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State Bar of California

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State Bar of California
FormationJuly 29, 1927; 97 years ago (1927-07-29)
TypeUnified bar
HeadquartersSan Francisco, California
Membership
253,306[1]
Websitewww.calbar.ca.gov

The State Bar of California is California's official attorney licensing agency.[2] It is responsible for managing the admission of lawyers to the practice of law, investigating complaints of professional misconduct, prescribing appropriate discipline, accepting attorney-member fees, and financially distributing sums paid through attorney trust accounts to fund nonprofit legal entities. It is directly responsible to the Supreme Court of California, however, its Trustees are now appointed by the Supreme Court, the California Legislature, and Governor of California.[3] All attorney admissions and disbarments are issued as recommendations of the State Bar, which are then routinely ratified by the Supreme Court.[4][5][6]

The State Bar was legally established on July 29, 1927, when the State Bar Act went into effect.[7]: xiii–xix  The State Bar of California is the largest in the United States, with over 270,000 living members as of November 2019, of whom over 190,000 are on active status.[1] It is headquartered in San Francisco, with a branch office in Los Angeles.

The State Bar's main office in San Francisco is housed on several floors of this office building.

At its inception, the State Bar was a "unified" bar in which disciplinary functions and more traditional "bar association" functions were joined into one entity. In 2018-2019, the State Bar was split into two entities: the State Bar of California became a standalone entity.[8]

History of the State Bar of California

The State Bar's predecessor was a voluntary state bar association known as the California Bar Association.[7]: xiii  The leader of the effort to establish an integrated (official) bar was Judge Jeremiah F. Sullivan, who first proposed the concept at the CBA's Santa Barbara convention in September 1917, and provided the CBA with a copy of a Quebec statute as a model.[7]: xiii 

It took almost ten years to establish an integrated bar in California.[7]: xiii  Sullivan, who was also the President of the Bar Association of San Francisco, organized BASF committees to draft and propose appropriate legislation.[7]: xiii–xiv  Both BASF-drafted bills died in the California Legislature, in 1919 and 1921.[7]: xiv–xv  In 1922, Sullivan finally persuaded the CBA to take action on his proposal; the CBA drafted a new bill, lobbied lawyers and legislators around the state for their support, and persuaded the Legislature to pass the bill in 1925.[7]: xv  That bill died by Governor Friend Richardson's pocket veto.[7]: xv 

After two more years of lobbying, the CBA tried again.[7]: xvi  Governor C. C. Young signed the State Bar Act into law on March 16, 1927.[7]: xvi  On May 12, 1927, the Supreme Court of California appointed the State Bar Commission, which in turn established the State Bar of California as an operating entity with offices at 519 California Street in San Francisco on July 30, 1927.[7]: xvi  The State Bar immediately mailed out registration forms (demanding a $3 preorganization fee as authorized by the Act) to all California attorneys.[7]: xvi  Identification numbers were assigned to each attorney as they registered; notably, State Bar Number 1 went to Chief Justice William H. Waste.

By October 1, 1927, 7,872 lawyers had registered.[7]: xvii  These lawyers then voted by mail for the State Bar's first Board of Governors.[7]: xvii  On November 17, the State Bar held a preorganization dinner at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco, followed by the formal organization meeting the next day.[7]: xviii  By the time the dinner started, 9,602 lawyers had registered.[7]: xviii  The next morning, during the State Bar's organization meeting, the CBA yielded to its successor by winding up its affairs and ending its corporate existence.[7]: xviii 

Current Status as a California Public Corporation

In 2018-2019, California joined the majority of American states that operate an integrated (mandatory) bar, in which the statewide bar association is integrated with the judiciary and active membership therein is required in order to practice law. Article 6, Section 9 of the California Constitution states:

The State Bar of California is a public corporation. Every person admitted and licensed to practice law in this State is and shall be a member of the State Bar except while holding office as a judge of a court of record.

The State Bar acts as the administrative arm of the California Supreme Court in matters involving the admission, regulation, and discipline of attorneys.[9][10] Its structure, responsibilities and powers are elaborated in the State Bar Act, Sections 6000–6238 of the Business and Professions Code, as well as its own Rules of the State Bar of California and certain portions of the California Rules of Court.

