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Overview of the events of 1912 in film
Overview of the events of 1912 in film
The year 1912 in film involved some significant events.
Events
February – Babelsberg Studio outside Berlin begins operation with shooting of The Dance of the Dead Der Totentanz ) by Danish director Urban Gad starring Asta Nielsen (released September 7).
April 30 – Universal Film Manufacturing Company is founded in New York, the oldest surviving film studio in the United States.
May 8 – Famous Players Film Company , the forerunner of Paramount Pictures , is founded by Adolph Zukor .
May 18 – Shree Pundalik Dadasaheb Torne , the first Indian film , is released.
June 8 – New York Motion Picture Company is merged with Universal, giving Universal a studio in Edendale, Los Angeles .
July 4 – Mack Sennett , who has previously worked as an actor and comedy director with D. W. Griffith , forms a new company with New York City entrepreneur Adam Kessel, Keystone Studios . It will play an important role in developing slapstick comedy as the home to the Keystone Cops , English actor Charlie Chaplin , and others.
July 12 – Queen Elizabeth
July 26 – Edison Studios releases What Happened to Mary serial .
October 31 – The Musketeers of Pig Alley D. W. Griffith , debuts as the first gangster film .
Edison introduces the Home Kinetoscope, a home film-projector which uses a 22 mm print consisting of three rows of frames.Pathé releases Pathe Kok , their first entry into the amateur market, with a gauge of 28 mm.Alexander F. Victor improves on the 17.5 mm format with his Duoscope , which uses two center perforations instead of the typical one.
Bell & Howell introduce the first all-metal camera, the 2709 35mm.
Films released in 1912
1812 Vasili Goncharov [ 1] All for a Girl Andalusian Superstition (French/Pathe) written and directed by Segundo de Chomon ; filmed in hand-tinted color[ 2] At the Foot of the Ladder Thanhouser Company Aurora Floyd Theodore Marston Baby Hands The Bandit of Tropico A Battle of Wits The Beautiful Leukanida Bebe and Spiritualism (French/ Gaumont) directed by Louis Feuillade , starring child star Rene Dary and Paul Manson; this was one of a series of 64 films that featured the popular Bebe ("Baby") film character[ 3] [ 4] The Belle of Bar-Z Ranch Thomas Ricketts Bertie's Book of Magic (British/ Hepworth) directed by Frank Wilson[ 5] Billy's Seance (Universal/ IMP) starring John R. Cumpson and Charles Arling; a spoof on "seance films".[ 6] The Brute (Champion Films) directed by Ulysses Davis, produced by Mark M. Dintenfass[ 7] [ 8] A Business Buccaneer The Cameraman's Revenge Cleopatra Helen Gardner ; one of the earliest American feature filmsConductor 786 Conscience (Vitagraph), aka The Chamber of Horrors , produced by Albert E. Smith, directed by Maurice Costello , starring Rose Tapely and Robert Gaillard.[ 9] Convicted by Hypnotism (French/ Eclair) aka A Double Life , directed by Victorin-Hippolyte Jasset, starring Cecile Guyon and Charles Krauss [ 10] The Copper Beeches , starring Georges Treville as Sherlock HolmesThe County Fair The Conquest of the Pole A la conquete du Pole , directed by Georges Méliès (his last film).[ 11] Curse of the Hindoo Pearl (American Standard Films) based on the 1868 Wilkie Collins novel The Moonstone [ 12] [ 13] Curse of the Lake (Vitagraph)[ 14] Custer's Last Fight Francis Ford Dante and Beatrice (Italian/ Ambrosio Prods.)[ 15] A Dash Through the Clouds Mack Sennett , starring Mabel Normand and American aviation pioneer Philip Parmelee .The Deserter Thomas H. Ince The Diabolical Box (British/ Urbanora Films)[ 16] Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Lucius Henderson , starring James Cruze and Marguerite Snow [ 17] [ 18] A Drama of the Castle; or, Do the Dead Return? (French) written and directed by Abel Gance [ 19] The Fatal Pact (French/ Pathe) features a magic genie[ 20] The Fatal Pearl (Italian/ Aquila)[ 21] Faust (British) produced by Charles Urban, filmed in Kinemacolor ; (a lost film today).[ 22] Feathertop (French/ U.S. co-production) produced by Eclair/ American Standard; starring Muriel Ostriche and Julia Stuart; based on the 1852 short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne .