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1919 Spanish general election

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1919 Spanish general election
← 1918 1 June 1919 (Congress)
15 June 1919 (Senate)		 1920 →
All 409 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 180 (of 360) seats in the Senate
205 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Registered3,799,428[1]
Turnout2,439,463 (64.2%)[1]
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Antonio Maura Eduardo Dato Manuel García Prieto
Party Ministerials Conservative Liberal Democratic
Leader since 1913 1913 1913
Leader's seat Palma Vitoria Senator for life
Last election 57 seats[b] 98 seats 92 seats
Seats won 104[a] 94[a] 52[a]
Seat change 47 4 40
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Count of Romanones Santiago Alba Pablo Iglesias
Party Romanonists Liberal Left Republican–Socialist
Leader since 1912 1917 1919
Leader's seat Guadalajara Albuñol Madrid
Last election 43 seats 29 seats 17 seats[c]
Seats won 46[a] 30 15
Seat change 3 1 2
Prime Minister before election

Antonio Maura
Maurist

Elected Prime Minister

Joaquín Sánchez de Toca
Conservative

The 1919 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 1 June and on Sunday, 15 June 1919, to elect the 18th Restoration Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain. All 409 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.[2][3]

Overview

Background

The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the King power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The King would also play a key role in the system of the turno pacífico (English: Peaceful Turn) by appointing and toppling governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors, and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing.

Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameralism. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence.[4][5] Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over twenty-five, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights. Voting was compulsory except for those older than 70, the clergy, first instance judges and public notaries.[6]

For the Congress of Deputies, 173 seats were elected using a partial block voting in 44 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 236 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected. In constituencies electing ten seats or more, electors could vote for no more than four candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than eight seats and up to ten, for no more than three less; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Additionally, in single-member districts where candidates ran unopposed, as well as in multi-member districts where the number of candidates was equal or less than the number of seats to be filled, candidates were to be automatically proclaimed without an election. The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats: 13 for Barcelona and Madrid, 6 for Valencia, 5 for La Coruña, Palma, Santander and Seville, 4 for Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Córdoba, Huelva, Jaén, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia and Oviedo and 3 for Alcázar de San Juan, Alcoy, Algeciras, Bilbao, Burgos, Cádiz, Cartagena, Castellón de la Plana, Ciudad Real, El Ferrol, Gijón, Granada, Jerez de la Frontera, Las Palmas, Lérida, Llerena, Lorca, Orense, Pamplona, Pontevedra, San Sebastián, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tarragona, Valladolid, Vera, Vigo and Zaragoza. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.[4][7][8][9]

For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia were allocated four seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 150. The remaining 30 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the Archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the Royal Academies of History, Fine Arts, Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the Universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, León, Seville and Valencia. An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).[10][11]

Election date

The term of each House of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The Monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.[4][8][10]

Results

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 1 June 1919 Congress of Deputies election results →
Parties and coalitions Seats
Seats +/−
Ministerials (Min) 104 +47
Maurist Party (PM)1 68 +37
Ciervist Conservatives (CC) 32 +8
Independent Catholics (Cató.i) 4 +2
bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (Spain)/meta/color"| Liberal Conservative Party (PLC)1 2 94 –4
bgcolor="Template:Independent Conservative/meta/color"| Independent Conservatives (Cons.i) 0 –1
Total Conservatives 198 +42
bgcolor="Template:Liberal Democratic Party (Spain, 1913)/meta/color"| Liberal Democrats (LD)1 52 –40
bgcolor="Template:Liberal Party (Spain, 1880)/meta/color"| Liberals (Romanonists) (L)1 46 +3
bgcolor="Template:Liberal Left (Spain)/meta/color"| Liberal Left (IL)2 30 +1
bgcolor="Template:Agrarian Liberal/meta/color"| Agrarian Liberals (Gassetists) (Lib.agr) 5 –2
bgcolor="Template:Liberal Republican Right/meta/color"| Nicetist Liberals (Lib.nic) 4 +4
bgcolor="Template:Independent Liberal (Spain)/meta/color"| Independent Liberals (Lib.i) 3 ±0
Total Liberals 140 –34
rowspan="5" bgcolor="Template:Republican–Socialist Conjunction/meta/color"| Republican–Socialist Conjunction (CRS) 15 –2
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 6 ±0
Republican Federation (FR) 6 –4
Independent Republicans (Rep.i) 2 +2
Autonomist Republican Union Party (PURA) 1 ±0
bgcolor="Template:Reformist Party (Spain)/meta/color"| Reformist Party (PR) 6 –3
bgcolor="Template:Catalan Republican Party (1917)/meta/color"| Catalan Republican Party (PRC) 5 +1
bgcolor="Template:Radical Republican Party/meta/color"| Radical Republican Party (PRR) 4 +2
bgcolor="Template:Catalan Nationalist Republican/meta/color"| Catalan Nationalist Republicans (Rep.nac.cat) 2 –1
bgcolor="Template:Federal Democratic Republican Party/meta/color"| Federal Democratic Republican Party (PRDF) 1 ±0
Total Republicans, Socialists and Reformists 33 –3
bgcolor="Template:Regionalist League of Catalonia/meta/color"| Regionalist League of Catalonia (LRC) 14 –7
bgcolor="Template:Basque Nationalist Party/meta/color"| Basque Nationalist Communion (CNV) 5 –2
bgcolor="Template:Autonomist Monarchist Federation/meta/color"| Catalan Autonomist Monarchists (FMA) 3 +3
bgcolor="Template:Regionalist (Restoration)/meta/color"| Regionalists (Reg) 2 –1
Total Regionalists and Nationalists 24 –7
bgcolor="Template:Traditionalist Communion/meta/color"| Traditionalist Communion (Jaimists) (CT) 4 –4
bgcolor="Template:Traditionalist Catholic Party/meta/color"| Traditionalist Catholic Party (PCT) 3 +3
bgcolor="Template:Integrist Party/meta/color"| Integrist Party (PI) 1 ±0
Carlist Catholics (Cató.carl) 1 ±0
Total Carlists and Traditionalists 9 –1
Agrarians (Agr) 2 +2
bgcolor="Template:Basque Dynastics/meta/color"| Basque Dynastics (Din.v)2 1 ±0
bgcolor="Template:Independent politician/meta/color"| Independents (Indep) 2 +1
Total 409 ±0
Sources[12][13]
Seats (parties/coalitions)
Min
 