Generally, practicing law in the state of California without being a member of the State Bar is the crime of unauthorized practice of law. There are limited exceptions such as for patent attorneys who restrict their practice to the prosecution of patent applications (i.e., the process of obtaining a patent before the United States Patent and Trademark Office); attorneys who practice areas of law exclusively regulated by the federal government (such as immigration) under a U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1963 that prohibited states from restricting the practice of exclusively federal areas of law;[11] and attorneys from other states who have applied to the California courts for temporary admission pro hac vice to work on a single California case in collaboration with a member of the State Bar. Other exceptions include provisions for members of the military stationed with their spouses in California and attorneys admitted pro hac vice.

Notably, the State Bar's Board of Trustees is no longer approved by election of its attorney members. Instead, the Trustees are now only appointed by the Supreme Court of California, the Governor of California and members of the California Legislature.[12]

2017-2020: Divestment of Voluntary Bar Functions from Disciplinary Functions

On October 2, 2017, Governor Jerry Brown signed into law Senate Bill 36. SB 36, sponsored by Hannah-Beth Jackson (D-Santa Barbara) which mandated the separation of the sections of the State Bar into a new 501(c)(6) entity. This Association was designed to house the 16 sections of the State Bar of California, as well as the California Young Lawyers Association. The sections provide low-cost continuing education for attorneys, which the State Bar of California requires. The sections also work with legislators to interpret, amend, and propose legislation. While lawyers are required to pay dues to the State Bar of California to practice law in the state, membership within the sections is voluntary.[13] SB 36 helped formalize the separation, reauthorized mandatory dues for two years, and reduced the number of lawyers on its State Bar of California's Board of Trustees. The separation became official on January 1, 2018 with the launch of the California Lawyers Association.[14]

As newly reconstituted, the State Bar of California no longer performs educational or lobbying functions. Instead, it largely provides member services such as collecting member dues, monitoring attorney trust fund accounts, collecting interest on those accounts to fund pro bono and low income legal aid entities and administering the bi-annual bar examination for law students. The State Bar also works with the California Supreme Court to consider and draft the Rules of Professional Conduct by which all California lawyers must conduct themselves.

Membership and fee authorization process

The State Bar of California is one of a small number of State Bars where whose member fee structure must be ratified annually by both the legislature and the governor. Without such annual reauthorization, it can charge California lawyers only $77 per year.

In 1990, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Keller v. State Bar of California that attorneys who are required to be members of a state bar association have a First Amendment right to refrain from subsidizing the organization's political or ideological activities as was the case with the California State Bar's activities.[15]

In October 1997, Governor Pete Wilson vetoed the fee authorization bill for that year. He pointed out that California's bar had the highest annual fee in the country at $478. He also stated that the State Bar had become bloated and inefficient and criticized its Conference of Delegates for taking positions on divisive political issues like abortion.[16] The State Bar's political and lobbying activities, combined with the compulsory nature of its dues, had already resulted in a U.S. Supreme Court case in which the State Bar was forced to allow attorneys to opt out of paying dues to support positions that they found abhorrent, Keller v. State Bar of California, 496 U.S. 1 (1990).

As a result, the State Bar was forced to lay off 500 of its 700 personnel on June 26, 1998.[17] For six months, the State Bar's attorney disciplinary system was nonfunctional. On December 3, 1998, the Supreme Court of California unanimously held that it had the power to impose an emergency annual fee of $171.44 on all California lawyers to fund the attorney disciplinary system. See In re Attorney Disciplinary System, 19 Cal. 4th 582 (1998). By then, the backlog of unprocessed complaints had soared to 6,000.

On September 7, 1999, Governor Gray Davis signed a bill that set the annual fee for the State Bar at $395, thus ending the funding crisis. Since then, the State Bar has undertaken several reforms to improve the efficiency of its operations. In 2002, the State Bar split off the Conference of Delegates into a separate volunteer organization, now known as the Conference of California Bar Associations.[18]

On October 11, 2009, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed the fee authorization bill for 2010.[19] In his veto message accompanying the return of the unsigned bill to the Legislature, he stated that just as in 1997, the State Bar had again become inefficient, scandal-ridden, and excessively politicized.