[ 23] The Female of the Species D. W. Griffith , starring Mary Pickford The Fickle Spaniard , directed by Mack Sennett , starring Mabel Normand For His Son D. W. Griffith , starring Blanche Sweet For the Cause of the South Bannister Merwin , starring Laura Sawyer , Ben F. Wilson , Charles Ogle Frankfurters and Quail Friends D. W. Griffith , starring Mary Pickford and Lionel Barrymore From the Manger to the Cross Sidney Olcott (One of the earliest American feature film.)Gavroche and the Ghosts , aka Gavroche and the Spirits (French/ Eclair) directed by Romeo Bosetti , starring Paul Bertho; one of a series of 40 short French silent films all featuring the comic character "Gavroche" [ 24] Geronimo's Last Raid The Ghost of Sulphur Mountain (Star Film) directed by Gaston Melies and Robert Goodman, starring Francis Ford [ 25] [ 26] Ghosts (Essanay Films) starred Norman MacDonald and Joseph Allen Sr.[ 27] Ghosts (British/ Hepworth) directed by Hay Plumb, starring Harry Buss and Ivy Close[ 28] The Girl and Her Trust D. W. Griffith , starring Dorothy Bernard and Wilfred Lucas The Half-Breed's Way The Haunted House (French/ Pathe)[ 29] The Herncrake Witch (British/ Heron Films) written and directed by Mark Melford , starring Jakidawdra Melford and produced by Andrew Heron [ 30] The Hindoo Charm (Lubin Films) directed by Maurice Costello (also star), also starring Clara Kimball Young and James Young[ 31] The Honor of the Family Hop o' My Thumb (French/ Gaumont) Based on the Perrault fairy tale[ 32] Hot Stuff , starring Mack Sennett , Mabel Normand , and Dell Henderson How a Mosquito Operates An Indian Legend (Broncho/ Mutual Films) produced by Thomas H. Ince , directed by Francis Ford[ 33] [ 34] Indian Romeo and Juliet In Nacht und Eis The Independence of Romania In the Grip of the Vampire (French/ Gaumont Films) written by Leonce Perret [ 35] The Invaders It Happened Thus Jack and the Beanstalk (produced by Thomas Edison)[ 36] Keystone Comedy The Knight of the Snows (French/ Pathe & Star Films) written and directed by George Melies[ 37] [ 38] The Lady of Shallot (British/ Hepworth) written and directed by Elwin Neame , based on the Lord Tennyson poem; starring Ivy Close.[ 39] The Land Beyond the Sunset The Legend of Cagliostro (Gaumont Films)[ 40] The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (French/ Eclair & American Standard Films) directed by Etienne Arnaud , starring Alec B. Francis and Muriel Ostriche, based on the story by Washington Irving [ 41] Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth Queen Elizabeth ), first film released by Famous Players Film Company , starring Sarah Bernhardt The Lesser Evil D. W. Griffith , starring Blanche Sweet The Lion Tonic (Italian/ Cines)[ 42] The Little Girl Next Door The Live Man's Tomb (Italian/ Itala Films)[ 43] Lucrezia Borgia (Italian/ Film d'Arte Films) directed by Gerolamo Lo Savio, written by Ugo Falena , starring Vittorio Lepanto as Lucrezia and Achille Vitti as Cesare.[ 44] Mabel's Lovers Mack Sennett , starring Mabel Normand Magical Matches (Urbanora Films)[ 45] A Magnetic Influence (British/ Urbanora Films) produced by Charles Urban; yet another adaptation of the novel Trilby [ 46] [ 47] Making An American Citizen Man's Genesis (Biograph) written and directed by D. W. Griffith , starring Robert Harron, Mae Marsh and Wilfred Lucas; this film was expanded in 1913 and re-released as The Primitive Man .[ 48] The Mask of Horror (French/ Film Francais) written and directed by Abel Gance , starring Edouard de Max, Charles de Rochefort and Mathilde Thizeau (Gance's wife)[ 49] The Massacre , directed by D. W. Griffith , starring Blanche Sweet and Lionel Barrymore Maud Muller The Mender Of Nets , directed by D. W. Griffith , starring Mabel Normand and Mary Pickford Mephisto (British/ Charles Urban Prods.) filmed in Kinemacolor (a lost film today) [ 50] The Miracle Das Mirakel The Mummy and the Cowpuncher (Kalem Films) a 5-minute Western-Comedy starring Ruth Roland and John E. Brennan[ 51] The Musketeers of Pig Alley D. W. Griffith , starring Lillian Gish The Mystery of Souls (Italian/ Itala Films) directed by Vincenzo Denizot, starring Alessandro Bernard and Lydia Quaranta; seems to have been inspired by the novel "Trilby".[ 52] Mystery of the Glass Coffin (Eclair/ Tyler Films)[ 53] The Mystical Maid of Jamasha Pass , directed by Allan Dwan (his first film), starring J. Warren Kerrigan and Jack Richardson.[ 54] Nan in Fairyland (British/ C&M Films)[ 55] A New Cure for Divorce The New York Hat D. W. Griffith , starring Mary Pickford and Lionel Barrymore Nursie and Knight (Thanhouser) dream sequence involves a dragon.