1191
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1191 by topic |
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| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1191 in poetry |
| Gregorian calendar | 1191 MCXCI |
| Ab urbe condita | 1944 |
| Armenian calendar | 640 ԹՎ ՈԽ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5941 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1112–1113 |
| Bengali calendar | 598 |
| Berber calendar | 2141 |
| English Regnal year | 2 Ric. 1 – 3 Ric. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1735 |
| Burmese calendar | 553 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6699–6700 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚戌年 (Metal Dog) 3888 or 3681 — to — 辛亥年 (Metal Pig) 3889 or 3682 |
| Coptic calendar | 907–908 |
| Discordian calendar | 2357 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1183–1184 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4951–4952 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1247–1248 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1112–1113 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4291–4292 |
| Holocene calendar | 11191 |
| Igbo calendar | 191–192 |
| Iranian calendar | 569–570 |
| Islamic calendar | 586–587 |
| Japanese calendar | Kenkyū 2 (建久２年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1098–1099 |
| Julian calendar | 1191 MCXCI |
| Korean calendar | 3524 |
| Minguo calendar | 721 before ROC 民前721年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −277 |
| Seleucid era | 1502/1503 AG |
| Thai solar calendar | 1733–1734 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳金狗年 (male Iron-Dog) 1317 or 936 or 164 — to — 阴金猪年 (female Iron-Pig) 1318 or 937 or 165 |
Year 1191 (MCXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Asia
- July 12 – Saladin's garrison surrenders, ending the two-year siege of Acre. Conrad of Montferrat, who has negotiated the surrender, raises the banners of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and of the Third Crusade leaders (Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Leopold V of Austria), on the city's walls and towers. Richard stays to push on to Jerusalem, but Philip returns to France, to take possession of a part of Flanders, whose count had died at the siege of Acre. Back in France, Philip also schemes with Richard's brother, John of England, to dispossess Richard of his French lands while he is still away, but the intervention of John's (and Richard's) mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, foils the plan.[1]
- September 7 – Battle of Arsuf in Palestine: Richard I of England defeats Saladin, during the Third Crusade.
- Khmer King Jayavarman VII sacks the capital of Champa.
- The administration of the Taungoo region in modern-day Myanmar is first recorded, when Pagan King Narapatisithu appoints a son-in-law, Ananda Thuriya, to be governor of Kanba Myint.
Europe
- April 17 – Tusculum is destroyed by the army of the Commune of Rome.[2]
- May 12 – Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
- Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, is crowned by Pope Celestine III.
- Duke Berthold V of Zähringen founds the city of Bern (present-day Switzerland).
- After having failed in their endeavor the year before, the Almohads reconquer the city of Silves in Portugal.[3] In the same campaign, the Almohads take also Alcácer do Sal, while Palmela and Almada are sacked.[4]
- In August, Sicilians defeat an invasion of Emperor Henry VI lasted from May; Empress Constance is captured and later imprisoned at Castel dell'Ovo at Naples.
- Danes make a crusade to Finland.[5]
By topic
Technology
- The first reference to a windmill in Europe is made by a Dean Herbert of East Anglia, whose mills are supposedly in competition with the abbey of Bury St. Edmunds.
Religion
- April 14 – Pope Celestine III succeeds Pope Clement III, as the 175th pope.
- November 27 – Reginald Fitz Jocelin is elected Archbishop of Canterbury.
- Eisai founds the Rinzai Zen sect in Japan.
- The monks of Glastonbury Abbey dig up the remains of a large knight and a blonde woman, and announce they have discovered the tomb of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere.[6]
Births
- February 8 – Yaroslav II of Russia (d. 1246)
- Tolui, son of Genghis Khan and father of Kublai Khan (d. 1232)
- Joan I, Countess of Burgundy (d. 1205)
- Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1220)
Deaths
- January 20
- March 20 – Pope Clement III
- August 13 – Philip I, archbishop of Cologne, during Siege of Naples
- September 9 – Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia (b.c 1136), during Siege of Naples
- December 26 – Reginald Fitz Jocelin, Archbishop-elect of Canterbury
- date unknown
- William V, Marquess of Montferrat, Burgundian crusader (b. c. 1115)
- Agnes of Loon, Bavarian regent (b. 1150)
- Walter Ophamil, archdeacon of Cefalù, dean of Agrigento and archbishop of Palermo
In fiction
- The events of the Ubisoft video game Assassin's Creed take place in this year.
References
- ^ King John by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 43
- ^ Jean-Claude Maire Vigueur (2010) L'autre Rome. Une histoire des Romains à l'époque communale (XIIe-XIVe siècle). Paris: Tallandier. pp.316.
- ^ Picard, Christophe (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- ^ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
- ^ Georg Haggren; Petri Halinen; Mika Lavento; Sami Raninen ja Anna Wessman (2015). Muinaisuutemme jäljet. Helsinki: Gaudeamus. p. 380.
- ^ Grandsen, Antonia (2001). "The Growth of Glastonbury Traditions and Legends in the Twelfth Century". In J. P. Carley (ed.). Glastonbury Abbey and the Arthurian tradition. Boydell & Brewer. p. 43. ISBN 0-85991-572-7.