[192]

Dveri, who was a part of the Alliance for Serbia, declined to join their list,[193] and instead they formed the "Patriotic bloc" with minor right-wing parties later in December.[194][195] The Enough is Enough movement also announced their participation in upcoming elections,[196] and in late November, they began cooperating with Healthy Serbia and anti-vax "I live for Serbia" in order to form a "Sovereignist bloc".[197][198] The leader of Healthy Serbia, Milan Stamatović, stated that "the bloc might be expanded to include all patriotic parties in order for all of them to pass the threshold".[199]

In June, Nebojša Zelenović, the leader of the Together for Serbia party formed a coalition named "Action" in which 28 minor environmentalist civic groups and political movements joined due to their support for the "Green Agreement for Serbia".[200][201] Aleksandar Jovanović Ćuta announced in mid-November that the "Ecological Uprising" movement will participate in the elections,[202][203] and on 14 November he signed an agreement with Zelenović to participate on a joint list.[204][205] The Do not let Belgrade drown movement also agreed to join their coalition, which was formalized in January 2022, under the name of We Must.[206][207]

A right-wing coalition was supposed to be formed in which POKS, National Network (NM) led by Vladan Glišić, Serbian Party Oathkeepers (SSZ) and Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS) would take part, although this idea was dismissed, and a coalition and party protocol were formed and signed shortly after.[208] In January 2021 right-wing parties DSS and POKS signed an agreement,[209] and in May, with 19 other movements and civic groups, they formed the National Democratic Alternative (NADA),[210] while the far-right parties NM and SSZ signed a protocol between two parties in February 2021.[211]

In May 2021, the Social Democratic Party (SDS) led by Boris Tadić signed a protocol with the centrist coalition "Toleration".[212] In November, it was announced that Democrats of Serbia, a splinter from the Democratic Party (DS) that was formed in February 2021,[213] would merge into SDS, which was realized in 2022.[214][215] In late May, the New Party (Nova) formed a coalition with a minor movement led by Marko Bastać,[216] but the coalition was later dissolved in September.[217] Later during 2021, SDS de facto formed a coalition with Nova and the Civic Democratic Forum (GDF).[218]

Party/alliance Main ideology Political position Leader Current seats Status
Political parties currently represented in the parliament
SNS–led coalition Populism Big tent Aleksandar Vučić
197 / 250
Government
SPSJSZS Populism Big tent Ivica Dačić
32 / 250
Government
Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians Minority politics Centre-right István Pásztor
9 / 250
Gov't support
PDDSDA Minority politics Right-wing Shaip Kamberi
6 / 250
Opposition
SPPUSSDPM Minority politics Centre-right Usame Zukorlić
5 / 250
Gov't support
NM Serbian nationalism Right-wing to far-right Vladan Glišić
1 / 250
Opposition
Major extra-parliamentary political parties and coalitions
United Serbia Anti-corruption Big tent Marinika Tepić
No seats
We Must Green politics Centre-left to left-wing Nebojša Zelenović
SDSNovaGDF Social liberalism Centre to centre-left Boris Tadić
National Democratic Alternative National conservatism Centre-right to right-wing Božidar Delić
DJBZSŽZS Right-wing populism Right-wing Saša Radulović
Patriotic Bloc Serbian nationalism Right-wing Boško Obradović
SSZ Ultranationalism Far-right Milica Đurđević Stamenkovski

Issues

In late 2020, talks about the legalization of civil unions began to spread around when the human and minority rights minister Gordana Čomić stated that the discussion regarding the legalization might begin in 2021.[219] Although the talks were initially supposed to be held during the first half of 2021,[220][221][222] the talks have not yet happened and some speculated that the government abandoned the idea.[223] The Council of Europe deemed the legalization draft as positive.[224][225][226] During pride week, which was held between 12 and 19 September,[227] organizers and participants voiced their support for the same-sex civil union law,[228][229][230] and on 16 September, Čomić announced that "civil unions will be legalized" but she doesn't know when.[231] Vučić stated that he won't sign the legalization and deemed the change to be "unconstitutional".[232][233][234]

In early May, Vučić stated that he won't sign off on the legalization if the National Assembly accepts the draft, stating that the change is "unconstitutional". The move for the legalization of civil unions was opposed by socially conservative parties and politicians, such as Serbian Radical Party,[235] Serbian Party Oathkeepers,[236] Vladan Glišić,[237][238] and Vuk Jeremić.[238]

Party campaigns

Dveri

Dveri announced its participation in the upcoming elections under the "Patriotic bloc", which was formed in December 2021.[195] It opposes the legalization of civil unions,[239] and the coalition has expressed their support towards monarchism, antiglobalism, and abolition of vaccine passports.[240] Its leader, Boško Obradović, was chosen as their presidential candidate in January 2022.[241] Obradović has also participated in ongoing talks regarding the formation of an united "Patriotic bloc" that would also include other right-leaning parties.[242][243]