[ 56] The Old Actor The Old Doctor's Humanity Oliver Twist Charles Dickens [ 57] Onesime, Clock-maker , directed by Jean DurandOne Too Exciting Night (British/ Hepworth Films) produced by Cecil Hepworth [ 58] Paradise (Italian/ Psiche Film) based on the third act of Dante's Divine Comedy (sort of a sequel to Dante's Inferno )[ 59] Parsifal (Italian/ Ambrosio) based on the opera by WagnerThe Passer-By , directed by Oscar Apfel . Not the first moving camera shot, but it may be the first long-shot-to-close-up dolly moving camera shot. May also be the first dolly moving camera shot.Petticoat Camp Pilgrim's Progress The Plague-Stricken City (French/ Gaumont) the filmmakers tried to emulate the 1912 Italian silent film Masque of the Red Death herein, which in turn was based on the famous story by Edgar Allan Poe [ 60] Please Help the Pore Polidor at the Death Club (Italian/ Pasquali Films) one of dozens of silent films featuring the "Polidor" character all starring Ferdinando Guillaume; this film was a spoof on the Robert Louis Stevenson novel The Suicide Club [ 61] [ 62] The Power of Melody A Primitive Man's Career to Civilization Put Yourself in His Place The Queen of Spades (French/ Eclipse) This film was actually an adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson 's 1878 novel The Suicide Club , but the film also draws from the 1833 Alexander Pushkin novel Pikovaya dama [ 63] The Raven (Eclair/ American Standard) a French-American co-production purporting to be the "true story" of Edgar Allan Poe 's life, starring Guy Oliver and Muriel Ostriche; inspired by the poem by Edgar Allan Poe and incorporating images from eight of Poe's short stories (filmed in Fort Lee, Texas)[ 64] The Reincarnation of Karma (Vitagraph Films) directed by Van Dyke Brooke, starring Courtenay Foote and Rosemary Theby [ 65] Resurrection Richard III Robin Hood St. George and the Dragon (Italian/ Milano Films) this film was hand-colored.[ 66] Satan , aka Satana , aka Satan, the Destroyer of Humanity (Italian/ Ambrosio Films) directed by Luigi Maggi , written by Guido Volante , starring Rina Alby, Antonio Grisanti and Mario Bonnard (as Satan); photography by Giovanni Vitrotti; inspired by John Milton 's Paradise Lost [ 67] Saved From the Titanic The Sea's Shadow / Der Schatten des Meeres , aka In the Shadow of the Sea (German) directed by Curt A. Stark (also star), also starring Lizzy Krueger, Henry Porten and Fran Retzlag; produced by Otto Messter .[ 68] The Secrets of House Number Five (Russian-French co-production/ Pathe Films) said to be one of the first films to feature vampires[ 69] [ 70] The Serpents (Vitagraph) starring Ralph Ince and Edith Storey [ 71] The Silent Castle (French/ Gaumont) based on the fairy tale Sleeping Beauty [ 72] Simple Simon and the Devil , aka Onesime and the Devil (French/ Gaumont) directed by Jean Durand, starring Ernest Bourbon and Gaston Modot; one of a series of 60 "Onesime" films made in France (the character's name was changed to "Simple Simon" in the U.S.) [ 73] [ 74] A Six Cylinder Elopement The Skivvy's Ghost (French/ Lux Film) [ 75] Sleeping Beauty (British/ Hepworth Films) directed by Elwin Neame, starring Ivy Close; based on the Charles Perrault fairy tale[ 76] A Son-in-Law's Nightmare (French/ Pathe)[ 77] A Spanish Dilemma , directed by Mack Sennett , starring Mabel Normand The Speckled Band (a French-British co-production filmed in England) directed by Georges Treville (who also played Sherlock Holmes in the film); based on the famous mystery story by Arthur Conan Doyle [ 78] [ 79] The Spectre of Jago (Italian/ Aquila Films) starring Alberto Carlo Lolli [ 80] The Speed Demon , directed by Mack Sennett , starring Fred Mace The Spell of the Hypnotist (Italian/ Helios Film)[ 81] A Spider in the Brain (Italian/ Itala Films)[ 82] A Spiritualistic Convert (French/ Pathe)[ 83] Spooks (French/ Pathe) a horror-comedy[ 84] Standing Room Only The Star of Bethlehem The Street Singer Supernatural Power (French/ Pathe) features a seance with spirits[ 85] The System of Dr. Tarr and Professor Fether , aka The Lunatics (French/ Eclair) directed by [[Maurice Tourneur, written by Andre de Lord, starring Henri Gouget and Henri Roussell; based on the Edgar Allan Poe short story[ 86] The Tell-Tale Message Les terreurs de Rigadin (French/Pathe) directed by George Monca, starring Charles Prince as "Rigadin"; this film was one in a series of over 100 "Rigadin" comedies made in France.