In 2015 and 2016, the California State Auditor's Office found that the State Bar was inefficient and had failed to properly engage with stakeholders.[20] The State Auditor's Office also determined that the State Bar's client security fund had overstated its, and that the State Bar created an unnecessary nonprofit organization, and then used State Bar funds to cover the nonprofit's financial losses.[21] The State Bar also changed its financial reporting practices for its Client Security Fund, in a way that masked the claims that the State Bar expects the Client Security Fund to pay.[22]

Another punitive lapse occurred in 2016, when the State Legislature allowed its session to end without enacting a bill authorizing the bar to collect lawyer fees in 2017.[23]

In 2019, however, the State Bar "split" into two entities, with a newly appointee-only Board of Trustees. In late 2019, the Board of Trustees approved the first annual increase in over ten years. Annual dues now total $544.00.[24]

Attorney Admissions Criteria

The task of deciding whom to admit to the bar is performed by the Committee of Bar Examiners and the Office of Admissions under procedures set out in the State Bar Act.

Prior to law schools in the U.S., the only way to become an attorney was to "read" for the law. Usually this was done by reading Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England as a textbook, and by interning for a judge or a lawyer for a prescribed period. The Bar candidate would then be questioned by a panel of court justices and accepted or rejected as an officer of the court. If accepted, the candidate was sworn into the Bar.

California requires two years of pre-legal education before beginning the study of law.[25] Once the pre-legal education is met, California has different paths to become a licensed attorney:[26]

  1. Attending a law school accredited by the American Bar Association[27] or approved by the Committee of Bar Examiners[28] and passing the California Bar Examination (bar exam).
  2. Study law for at least four years by:
    * Attending a law school authorized by the State of California to award professional degrees that is not accredited by the ABA or approved by the State Bar of California. (including online law schools) and pass the bar exam, or
    * Participating in an approved course of study in a law office or the chambers of a judge and pass the bar exam. ("Law Office Study Program"; see below.)
  3. Already being licensed in another state in the United States and taking the California bar exam. Lawyers who are already licensed (and have been active for four or more years) in another jurisdiction may be able to waive out of taking the Multistate Bar Examination portion of the bar exam.

Regardless of the path one takes to becoming a licensed attorney, most bar applicants take a special private preparation course for the bar exam immediately following their graduation from law school.[citation needed]

There is no citizenship requirement for admission to the California bar exam; a person can be a citizen of any country and be admitted to practice in California. No particular type of visa, including a green card, is required for admission to the bar. However, applicants must have a Social Security Number to apply. Applicants are able to petition for an exception to the latter rule.

Prospective applicants must also pass the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination and undergo a background check to determine if the applicant has the "good moral character" necessary to practice law in California. A prospective applicant must receive a "positive determination" as to the inquiry on their "moral character" in addition to satisfying all other educational requirements and exam passages to be granted a license to practice law in California.

Various Examination Routes

Accredited law school study

California is one of several states which have law schools that are both accredited by the American Bar Association and unaccredited California schools. The majority of prospective lawyers studying for the California Bar attend law schools accredited by the ABA or approved by the CBE. Once they receive their J.D. degree from these schools they are eligible to take the bar exam.

Unaccredited law school study

Students may choose to become a licensed attorney through law schools that are not accredited by the ABA or approved by the State Bar of California Committee of Bar Examiners. Students attending these schools must also complete the First-Year Law Students' Examination (FYLSE, popularly known as the "Baby Bar Examination") before receiving credit for their law study.[29]

Students should pass the FYLSE within three administrations after first becoming eligible to take the examination (which usually occurs upon completion of the first year of law study) in order to receive credit for law study undertaken up to the point of passage. It is possible for a student to pass the test after the first three administrations, but such a student will receive credit only for their first year of law study; no courses beyond the first year will be credited if a student takes more law school classes and passes the Baby Bar thereafter.

California State Bar Law Office Study Program

The California State Bar Law Office Study Program allows California residents to become California attorneys without graduating from college or law school, assuming they meet basic pre-legal educational requirements.[30] (If the candidate has no college degree, he or she may take and pass the College Level Examination Program (CLEP).) The Bar candidate must study under a judge or lawyer for four years and must also pass the Baby Bar within three administrations after first becoming eligible to take the examination. They are then eligible to take the California Bar Examination.

Out-of-state attorney examination

Persons already licensed as attorneys in other states may take the California Bar. Provided they have already taken the Multistate Bar Examination (MBE), they may omit that portion of the California Bar Examination. The attorneys opting to omit the MBE must have four years of being in good standing[31] in their local jurisdictions. Attorneys without the required years of being in good standing take the General Examination, like most other applicants.

