Burke's Rangers

Burke's Rangers
Active	1747–62
Country	Great Britain
Allegiance	British Crown
Branch	Provincial Irregulars; British Army Rangers
Type	Reconnaissance, Light Infantry
Role	Reconnaissance, Light Infantry
Size	One company
Garrison/HQ	Fort William Henry
Engagements	King George's War French and Indian War Crown Point Expedition (1755) Battle of Lake George (1755) Siege of Fort William Henry (1757) Fort William Henry (1757) Battle of Carillon (1758) Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)
Commanders
Notable commanders	John Burke

Main articles: Seven Years' War and French and Indian Wars

The Burke's Rangers was a company of colonial volunteers organized and led by Major John Burke in Massachusetts just before the French and Indian War. Burke was widely noted for his skill and daring in Indian warfare, and frequently served in campaigns against the Indians. Burke was initially commissioned as an ensign by Governor William Shirley and subsequently commissioned a lieutenant, then a captain. Toward the close of the French and Indian war, in 1760, he was commissioned a major by Governor Thomas Pownall.

Background

At the close of King Philip's War the Massachusetts provincial government sought to defend its borders by settling groups of veterans on Indian lands. This was seen as an inexpensive deterrent to French aggression, a way to shore up English claims to contested ground, a good defensive strategy in the face of ongoing Indian resistance to British expansion, and a reward to the veterans of the war.

Bernardston, Massachusetts, initially known as Falls Fight Township, was a frontier settlement created by and for the families of soldiers who had fought in King Philip's Warm specifically in the Battle of Turner's Falls, which was a major engagement fought under Captain William Turner in 1676. John Burke was an early settler of the town, arriving with his father who was one of the veterans granted land in Falls Fight.

In November 1734, the following was presented to the General Court of Massachusetts:

A petition of Samuel Hunt, of Billerica, for himself and other survivors of the officers and soldiers that belonged to the company of Capt. Turner, and the representatives of them that are dead, shewing that the said company in 1676 engaged the Indian enemy at a place above Deerfield, and destroyed above three hundred of them, and, therefore, praying that this court would grant them a tract of land above Deerfield suitable to make a township.

The petition was granted and the proprietors of the new township began recruiting 60 families to settle in the town. John Burke, Samuel Connable, Lieutenant Ebenezer Sheldon, and Deacon Sheldon, built the first four houses, in 1738. They were made of hewn logs, with port-holes in the walls for defense against the Indians.

Pre-war period

At his own expense, Burke built a stockade fort that stood "six rods on each side" (equivalent to about 100 feet). The stockade walls stood 12 feet high behind which the inhabitants repaired every night during the periods of intercultural frontier violence. The fort contained eight homes, protecting the settlement during attacks beginning in 1745 and later the French and Indian War.

The stockade was located on the traditional lands of the Wabanaki Confederacy, and in 1746, members of the confederacy attacked the fort in an effort to drive out the invading colonists. Although there were only two men in the fort besides Burke, the Indians were driven off. The following year, Eliakim Sheldon, son of Lieutenant Ebenezer Sheldon, was shot while he was walking near his father's house, and about the same time a band of Indians attempted to destroy Deacon Elisha Sheldon's house on Huckle Hill, but were routed by Lieutenant Ebenezer Sheldon, who appeared on the scene with aid just in time. Lieutenant Sheldon was famous for his violent inclinations towards Native Americans, earning him the sobriquet the "Old Indian-Hunter".

On March 1, 1747, Burke was commissioned an ensign in a company of volunteers raised for the defense of the western frontier under order of the Royal Governor of Massachusetts William Shirley who played a prominent role in the defense of the American colonies during the war. Burke's volunteers later began playing a defensive role in the Deerfield–Falltown region.

French and Indian War

Montcalm trying to stop Native Americans from attacking British soldiers and civilians as they leave Fort William Henry. Wood engraving by Alfred Bobbett after a painting of Felix Octavius Carr Darley. Published between 1870 and 1880.

Burke and his company played an active role in the French and Indian War of 1755. During the fighting, the people of Falls Fight township suffered greatly as a result of the town being established on land still claimed by the Wabanaki Confederacy. Indians attacked the town. A number of settler families moved from the frontier community to the safety of larger colonial towns. The militia from the township, led by then Ensign Burke, was called to service.

Establishment of the "Rangers"

In 1757, Massachusetts began to pursue a policy of raising and deploying its forces on an ongoing basis each year, without waiting for requests of defenseless towns and almost abandoned garrisons. In addition to the colony's garrison troops,"one hundred men were employed on the eastern frontier, and forty-five under a captain and lieutenant, on the west side of the Connecticut River, to Range the woods north of Falltown." The latter company—known as Rangers—under the command of Captain John Burke, was stationed at Hinsdale's Fort, on the east bank of the Connecticut River. Burke began recruiting his company in the winter of 1756. The initial group of forty-five men included four Stockbridge Mahicans. Burke received his captain's commission on March 30, by which time he had seventy men enrolled in his company. They made frequent marches through the neighboring country for the purpose of discovering concealed Indians. Their course was sometimes along the main stream of West River, and again by its south or west branches. They frequently ascended to the top of West River Mountain to watch for the smoke of the enemy's camp fires. To enable them perform their difficult tasks, snow-shoes and moccasins were issued to the Rangers.

In the winter of 1756–57, the Rangers under Burke were stationed at the fort at Hinsdale, Massachusetts. There were no enemy attacks on the fort until April 20 when a party of about 70 Indians and French appeared. They captured four men and brought them back to Canada. Only two of the four prisoners survived to return.

Crown Point Expedition

On April 11, 1755, Colonel Ephraim Williams of Deerfield sent a letter to John Burke offering him the position of captain-lieutenant in his regiment and requesting men for the expedition against Crown Point. He desired that "only good men be enlisted" and asked that the names of the men selected be sent immediately.