[ 87] The Thief and the Porter's Head (Italian/ Milano Films)[ 88] The Thunderbolt Tomboy Bessie , directed by Mack Sennett , starring Mabel Normand Trilby (Austrian-Hungarian co-production) directed by Luise and Anton Kolm (with Jakob Fleck), starring Elsa Galafrés Hubermann and Paul Askonas, based on the 1894 novel by George du Maurier [ 89] Trilby (British/ Standard Films) based on the 1894 novel by George du Maurier [ 90] Undine (Thanhouser) directed by Lucius Henderson, starring Florence La Badie and Marguerite Snow; written by Lloyd Lonergan, based on the fairy tale “Undine” by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué; released 9/24/12; prints exist in museums.[ 91] [ 92] An Unseen Enemy D. W. Griffith , debuts of Lillian and Dorothy Gish The Vengeance of Edgar Poe (French/ Lux Film) directed by Gerard Bourgeois, written by Abel Gance and Bourgeois, starring Edouard de Max and Jean Worms; biopic that deals with Poe's real-life drug addiction.[ 93] [ 94] The Vengeance of Egypt (French/ Gaumont) [ 95] The Voice of Conscience The Water Nymph Mabel Normand and Mack Sennett . First Keystone comedy.What Happened to Mary? Mary Fuller .When Soul Meets Soul (Essanay Films) directed by Farrell MacDonald, starring Francis X. Bushman (features a reincarnated mummy)[ 96] [ 97] When the Fire Bells Rang When the Heart Calls Lee Moran , Russell Bassett and Louise Glaum Whiffle's Nightmare , aka Le cauchemar de Rigadin (French/ Pathe) directed by George Monca, starring Charles Prince as Rigadin .[ 98] With Our King and Queen Through India With the Mounted Police The Woman in White (Universal Pictures) starring Janet Salzberg, Charles Perley and Alexander F. Frank; based on the famous 1859 Wilkie Collins novel of the same name.[ 99] [ 100] The Woman in White (Thanhouser Films) written by Lloyd Lonergan, starring Marguerite Snow and James Cruze ; based on the famous 1859 Wilkie Collins novel of the same name.[ 101] Yotsuya Kaidan (translation: The Ghost of Yotsuya ) (Japanese/ Nikkatsu Films) directed by Shozo Makino, starring Matsunosuke Onoe ; based on the famous 1825 kabuki play of the same name.[ 102] The Young Millionaire
Births
February 19 – Saul Chaplin , American film composer (died 1997 )
February 19 – Dorothy Janis , American actress (died 2010 )
February 21 – Arline Judge , American actress (died 1974 )
February 26 – Dane Clark , American actor (died 1998 )
March 22 – Karl Malden , American actor (died 2009 )
April 8 – Sonja Henie , Norwegian Olympic ice-skater , actress (died 1969 )
April 16 – Catherine Scorsese , American actress (died 1997 )
April 18 – Wendy Barrie , English actress (died 1978 )
May 9 – Pedro Armendáriz , Mexican actor (died 1963 )
May 18 – Perry Como , American singer, actor (died 2001 )
May 23
May 29 – Iris Adrian , American actress (died 1994 )
June 1 – Doris Wishman , American filmmaker (died 2002 )
June 26 – Jay Silverheels , Canadian actor (Tonto ) (died 1980 )
July 4 – Viviane Romance , French actress (died 1991 )
July 5 – Ilona Massey , Hungarian-born American actress (died 1974)
August 2 – Ann Dvorak , American actress (died 1979 )[ 103]
August 12 – Samuel Fuller , American director (died 1997)
August 15 – Wendy Hiller , English actress (died 2003 )
August 23 – Gene Kelly , American actor (died 1996 )
August 25 - Ted Key , writer (died 2008)
August 29 – Barry Sullivan , American actor (died 1974)
September 5
September 21 – Chuck Jones , American animator (died 2002)
September 23 – Martha Scott , American actress (died 2003)
September 29 – Michelangelo Antonioni , Italian director (died 2007 )
October 11 – Betty Noyes American singer/dubber (died 1987 )
October 12 – Peer Guldbrandsen , Danish screenwriter, actor, film director and producer (died 1996 )
October 13 – Cornel Wilde , Hungarian-born American actor (died 1989 )
October 31 –
November 8 – June Havoc , American actress (died 2010 )
November 21 – Eleanor Powell , American dancer, actress (died 1982 )[ 104]
November 24 – Garson Kanin , American writer (died 1999 )
December 11 – Carlo Ponti , Italian producer (died 2007)
Deaths
March 30 – Karl May , writer, Apache Gold
April 15 – Jacques Futrelle , writer, The Rivals of Sherlock Holmes Titanic
April 20 – Bram Stoker , writer, Dracula
May 14 – August Strindberg , writer, Miss Julie
May 19 – Bolesław Prus , writer, Faraon
June 1 – Philip Parmalee , actor (with Mabel Normand in A Dash Through the Clouds Wright brothers (born 1887)
July 1 – Harriet Quimby , writer (seven scenarios for D.W. Griffith); actress in one film; pioneer American aviator (born 1875)
December 14 – Harry Cashman, comedy producer and actor for the Chicago-based Essanay company.