 25.43%
PLC
 
 22.98%
LD
 
 12.71%
L
 
 11.25%
IL
 
 7.33%
CRS
 
 3.67%
LRC
 
 3.42%
PR
 
 1.47%
CNV
 
 1.22%
PRC
 
 1.22%
Lib.agr
 
 1.22%
PRR
 
 0.98%
Lib.nic
 
 0.98%
CT
 
 0.98%
FMA
 
 0.73%
PCT
 
 0.73%
Lib.i
 
 0.73%
Agr
 
 0.49%
Rep.nac.cat
 
 0.49%
Reg
 
 0.49%
PI
 
 0.24%
PRDF
 
 0.24%
Din.v
 
 0.24%
Cató.carl
 
 0.24%
Indep
 
 0.49%
Seats (factions)
Conservatives
 
 48.41%
Liberals
 
 34.23%
Republicans
 
 8.07%
Regionalists
 
 5.87%
Carlists
 
 2.20%
Others
 
 1.22%

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Includes deputies elected in Catalonia under the "National Monarchist Union" label.
  2. ^ Aggregated data for PM, CC and Cató.i in the 1918 election.
  3. ^ Aggregated data for FR, PSOE and PURA in the 1918 election.

Bibliography

  • Carreras de Odriozola, Albert; Tafunell Sambola, Xavier (2005) [1989]. Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. Volume 1 (II ed.). Bilbao: Fundación BBVA. pp. 1072–1097. ISBN 84-96515-00-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)

References

  1. ^ a b "Elecciones de Diputados a Cortes verificadas el 1.° de junio de 1919". ine.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  2. ^ Royal decree declaring dissolved the Congress of Deputies and the elective part of the Senate (PDF). Gazette of Madrid (Royal Decree) (in Spanish). 2 May 1919. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  3. ^ Royal decree providing that the Cortes meet in Madrid on 24 June; that the elections to Cortes Deputies are verified on the 1st and those of Senators on the 15th of the referred month (PDF). Gazette of Madrid (Royal Decree) (in Spanish). 10 May 1919. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  4. ^ a b c Spanish Constitution of 1876 (PDF). Gazette of Madrid (in Spanish). 30 June 1876. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  5. ^ "El Senado en la historia constitucional española". senado.es (in Spanish). Senate of Spain. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  6. ^ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, pp. 1077.
  7. ^ Electoral Law for Deputies to Cortes of 1878 (PDF). Gazette of Madrid (Electoral Law) (in Spanish). 28 December 1878. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  8. ^ a b Electoral Law of 1907 (PDF). Gazette of Madrid (Electoral Law) (in Spanish). 8 August 1907. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  9. ^ Law of Electoral Division for Cortes deputy elections of 1913 (PDF). Gazette of Madrid (Law) (in Spanish). 23 October 1913. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  10. ^ a b Electoral Law for Senators of 1877 (PDF). Gazette of Madrid (Electoral Law) (in Spanish). 8 February 1877. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  11. ^ Royal decree declaring dissolved the Congress of Deputies and the elective part of the Senate (PDF). Gazette of Madrid (Royal Decree) (in Spanish). 16 March 1899. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  12. ^ "Cortes election 1 June 1919". historiaelectoral.com (in Spanish). Electoral History. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  13. ^ "Graphs and analysis: Elections in the Revolutionary Sexennium and the Restoration 1869-1923". historiaelectoral.com (in Spanish). Electoral History. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
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