The California Bar Examination

California administers what is widely considered the nation's most difficult bar examination twice each year, in February and July.[32][33][34] Several prominent attorneys and politicians have either never passed, or had difficulty passing, the California Bar Exam. Significant among these are former Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (a graduate of Peoples College of Law who never passed the bar exam after failing four times), Stanford law professor Kathleen Sullivan (Harvard Law School) (who failed the bar in July 2005 but passed on her second attempt in February 2006),[35] California Governor and former Attorney General Jerry Brown (Yale Law School, '64) (who took it twice before passing) and former California Governor Pete Wilson (UC Berkeley School of Law) (who passed on his fourth attempt).[33][34] Unsuccessful applicants have even sued the State Bar—unsuccessfully—on the grounds that the exam is unnecessarily difficult.[36]

Before July 2017, the California Bar Examination consisted of 18 hours of examination time spread out over three days; the only U.S. state with a longer bar exam was Louisiana, at 21.5 hours of testing.[37] (Louisiana law, in contrast to the common law system of the other 49 states, is based partially on civil law and is one of the few exams without a multiple choice component.) Beginning in July 2017, the California Bar Exam adopted a 2-day format.[38]

The exam currently tests 13 different subject areas:

The written section of the exam accounts for 50% of the total score, which includes 5 essays and 1 90 minute performance test. Applicants sitting for the California Bar Examination do not know which of the 13 subjects listed above will in fact be tested on the essay portion of the examination. In recent years, it has been increasingly common for the exam to feature one or more "crossover" questions, which tests applicants in multiple subjects. Examples of past tested essays with sample answers are available on the California State Bar website.[39]

California-specific legal knowledge is required only for Evidence, Civil Procedure, Wills, Community Property, and Professional Responsibility; for the other topics, either general common law ("bar exam law") or the federal laws apply. Beginning in July 2007, applicants may be tested on the California Evidence Code and the California Code of Civil Procedure in the essay portion of the exam in addition to the Federal Rules of Evidence and Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

The Multistate Bar Examination (MBE) portion of the exam accounts for 50% of the total score and is a nationally administered, 200-question multiple choice exam.[40] As of February 2007, only 190 questions are scored, and the other 10 are unscored experimental questions used to gauge their appropriateness for future exams. The MBE covers only the topics of contracts (including sales of goods under Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code), real property, torts, constitutional law, criminal law and procedure, the Federal Rules of Evidence, and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. While the essay section of the exam may test one or more of these areas as well, the MBE section is dedicated to these subjects.

The exam sites are usually large convention centers in Northern and Southern California. Exam security is tight. For example, proctors are assigned to stand in restrooms for the duration of the entire exam to prevent applicants from asking each other for assistance.[33] Additionally, applicants are required to provide fingerprints, photo identification, and a handwriting sample at the testing site.

Overall bar exam pass rates tend to hover between 35% and 55%, and are always the lowest in the United States.[34] In October 2017, the California Supreme Court reviewed the passing score of the California Bar Exam, after being urged by various law schools to lower the passing score. After review, the California Supreme Court declined to lower the passing score, leaving it intact.[41]

The lowest pass rate occurred in February 2018 when 26.8% of takers passed.[42] First-time California Bar Exam takers have a pass rate around 60%.[43] When considering only graduates of ABA-approved schools, the average pass rate for the years 2003–2006 was 54.5%, which was 8.9% lower than the pass rate for Florida, the next lowest "large population" jurisdiction.[44] The overall pass rate for the July 2018 California Bar Examination was 40.7%.[45]

Controversy of 2019 State Bar Examination release of test subjects

In early July 2019, State Bar employees provided several high-ranking law school Deans with a list of the test subjects to be given on the bar exam in a few weeks' time.[46][47] Some of these Dean's shared this list with their students prematurely. Learning that some schools had this information and others didn't, the State Bar decided to release the shortened list to all exam takers, despite the difference in time that some students had over others to prepare. A report issued by the California Judicial Council [48] concluded that the release was inadvertent "human error" but redacted the names of State Bar personnel responsible for the error.