Film debuts
References
^ Rollberg, Peter (2016). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 281. ISBN 9781442268425 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 45. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 45. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 45. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 45. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 46. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 46. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 46. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 46. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 46. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 46. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Wlaschin, Ken (2009). Silent Mystery and Detective Movies: A Comprehensive Filmography ISBN 9780786443505 ^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 42.
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 46. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 46. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 46. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 46. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 46. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 45. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 47. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 47. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 47. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 47. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 47. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 47. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 47. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 47. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 47. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 48. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 48. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 48. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 48. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 48. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 48. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 48. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 48. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 48. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 48. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Giddings, Robert & Sheen, Erica. From Page To Screen: Adaptations of the Classic Novel . Manchester University Press, 5 May 2000
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 48. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 49. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 49. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 49. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 49. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 49. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 49.
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 49.
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 50.
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 101.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 50.
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 50.
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 50.
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 50.
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 50.
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 50.
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 50.
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 50.
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 50.
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 50.
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 51.
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 51.
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 51.
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 51.
^ http://silentera.com/PSFL/data/U/Undine1912.html ^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 58. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 52.
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 52.
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 52.
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 . Page 52.
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ "Ann Dvorak" . latimes.com . Retrieved 6 February 2020 .^ "Eleanor Powell | American dancer and actress" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 7 April 2019 .
