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Coordinates: 24°25′52″N 93°43′01″E / 24.4312°N 93.7170°E / 24.4312; 93.7170
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Torbung
Torbung is located in Manipur
Torbung
Torbung
Location in Manipur, India
Torbung is located in India
Torbung
Torbung
Torbung (India)
Coordinates: 24°25′52″N 93°43′01″E / 24.4312°N 93.7170°E / 24.4312; 93.7170
CountryIndia
StateManipur
DistrictBishnupur, Churachandpur
Population
 (2011)[1][2]
 • Total3,828
Language(s)
 • OfficialMeitei (Manipuri)
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Map

Torbung[a] is a census village split across the Bishnupur district and Churachandpur district in Manipur, India. The Bishnupur part of the village has a population of 2781,[1] and the Churachandpur part a population of 1047 in the 2011 census.[2] Torbung is on the bank of the Torbung river, which flows down from Thangjing hills to join the Khuga River. It is a village of historical as well as current political significance.

Immediately to the north of Torbung is the village of Kangvai,[b] on a stream of the same name. It is in Churachandpur district with a population of 939.[2] Kangvai is also the headquarters of an eponymous subdivision of the Churachandpur district.

Geography

The Torbung village is at the mouth of the Khuga River valley (which is also known as "Lamka plain"),[5] bordering the Imphal Valley. It is on the bank of the Torbung river, which rises in the eastern slopes of Thangjing hills, and flows down across the mouth of the valley to join the Khuga River. The Torbung river splits into several streams as it enters the valley plain, covering a wide area. The wider area may have also been called Torbung in historical times.

The Torbung census village is split across the valley district of Bishnupur and the hill district of Churachandpur. The division is practically significant since the valley and hill districts in Manipur have different land revenue regulations.[6] The main Torbung village is in the Bishnupur district within the Imphal Valley. The Tedim Road (National Highway 2), connecting the Imphal and Churachandpur towns, passes through it. As per the 2011 census, it occupies 1,257 hectares (12.57 km2) area and has a population of 2781 people.[1]

Churachandpur district's Torbung village appears to be in the foothills to the west of the main village just as the Torbung river enters the plain. In addition to the foothill village, the southern bank of the Torbung river has two census villages called S. Kotlian and Torbung Loklaiphai. Scholar Rohlua Puia points out that the hill tribes (here Kukis) living in border localities regard themselves as belonging to the hill districts (here Churachandpur), while the Meitei people in the same localities regarded themselves as belonging to the valley districts (here Bishnupur).[6] As per the 2011 census, the Churachandpur's Torbung village has a population of 439 people, S. Kotlian 411 people and Torbung Loklaiphai 197 people. (Their areas are not mentioned.)[2]

Immediately to the north of Torbung, about 1 km away, is the village of Kangvai, on a stream of the same name. The Kangvai stream turns north after passing through the village and drains into the Loktak Lake. Kangvai is said to be populated by a majority of Kuki tribal population.[7] It is listed a census village in the Churachandpur district, but not in the Bishnupur district. The 2011 population is listed as 939.[2]

History

Early history

Until late 19th century, the southern frontier of the princely state of Manipur was the southern end of the valley. The tribes inhabiting the southern hills were not under the control of Manipur.[8] That would have made the Torbung region the frontier area of the Manipur state.

A location called "Torbung" is mentioned in Manipur's court chronicle Cheitharol Kumbaba in the year 1712. An official called Chantrasekhor, who was on his way to Tripura, was murdered at the location, which was described as being near "Khuka". The latter is a possible reference to the Khuga River, which is mentioned for the first time in this instance.[9] In 1766, a village was apparently established at "Torpung" by the people of "Kyamkei" under the direction of the Moirang chief (Chantramani).[4]

Scholar Pum Khan Pau believes that the Khuga River valley might have been traversed by Manipuris for the first time in 1857, when Maharaja Chandrakirti led an expedition to Tedim (in the present day Chin State of Myanmar), which was then the central base of the Kamhau-Sukte tribes. The Manipuri troops fled "in confusion" after facing the combined troops of Kamhau, Sukte and Sihzang tribes, and returned to the Imphal Valley via a previously "unknown route", which eventually formed the route of the present day Tedim Road.[10]