Admission of undocumented immigrants

On February 1, 2014, Sergio C. Garcia, an undocumented immigrant, was sworn in as a member of the State Bar of California, making him the nation's first undocumented immigrant to become an attorney.[49] The bar admission came almost one month after the state supreme court held that undocumented immigrants were not automatically disqualified from being licensed as attorneys in the state. Under that ruling, as well as a statute that Governor Brown signed into law taking effect on January 1, 2014 (in order to take advantage of a specific provision of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act discussed at oral argument before the state supreme court), Garcia was admitted to the state bar. Garcia was brought to the United States as a child and remained, according to court findings, undocumented through no fault of his own. He grew up in Northern California, graduated from college and law school. He passed the California Bar Exam on the first try, and satisfied the Committee of Bar Examiners of his good moral character.[50]

California Professional Responsibility Rules

Pre-2018 Codes and Rules

Prior to November 1, 2018, California was the only state that did not use either set of professional responsibility rules developed by the American Bar Association.[citation needed] From 2001 to 2014, the Commission for the Revision of the Rules of Professional Conduct of the State Bar of California worked on a comprehensive revision of the California rules that was intended to, among other things, convert them into a heavily modified, localized version of the Model Rules. That is, the result would look like the Model Rules, but with appropriate modifications to preserve the substance of existing California rules that better reflect local laws and customs.

However, the Commission's progress was very slow, simply because there are so many substantive and structural differences between the California rules and the Model Rules. The Commission finally finished nearly all the revisions in 2010 and the State Bar Board of Governors (later renamed the Board of Trustees) ratified them in July and September of that year. However, the proposed revisions could not go into effect unless and until they were also approved by the Supreme Court of California. As of 2014, 11 of 67 proposed rules had been finalized and submitted to the Court for its approval.

On September 19, 2014, for reasons that were not fully explained, the Supreme Court of California suddenly returned to the State Bar all proposed revised rules that had been submitted for its consideration.[51][52] The Court's letter directed the State Bar to start the process all over again with a new Commission, and to submit a new set of revised rules by March 31, 2017.[51][52]

November 1, 2018 Revisions

On November 1, 2018, California adopted a new model code largely based on the ABA model rules, with some exceptions.[citation needed] California professional responsibility law is still divided among California Business & Professions Code Section 6068 (the statutory duties of an attorney), the California Rules of Professional Conduct (CRPC), and a number of uncodified cases. A number of innovations in professional responsibility law first arose in California, such as Cumis counsel.

Of all American states, California imposes one of the strongest duties of confidentiality upon its attorneys.[citation needed] There were no exceptions to the duty until 2004, when Business & Professions Code Section 6068 was amended to add a single discretionary exception to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm. The amendment was borrowed from the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct.[53]

Lawyer discipline

As its primary post-split function, California operates its own State Bar Court,[54] staffed by judges who specialize in handling only professional responsibility cases on a full-time basis (i.e., it is their primary job function). Most other jurisdictions either appoint special masters on an ad hoc basis to adjudicate such cases, or have disciplinary commissions or boards that function on a part-time basis and hold relatively informal hearings.

Complaints against attorneys are investigated and prosecuted by the State Bar's Office of the Chief Trial Counsel.[55] Under the State Bar Act, upon receiving a complaint, the Bar may choose whether to open an investigation. If the Bar does find sufficient evidence of misconduct, decides that it has standing, and decides to take action to impose discipline, it has the power to proceed against accused attorneys either in the Supreme Court of California or in the State Bar Court.[56] The State Bar holds that it may decline to review complaints that are not made by a judge who heard a matter related to the complaint.

Complaints of professional misconduct are usually first prosecuted in the Hearing Department of the State Bar Court. If the lawyer disagrees with an adverse decision, he or she may appeal to the Review Department of the State Bar Court,[57] and from there to the state supreme court. Although the State Bar Court's decisions are technically only recommendations, the distinction is largely academic. Failure to comply with conditions imposed as part of any form of lesser discipline short of disbarment can itself result in a recommendation of disbarment, which is virtually always ratified because the attorney's noncompliance with the State Bar Act will have been clearly established by that point.

