Turned A
Turned A (capital: Ɐ, lowercase: ɐ, math symbol ∀) is a symbol based upon the letter A.
Lowercase ɐ (in two story form) is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to identify the near-open central vowel. This is not to be confused with the turned alpha or turned script a, ɒ, which is used in the IPA for the open back rounded vowel.
It was used in the 18th century by Edward Lhuyd and William Pryce as a phonetic character for the Cornish language. In their books, both Ɐ and ɐ have been used. [1] It was used in the 19th century by Charles Sanders Peirce as a logical symbol for 'un-American' ("unamerican").[2]
The symbol ∀ has the same shape as a capital turned A, sans-serif. It is used to represent universal quantification in predicate logic. It was first used in this way by Gerhard Gentzen in 1935, by analogy with Giuseppe Peano's turned E notation for existential quantification and the later use of Peano's notation by Bertrand Russell.[3] In traffic engineering it is used to represent flow, the number of units (vehicles) passing a point in a unit of time.
U+1D44 ᵄ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED A is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.[4]
Encodings
| Preview | Ɐ | ɐ | ∀ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TURNED A | LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED A | FOR ALL | |||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 11375 | U+2C6F | 592 | U+0250 | 8704 | U+2200 |
| UTF-8 | 226 177 175 | E2 B1 AF | 201 144 | C9 90 | 226 136 128 | E2 88 80 |
| Numeric character reference | Ɐ |
Ɐ |
ɐ |
ɐ |
∀ |
∀ |
| Named character reference | ∀, ∀ | |||||
| Symbol font | 34 | 22 | ||||
| TeX | \forall | |||||
See also
References
- ^ Michael Everson, Proposal to add Latin letters and a Greek symbol to the UCS, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3122 L2/06-266 (2006)
- ^ Page 320 in Randall Dipert, "Peirce's deductive logic". In Cheryl Misak, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Peirce. 2004
- ^ Miller, Jeff. "Earliest Uses of Symbols of Set Theory and Logic". Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols.
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