In 1858, Torbung is mentioned as a region. The Maharaja of Manipur is said to have settled "Saitons" in a (new) village in Torbung.[11] The Saiton Hills (the east–west-running range of hills on the southern boundary of the Imphal Valley) were invaded in 1789, but not fully subdued. In 1858 when the Maharaja came to Moirang to repel the Kamhaus (Aakam-Hao) tribes, a Haokip clan of Kukis apparently came down from Saiton hills to accept settlement in the Torbung region.[12]

British Raj

The British-compiled Gazetteer of Manipur (1886) describes the "Turbung stream",[3] which it describes as a fair-sized stream that enters the Manipur valley at its southwest corner. It is said to flow through a wide flat-bottomed valley, which is described as suitable for camping. The Gazetteer makes no mention of a village by the name Turbung, but mentions several villages along the stream or the valley of Turbung, including "Lairit" (a Kom village),[13] "Mangyol" (a Kuki village of the Simmte clan),[14] "Saikot" (a Kuki village of the Mangoung clan),[15] "Saitul" (a Kuki village of Vungsun clan),[15] and "Tunnam" (a Koireng village),[3]

In 1872, the Maharaja sent an expedition to the Chivu salt springs (near modern Behiang on the present day southern border of Manipur), ostensibly to support the British Lushai Expedition. The Manipuri troops camped there for two months, and arrested the Kamhau chief of Mualpi during their return journey. Even though the British officials decried the expedition as "treachery", the Maharaja succeeded in marking his desired territory.[16] The Chivu expedition did not have any immediate consequences. The southern tribes continued to be either independent or paid tributes to the Kamhaus. From their base at Mombi, the Kamhaus appear to have controlled the hills up to the Khuga River valley. The British administration reports narrate an incident in 1876, describing a clash between Manipur's khongjai troops and the Kamhaus, with victory going to the Manipur troops.[17]

In 1894, The British delineated the border between Manipur and the "Chin Hills", which were awarded to Burma. They ran it close to the previously marked "Pemberton's line" and continued it to Chivu springs. According to scholar Pum Khan Pau, 47 tribal villages that paid tribute to the Kamhau chief were thus transferred to Manipur, including the entire southern part of the present-day Churachandpur district.[18] Thus, Torbung became an interior location to the state of Manipur instead of being a border locality.

During the World War II, the British constructed the motorable Tedim Road between Imphal and Tedim in 1942–1943. Seven decisive battles were fought along this road between the 17 Indian Division of the British and the 33 Division of Japan. The Japanese reached Churachandpur on 8 April 1944, and four of these battles were fought within Manipur, including one at Torbung. The Japanese were eventually defeated at Imphal and withdrew from Manipur with heavy losses.[19]

Independent period

After Manipur's merger with India in 1949, the whole state was administered as a single district. The Bishnupur ("Bishenpur") subdivision was established some time between 1951 and 1961, and Torbung was included in it.[20] By 1991, Bishnupur has been made a district.[21]

As a key interaction point between the valley communities of Meitei people and the Kuki tribes of the Churachandpur district, Torbung has often been in the news. Protests were held by the valley communities against the renaming of Thangjing Hill and another group opposed the protest.[22] Women protesters from the tribal communities protested against three controversial bills passed by the Manipur assembly in 2015, who were in turn opposed by other women's groups.[23]

The Torbung area was also the epicentre of the 2023 Manipur violence. On 3 May 2023, as the tribal communities protested the Meitei community's demand for the scheduled tribe status, the valley communities organised a "counter-blockade" at Torbung and another "counter agitation" from the Moirang subdivision, which led to clashes between the two sides and properties were burned on both the sides of the district border.[24][25][26][27][28][29] The resulting tensions led to months-long violence resulting in close to 200 deaths and over 50,000 people displaced.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Alternative spellings: Turbung,[3] and Turpung.[4]
  2. ^ Alternative spellings: Kangwai.