In February 2012, Jon B. Streeter, President of the State Bar, said:

Our role is roughly analogous to that of a criminal prosecutor.... The professional discipline of attorneys is not about punishment. For years, [the State Bar] has carried an enormous backlog ...averaging some 1,600–1,900 uncompleted investigations .... Any backlog—much less one of this magnitude—undermines our credibility with the public .... Only offending lawyers deserving of discipline benefit from delay....[58]

Lawyer-member Services

The State Bar provides some member services. The Member Services Center, which keeps member personal information up-to-date, sends out annual fee statements, collects fees, and sends out annual membership cards. The State Bar also offers CalBar Connect, a Web site which lists third-party vendors who currently offer discounts to State Bar members (as well as any relevant discount codes).

The Department of Legal Specialization, under the supervision of the Board of Legal Specialization, officially certifies legal specialists in 11 different practice areas. It was first announced in February 1971 as the first such program anywhere in the United States. It began actual operations in 1973 with three practice areas initially available: workers' compensation, criminal law, and tax law.

The Minimum Continuing Legal Education Program, launched in 1990, certifies continuing legal education providers and enforces the MCLE requirement (currently 25 hours every three years) through random audits.

The Lawyer Assistance Program, created in 2002, assists lawyers with mental health and substance abuse problems. This organization however will be spun off into its own 501(c)(3) in 2021 and future funding sources are uncertain.[citation needed]

The Mandatory Fee Arbitration Program, created in 1978, resolves attorney-client disputes over attorney fees. It is voluntary for clients but mandatory for attorneys if the client demands it.

Other Bar responsibilities remaining after the 2019 Bar Split

In addition to disciplinary functions, the State Bar still operates several other non-disciplinary functions:

  • the Committee on Judicial Nominees Evaluation,[59] which conducts confidential evaluations of persons identified by the Governor as candidates for judicial office and produces a rating of "exceptionally well qualified," "well qualified," "qualified," or "not qualified."
  • The State Bar Office of Access and Inclusion certifies lawyer referral services, carries out strategic objectives around diversifying the profession
  • The State Bar also continues to maintain and support the Legal Services Trust Fund Commission. In 2020, the State Bar collected over $55 million from IOLTA interest payments earned from private lawyer trust accounts.[60] The State Bar then grants these funds to over ninety nonprofit organizations that provide legal services to low-income Californians. This project is controlled and funded by the state Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts program, the Equal Access Fund, and the Justice Gap Fund, all operated by the State Bar and which support efforts to encourage and coordinate pro bono representation.[61]
  • The State Bar Client Security Fund Commission operates the Client Security Fund, which provides compensation for clients whose attorneys committed certain types of crimes against them like theft or embezzlement.[62]

Executive Director Joseph Dunn controversy

On November 13, 2014, the State Bar issued a statement saying that former State Senator Joseph Dunn's employment as Executive Director had been terminated by the Board of Trustees.[63] The same day, Dunn filed a whistle-blower lawsuit against the State Bar challenging the termination because he had exposed malfeasance and "egregious improprieties."[64][65][66] The State Bar denied Dunn's allegations, saying the "Board received a complaint from a high-level employee raising serious, wide-ranging allegations about ... Dunn and certain State Bar employees."[67][68] The lawsuit was eventually diverted into arbitration, and in March 2017, the arbitrator rejected Dunn's claims and exonerated the State Bar for his firing.[69]