Marching north into French territory, in August 1755 the overall commander of the British forces, William Johnson, renamed Lac du Saint-Sacrement to Lake George in honor of his king. On 8 September 1755, Johnson's forces held their ground in the Battle of Lake George. Johnson was wounded by a ball that was to remain in his hip or thigh for the rest of his life. Hendrick Theyanoguin, Johnson's Mohawk ally, was killed in the battle, and Baron Dieskau, the French commander, was captured.

Among the inhabitants of Bernardston who joined Burke's Rangers were Caleb Chapin and his two sons, Joel and Hezekiah. They were with Williams at the Battle of Lake George in September 1755, where Caleb Chapin was killed. He was wounded in the thick of battle while fighting by the side of his sons, and when he fell they sought to carry him away, but he commanded them to save themselves and leave him to die. They left him accordingly where he fell, and when, after the fight, they returned in search of him, they found him dead, with a tomahawk buried in his brain. This tomahawk is still preserved in the cabinet of the American Antiquarian Society at Worcester. Williams was killed in the battle as well, his body was hidden in the woods by the survivors to save it from desecration.

The battle brought an end to the expedition against Crown Point, and the soldiers built Fort William Henry at Lake George to strengthen British defenses.

In 1757, Jonathan Carver, later explorer of the Upper Great Lakes and friend of Robert Rogers, enlisted in Burke's Rangers. He became a lieutenant in Burke's company.

Burke was at the surrender of Fort William Henry in August 1757, his company formed part of Colonel Frye's provincial regiment. According to local lore, he survived the subsequent massacre with only his breeches and his silver watch.

Disbandment

In 1758, as Rogers' Rangers expanded from a company to a corps of 1,500 men, many provincial soldiers, including some from Burke's company joined Roger's Rangers. In April 1758, Major Rogers commissioned a former corporal from Burke's company, Joseph Wait, after he had fought with distinction in the Battle on Snowshoes in March. Wait later became a captain in the corps.

By 1762, Burke's Rangers had been disbanded. In the post war period, Burke continued to play an important role in the affairs of Bernardston. In 1763, he established a tavern in the center of the town, just south of where Weatherhead's saw-mill stood. The sign which used to swing in front of Burke's tavern is still preserved among the relics owned by the Pocomptuck Valley Association at Deerfield, Massachusetts.

See also

• French and Indian Wars (article includes King William's War, Queen Anne's War, King George's War, and this war.)
• Northwest Indian War
• Franco-Indian alliance
• Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
• American Indian Wars

References

• American Antiquarian Society (1909). Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society. Vol. 11. The Society. p. 150. OCLC 1479300.
• Anderson, Fred (2000). Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40642-5. Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766.
• Anderson, Fred (2005). The War that Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03454-1. Retrieved 2013-07-11.
• Bodge, George Madison (1967). Soldiers in King Philip's War, Being a Critical Account of that War (Third ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company. OCLC 925492.
• Brumwell, Stephen (2005). White Devil: A True Story of War, Savagery, and Vengeance in Colonial America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-306-81473-0.
• Brumwell, Stephen (2006b). Redcoats: The British Soldier and War in the Americas, 1755–1763. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-67538-3.
• Calloway, Colin G (2006). The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530071-0.
• Cave, Alfred A. (2004). The French and Indian War. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32168-X.
• Everts, Louis H. (1879). History of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts. Vol. Volume II. Philadelphia: L.H. Everts. OCLC 1178394. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
• Flexner, James T. (1989) [1959]. Mohawk Baronet: A Biography of Sir William Johnson. Syracuse, New York: University of Syracuse. ISBN 0-8156-0239-1.
• Fowler, William M. (2005). Empires at War: The French and Indian War and the Struggle for North America, 1754–1763. New York: Walker. ISBN 0-8027-1411-0.
• General Society of Colonial Wars (1 July 2006). General Register of the Society of Colonial Wars 1899–1902: Constitution of the General Society. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4286-6309-1.
• Griffin, Simon Goodell (1980). The History of Keene, New Hampshire. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books. ISBN 978-0-917890-21-5.
• Hall, Benjamin (1858). History of Eastern Vermont, From its Earliest Settlement to the Close of the Eighteenth Century. New York: Appleton. OCLC 5761984.
• Hamilton, Milton W. (1976). Sir William Johnson: Colonial American, 1715–1763. Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press. ISBN 0-8046-9134-7.
• Jennings, Francis (1988). Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years' War in America. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-30640-2.
• Neill, Edward D. (1890). Occurrences in the Vicinity of St. Paul, Minn: Before Its Incorporation as a City. D. Mason & Company. OCLC 561609449.
• Nester, William R (2000). The First Global War: Britain, France, and the Fate of North America, 1756–1775. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-96771-0. OCLC 41468552.
• O'Toole, Fintan (2005). White Savage: William Johnson and the Invention of America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-28128-9.
• Schultz, Eric; Tougias, Michael (1999). King Philip's War. Woodstock, Vermont: The Countryman Press. ISBN 9780881504347.

Further reading

• Eckert, Allan W. (1994) [1969]. Wilderness Empire. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-26488-5.
• Parkman, Francis (1984) [1884]. Montcalm and Wolfe: The French and Indian War. New York: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-81077-8.

External links

• Virtual Vault from the Library and Archives of Canada
• The French and Indian War Website
• The War That Made America from PBS
• Forgotten War: Struggle for North America from PBS
• Select Bibliography of the French and Indian Wars compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History
• Seven Years' War timeline
• Montcalm and Wolfe, by Francis Parkman online ebook
• French and Indian War Living History Reenactments (videos)