References

  1. ^ a b c Bishnupur District Census Handbook (2011), p. 102
  2. ^ a b c d e Churachandpur District Census Handbook (2011), p. 176 (listed under "Torbung", "S. Kotlian" and "Torbung Loklaiphai" villages)
  3. ^ a b c Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur (1886), p. 220.
  4. ^ a b Parratt, The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur, Vol. 2 (2009), p. 4.
  5. ^ Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills (2019), p. xii: "From a remote hill village in the Indo-Burma border, my grandparents moved to the plain of Lamka (Lamka zaang) in Churachandpur District of Manipur chiefly in search of better livelihood and opportunity for the education of their children."
  6. ^ a b Puia, When boundaries matter (2021).
  7. ^ Jon Suante (4 May 2023), "Manipur Govt Brings in Army, Assam Rifles to Curb Violence, CM Urges Peace on TV", The Wire
  8. ^ Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills (2019), p. 53.
  9. ^ Parratt, The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur, Vol. 1 (2005), p. 122.
  10. ^ Pau, Tedim Road (2012), pp. 778–779.
  11. ^ Parratt, The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur, Vol. 3 (2013), p. 82.
  12. ^ Kuki Research Forum on objective historical position of the Kukis in Manipur, 25 May 2022.
  13. ^ Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur (1886), p. 139.
  14. ^ Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur (1886), p. 159.
  15. ^ a b Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur (1886), p. 193.
  16. ^ Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills (2019), pp. 67–69, 160.
  17. ^ Annual Administration Report (1876), p. 7.
  18. ^ Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills (2019), p. 161.
  19. ^ Pau, Tedim Road (2012).
  20. ^ Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1966, India Election Commission, 1967, p. 386, item 15
  21. ^ Manipur Administrative Atlas (PDF), Census of India, Government of India, 2005, p. 20
  22. ^ Clash between Teddim Road bandh supporters and opponents leaves at least 10 injured in Torbung, Imphal Free Pres, 21 January 2016. ProQuest 1758335208
  23. ^ Furquan Ameen Siddiqui, 147 days after Manipur violence, nine bodies yet to be buried, Hindustan Times, 22 January 2016.
  24. ^ Special Leave Petition (Civil) Diary No 19206 of 2023: Dinganglung Gangmei vs. Mutum Churamani Meetei & Others, The Supreme Court of India, August 2023. "... large-scale violence broke out in the State of Manipur on 03.05.2023 after a Tribal Solidarity March undertaken by All Tribal Students Union Manipur (ATSUM) in opposition to the demand for inclusion of the Meitei community in the list of Scheduled Tribes. The call for this march led to a counter response by Meiteis. Thereafter large-scale violence broke out in the State of Manipur...".
  25. ^ "Tribal Solidarity March takes ugly turn; houses, offices, vehicles burnt". The Sangai Express. 4 May 2023. Reports about a clash between people who had imposed a counter-blockade at Torbung and those returning from the rally started doing the rounds at Torbung. The stand-off that initially started with pelting stones soon escalated with vehicles and properties being targeted. Violence and arson rapidly engulfed the neighbouring Kangvai area as people were seen leaving their homes and running into an open field.
  26. ^ "Tribal Solidarity March takes ugly turn; houses, offices, vehicles burnt". The Sangai Express. 4 May 2023. Several houses, shops and vehicles have been torched at Torbung, Bangla, Kangvai and Phougakchao Ikhai situated along the adjoining areas of Churachandpur and Bishnupur districts. It is reported that the properties were torched for launching a counter agitation against the Solidarity March of ATSUM.
  27. ^ Watch | Meitei Pride Group's Threat: 'Kukis Mainly Illegal, Modi Must Intervene or There'll Be Civil War’, The Wire, 6 June 2023. '[Pramot Singh is] also questioned about his tweet of May 2 (24 hours before the troubles began) where the Meitei Leepun official Twitter handle called for a counter-blockade adding, “it's our duty to enforce our position physically”.
  28. ^ Deeptiman Tiwary (26 July 2023). "An arrest, crackdown and deep distrust: Manipur fire had been simmering for over a year". The Indian Express. ProQuest 2841943429. Things began to turn ugly around 2.15 pm that day after a tyre was seen burning along the plaque of the Kuki War memorial gate near Torbung, kilometers ahead of Churachandpur. Around the same time, police found two bodies in Kangvai village, a kilometre away from Torbung. Following this, massive crowds began building up on the Torbung-Kangwai stretch of the Imphal-Churachandpur highway.
  29. ^ Lien Chongloi, Dispelling Some Misleading Claims About the Violence in Manipur, The Wire, 27 May 2023. "On May 3, while a peaceful protest was underway at the Kuki-majority Churachandpur town, news had reached the hill areas that the Anglo-Kuki Centenary Gate at Leisang-Monglenphai was set on fire by unidentified Meitei miscreants. According to eyewitness accounts, many Meitei volunteers who were held up at Kakwa [Kwakta] areas started moving towards Torbung and Kangvai areas and began torching Kuki houses. The first victim of that mob attack was Haopu Kipgen from Torbung Village; he was bludgeoned to death. The first casualty with torching of houses, therefore, was a Kuki."

Bibliography

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