References

  1. ^ a b "Member Demographics". State Bar of California. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
  2. ^ http://www.calbar.ca.gov/ State Bar of California, Official Website, accessed, June 22, 2020
  3. ^ https://newsroom.courts.ca.gov/news/supreme-court-makes-2019-appointments-to-state-bar-board-of-trustees Supreme Court makes 2019 appointments to State Bar Board of Trustees, September 3, 2019, California Supreme Court Press Release
  4. ^ See California Business and Professions Code sections 6064 (empowering State Bar to certify admission of applicants) and 6078 (empowering State Bar to recommend disbarment, suspension, or reproval).
  5. ^ In re Rose, 22 Cal. 4th 430 (2000) ("[t]he State Bar may make only recommendations to this court, which undertakes an independent determination whether the attorney should be disciplined as recommended").
  6. ^ See also Hallinan v. Committee of Bar Examiners, 65 Cal. 2d 447 (1966) (Supreme Court may override State Bar's finding of lack of good moral character and force State Bar to certify applicant for admission) and Pineda v. State Bar, 49 Cal. 3d 753 (1989) (Supreme Court may override State Bar's recommendation of punishment and prescribe more severe punishment). Notably, Terence Hallinan went on to become San Francisco's district attorney, while Lynn Pineda was disbarred by the Supreme Court of California on September 14, 1990.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Introductory: The Genesis and Development of the State Bar", in the Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the State Bar of California (San Francisco: The Recorder Printing and Publishing Co., 1929), xvi.
  8. ^ https://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-calbar-20160619-snap-story.html Column: The California State Bar’s dismal history shows why it should be broken up
  9. ^ Jimenez, Manuel. "Before the Bar", Los Angeles Lawyer Magazine (April, 2010) (cite as 33-APR LALAW 28)
  10. ^ Rule 1.2 of the Rules of the State Bar of California.
  11. ^ See Sperry v. Florida, 373 U.S. 379 (1963). Accord, Benninghoff v. Superior Court (State Bar of California) 136 Cal. App. 4th 61, 74 (2006) (interpreting Sperry as preventing State Bar from regulating federal administrative practice in general)
  12. ^ https://newsroom.courts.ca.gov/news/supreme-court-makes-2019-appointments-to-state-bar-board-of-trustees | Press Release, California Supreme Court Makes 2019 Appointments to State Bar Trustees Board, September 03, 2019
  13. ^ "California State Bar Fee Bill – and Agency Reforms – Signed". Courthouse News Service. October 2, 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  14. ^ "SB-36 Attorneys: State Bar: Sections of the State Bar. - California". California Legislative Information. October 2, 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  15. ^ "Keller v. State Bar of California", FindLaw. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
  16. ^ Bob Egelko, "Judgment Time For State Bar," Los Angeles Daily News, 21 June 1998, p. N9.
  17. ^ Harriet Chiang, "State Bar Layoffs Mean Slow Complaint Response," San Francisco Chronicle, 26 June 1998, sec. A, p. 21.
  18. ^ "About CCBA," http://calconference.org/html/about-2/
  19. ^ Sherri M. Okamoto, "Schwarzenegger Vetoes State Bar Membership Dues Bill: President Says Organization Has Enough Money to Run Until End of Year", Metropolitan News-Enterprise, 13 October 2009, 1.
  20. ^ "California State Auditor's Report 2015-047" (PDF).
  21. ^ "California State Auditor's Report 2015-047" (PDF).
  22. ^ "California State Auditor's Report 2015-047" (PDF).
  23. ^ Renner, Lisa (September 26, 2016). "State Bar facing fiscal crisis". Capitol Weekly. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  24. ^ http://www.calbar.ca.gov/Attorneys/Attorney-Regulation/About-Your-State-Bar-Profile/Fees-Payment/Annual-Fees-FAQs | 2020 Annual Fee FAQs, State Bar of California website, accessed on June 22, 2020.
  25. ^ "The State Bar of California". admissions.calbar.ca.gov.
  26. ^ "The State Bar of California". www.calbar.ca.gov.
  27. ^ "ABA About". abanet.org. Archived from the original on 2010-12-26.
  28. ^ "The State Bar of California". ca.gov.
  29. ^ "The State Bar of California". ca.gov.
  30. ^ "The State Bar of California". admissions.calbar.ca.gov.
  31. ^ "The State Bar of California" (PDF). admissions.calbar.ca.gov.
  32. ^ Summary of Requirements for Admission to Practice Law in California, http://admissions.calbar.ca.gov/Portals/4/documents/2015_SummaryofRequirements0314_R.pdf
  33. ^ a b c Anna Oberthur, "Raising the Bar and the Meaning of Success: California's Notorious Legal Exam Becomes a Crossroads Where Failure Can Lead to Happiness," San Francisco Daily Journal, 23 May 2006, 1.
  34. ^ a b c Howard Mintz, "Crunch time for law students: Would-be lawyers prep for one of nation's toughest exams," San Jose Mercury News, 7 July 2007, 1A.
  35. ^ "Sullivan failed Calif. Bar Exam". stanforddaily.com.
  36. ^ In re Admission to Practice Law, 1 Cal. 2d 61 (1934).
  37. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-04-04. Retrieved 2013-03-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  38. ^ "Board ok's two-day bar exam starting in 2017," http://www.calbarjournal.com/August2015/TopHeadlines/TH5.aspx
  39. ^ State Bar of California Past Exams (ungraded)
  40. ^ National Conference of Bar Examiners, Preparing for the MBE, http://www.ncbex.org/exams/mbe/preparing/
  41. ^ "Supreme Court issues letter relating to In re California Bar Exam". California Courts Newsroom.
  42. ^ Alexei Koseff. A bar too high? Pass rate plummets to record low for California lawyer exam "Only a quarter of applicants passed the California bar exam in its most recent sitting, the State Bar of California announced this week, a record low for the test that lawyers must successfully complete to practice in the state."
  43. ^ Mintz, 1A. Of the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, 33 place no limit on the number of times the bar exam can be taken, although two of these states specify that an applicant who has failed a certain number of exams must wait a full year before taking the exam again. Comprehensive Guide to Bar Admissions 2007, National Conference of Bar Examiners and American Bar Association Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar, pp. 17, 20.
  44. ^ National Conference of Bar Examiners, Bar Admission Statistics
  45. ^ "The State Bar of California". ca.gov.
  46. ^ https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/lifestyle-buzz/the-california-state-bar-accidentally-releases-topics-of-july-exam/ar-AAEYTYd "The California State Bar accidentally releases details of July exam", KSFB News, July 29, 2019
  47. ^ https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/28/us/california-bar-exam-general-topics-released-trnd/index.html "California State Bar accidentally releases general topics of its upcoming exam", CNN, July 28, 2019
  48. ^ https://newsroom.courts.ca.gov/news/supreme-court-releases-report-on-leak-of-bar-exam-topics
  49. ^ Mae, Fesai (February 1, 2014). "Nation's first undocumented attorney sworn in at State Capitol". KCRA. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  50. ^ "The Broader Lesson From Garcia's Fight To Practice". Huffington Post. January 27, 2014.
  51. ^ a b Rogers, Joan C. (2 October 2014). "California Justices Tell State Bar to Redo Proposals for Updating Lawyer Conduct Rules". ABA/BNA Lawyers' Manual on Professional Conduct. Bloomberg BNA. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  52. ^ a b Zitrin, Richard (10 October 2014). "Viewpoint: State Supreme Court Resets Ethics Rewrite". The Recorder. ALM Media Properties, LLC. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  53. ^ Compare Section 6068 (e)(2):