National Democratic Alternative

Presidential candidates

Declared candidates

# Candidate Affiliation Declaration
1 Milica Đurđević Stamenovski SSZ February 2022[244]
2 Miša Vacić Serbian Right January 2022[245]
3 Zdravko Ponoš United Serbia January 2022[246]
4 Boško Obradović Dveri January 2022[247]
5 Srđan Škoro Independent December 2021[248]
6 Nikola Sandulović Republican Party October 2021[249]
7 Miloš Jovanović NADA September 2021[250]

Publicly expressed interest

As of January 2022, the following individuals have expressed interest in running for president.

Other potential candidates

As of January 2022, the following people have been subjects of speculation about their potential candidacy.

Declined to be candidates

The following individuals have been the subject of speculation about their possible candidacy, but have publicly denied interest in running.

Opinion polls

Parliamentary election

Polling organization Date of publishment SNS—led
coalition
SPAS SPSJS United Serbia Moramo NADA DJBZS Dveri SSZ SRS Others Lead
SSP NS DS PSG
Sprint insight 9 Feb 2022 55.0 13.5 7.5 2.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 2.0 8.0 41.5
NSPM 4 Feb 2022 43.4 9.3 14.8 13.1 3.2 3.7 2.7 2.5 8.4 28.6
Faktor plus 30 Jan 2022 55.6 10.2 13.3 7.5 4.0 3.0 1.7 3.6 1.1 0.0 42.3
Faktor plus 20 Dec 2021 57.0 10.3 12.0 7.0 4.3 3.6 1.4 3.0 1.4 0.0 45.0
ŠSM 10 Dec 2021 50.1 7.8 17.9 8.8 2.9 2.2 1.1 2.7 0.7 6.8 31.6
Demostat 2 Dec 2021 55.0 16.0 9.0 7.0 5.0 8.0 39.0
United Serbia coalition formed, escalation of the environmental protests
Faktor plus 31 Oct 2021 58.3 10.4 5.4 2.7 1.9 1.5 4.3 3.4 1.5 2.9 1.4 7.3 48.7
Faktor plus 29 Sep 2021 58.0 9.3 5.1 2.9 1.4 1.3 4.3 3.6 1.7 2.7 1.2 8.5 48.7
Faktor plus 3 Aug 2021 58.2 9.0 4.5 2.5 1.2 1.4 4.0 3.8 2.0 2.0 1.5 9.9 52.0
ŠSM 31 July 2021 53.8 7.0 6.4 4.9 1.9 1.2 9.4 3.9 2.9 1.6 1.4 1.4 4.2 46.8
Ipsos 27 June 2021 59.8 8.9 4.2 1.2 1.2 0.5 5.1 3.0 1.9 1.9 1.6 9.6 52.0
The Serbian Patriotic Alliance merges into the Serbian Progressive Party
Faktor plus 10 May 2021 60.0 3.4 8.1 3.3 2.2 0.4 1.5 3.9 3.9 1.6 2.0 1.8 7.9 51.9
Ipsos 5 April 2021 58.0 3.6 7.2 3.8 2.5 1.6 4.3 4.4 1.4 2.0 2.2 9.0 50.8
Faktor Plus 18 Feb 2021 60.3 4.2 8.3 3.2 2.4 1.5 3.7 3.8 1.5 2.2 1.4 7.5 52.0
Ipsos 1 Jan 2021 60.5 3.6 9.0 1.6 0.3 1.1 0.8 4.3 3.7 1.1 1.4 2.6 8.6 51.8
DW 19 Dec 2020 46.8 6.4 11.5 2.2 1.1 0.4 2.1 6.6 5.3 2.3 3.6 11.7 35.3
Faktor Plus 4 Sep 2020 59.1 5.1 9.0 3.1 2.3 2.0 19.4 50.1
2020 election 21 June 2020 60.6 3.8 10.4 Boycott 1.6 Boycott [a] 2.3 Boycott 1.4 2.0 12.8 50.2

Presidential election

First round voting

Polling organization Date of publishment Aleksandar Vučić Zdravko Ponoš Milica Đurđević Miloš Jovanović Boško Obradović Srđan Škoro Others Lead
Sprint insight 9 Feb 2022 45.7 10.8 16.1 5.3 8.5 1.5 12.1 29.6
ŠSM 10 Dec 2021 46.9 11.6 6.1 5.6 4.0 25.8 35.3

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ POKS: 2.7; DSS: 2.24

References

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