    (2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), an attorney may, but is not required to, reveal confidential information relating to the representation of a client to the extent that the attorney reasonably believes the disclosure is necessary to prevent a criminal act that the attorney reasonably believes is likely to result in death of, or substantial bodily harm to, an individual.

    with Rule 1.6 (b)(1) of the ABA Model Rules:

    (b) A lawyer may reveal information relating to the representation of a client to the extent the lawyer reasonably believes necessary: (1) to prevent reasonably certain death or substantial bodily harm...
  54. ^ California Business and Professions Code Section 6086.5.
  55. ^ California Business and Professions Code Section 6079.5.
  56. ^ California Business and Professions Code Section 6075.
  57. ^ California Business and Professions Code Section 6086.65.
  58. ^ Streeter, Jon B. (February 2012). "From the President: The Year of Zero". California Bar Journal.
  59. ^ California Government Code Section 12011.5.
  60. ^ http://board.calbar.ca.gov/docs/agendaItem/Public/agendaitem1000025950.pdf Memo: Approval of Interest on Lawyers' Trust Accounts (IOLTA) Grant Distribution for 2020 and 2021, State Bar website, Accessed on June 22, 2020
  61. ^ "About the Office of Access & Inclusion". State Bar of California. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  62. ^ "Client Security Fund Commission". State Bar of California. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  63. ^ "State Bar Trustees issue statement on Executive Director". State Bar of California. November 13, 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  64. ^ Dinzeo, Maria (November 13, 2014). "Sen. Dunn Files Whistleblower Action Against California State Bar". Courthouse New Service. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  65. ^ Skinner, Curtis (November 14, 2014). "Fired California Bar official files whistle-blower suit against group". Reuters. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  66. ^ Dolan, Maura (November 13, 2014). "Fired California bar official said he tried to expose wrongdoing". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  67. ^ "State Board Issues Statement on Executive Director". State Bar of California. November 15, 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  68. ^ Moxley, R. Scott (November 15, 2014). "California State Bar Fires Back At Joe Dunn's Version Of His Sensational Termination". OC Weekly. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  69. ^ Walters, Dan (March 20, 2017). "Joe Dunn loses arbitration over his firing by State Bar". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
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