Quality of Nationality Index

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The Quality of Nationality Index
The Quality of Nationality Index Logo 2017
AuthorDr. Christian H. Kälin & Prof. Dr. Dimitry Kochenov
LanguageEnglish
Release number
2017
PublisherHenley & Partners
Websitehttps://www.nationalityindex.com/

The Quality of Nationality Index (QNI) ranks the quality of nationalities based on internal and external factors.[1] Each nationality receives an aggregated score based on their economic strength, human development, ease of travel, political stability and overseas employment opportunities for their citizens. The data is collected from various sources with quantifiable data.[2] The QNI was created by Dimitry Kochenov, an expert in citizenship, nationality and immigration law and constitutional law of the European Union at the University of Groningen and Christian Kälin, chairman of Henley & Partners.

Significance

The phenomenon of being a native of any country has also been described as ‘a birthright lottery’ by Professor of Law, Political Science, and Global Affairs Ayelet Shachar at the University of Toronto.[3] At the same time, the QNI shows that nationalities diverge greatly in their practical value which often does not run parallel with the characteristics of the countries with which nationalities are associated, such as the economic power or the level of human development of the countries. Applying the methodology of the QNI, some economically strong countries have relatively unattractive nationalities. For example, the nationality of India shares the 106th place with the nationality of Senegal (2017 data). By contrast, some small countries have nationalities of larger value, such as those of Lithuania and Romania, which are ranked 22nd and 25th respectively in the QNI 2017.

The QNI is frequently cited in media such as Forbes, Bloomberg, The Enquirer and Business Standard.[4][5][6][7]

QNI World Map

Methodology

The QNI takes a quantitative approach to determine the value of a nationality based on seven parameters, comprising both internal value (40%) and external value (60%). Three parameters reflect the internal value of a nationality: human development (15%), economic strength (15%), and peace and stability (10%). Four parameters reflect the external value of a nationality: diversity of travel freedom (15%), weight of travel freedom (15%), diversity of settlement freedom (15%), and weight of settlement freedom (15%).[8]

Virtually all nationalities of the world as well as EU citizenship are included in the ranking. Not included are fantasy passports and nationalities of non-recognized states such as the various micronations, Abkhazia, South-Ossetia, and Somaliland.[9] All nationalities receive a score from 0% to 100%.[10]

Weighted distribution of factors to calculate the QNI score

Internal parameters and sources

The data is aggregated from various objective sources. The internal factors present the quality of life and opportunities for personal growth within the country of origin of the holder of nationality.[11]

Human Development

Human Development is measured using the United Nations Development Programme Human Development Index (Human Development Index). The HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen which was further used to measure the country's development by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The index is based on the human development approach, developed by Ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in life. Examples include—Being: well fed, sheltered, healthy; Doings: work, education, voting, participating in community life. Consequently, this index centres on three different human development areas: life expectancy at birth, expected years of education, and standard of living.

The QNI normalizes the HDI scores of the countries with which a particular nationality is associated to a 0-15% scale. The nationality of the highest-scoring country on the HDI gets the full 15% score, with the other nationalities being ranked proportionately.[12][13]

Economic Strength

Economic Strength of a nationality is based on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) of the country with which the nationality is associated. It is calculated from the data that is provided by the International Monetary Fund. If there is no reliable Purchasing Power Parity data available, non-PPP data from the World Bank [14] are used.[15] GDP at PPP scores are normalized to a 0-15% scale, the largest economy receiving the full 15% score.

Peace and Stability

Peace and Stability are calculated using data by the annual Global Peace Index (GPI). The index is published by the Institute for Economics and Peace.[16] Peace and Stability accounts for 10% of the total QNI General Ranking scale. Also here the nationality which is associated with the most peaceful country receives the full 10%. The other nationalities are ranked proportionately on the basis of the ranking scale used by the GPI.[17]

External parameters and sources

External factors identify the quality of opportunities and diversity the holder of a nationality can pursue outside the country of origin.[18]

Diversity of Travel Freedom

Diversity of Travel Freedom is based on how many destinations the holder of a particular nationality can visit without a visa or with a visa-on-arrival [19] for short-term tourist or business purposes. The data is sourced from the International Air Transport Association IATA. The diversity of Travel Freedom accounts for 15% of the total QNI General Ranking scale.

Weight of Travel Freedom

Weight of Travel Freedom evaluates the quality of the travel freedom the holder of a nationality has without a visa or with a visa-on-arrival for short term visits. Unlike Diversity of Travel Freedom, which looks only at the number of destinations, Weight of Travel Freedom looks at the value of having visa-free or visa-on-arrival travel access to a particular country. This value is based on the Human Development (50%) and Economic Strength (50%) of each country destination.[20] This is based on the presumption that for most people, having visa-free access to the United States of America is of higher value than having visa-free access to Sudan, for example. Weight of Travel Freedom accounts for 15% of the total QNI General Ranking scale.[21]

Diversity of Settlement Freedom

Diversity of Settlement Freedom is based on the number of foreign countries in which the holder of a nationality can freely settle for at least 360 days with automatic access to work there.[22] Diversity of Settlement Freedom accounts for 15% of the total QNI General Ranking scale. The most advanced example of a regional organization which allows nationals of its Member States to freely settle in each of the other Member States is the European Union. However, similar regional organizations which include free settlement among Member States are MERCOSUR, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and Economic Community of Western African States. Outside such regional organizations, Georgia is the only country that allows almost all foreigners to freely settle and work in its country.[23] If there is a ‘Hard Brexit’, British citizens may lose their settlement and working rights to more than 30 of the world's leading countries, seriously affecting the quality of the British nationality.[24][25]

Weight of Settlement Freedom

Weight of Settlement Freedom evaluates the quality of the settlement freedom of the holder of a nationality. It does so by looking at the Human Development (50%) and Economic Strength (50%) of the countries to which the nationality holder has settlement access. Weight of Settlement Freedom accounts for 15% of the total QNI General Ranking scale.

As of 2017, France's quality of nationality is ranked the best in the world, according to the latest edition of the Quality of Nationality Index (QNI).[26][27] The French nationality earned a score of 81.7% out of a possible 100%, fractionally ahead of Germany.[28] While the difference between France's and Germany's results is relatively small, France's comparative advantage lies in its greater settlement freedom (attributable mainly to the country's former colonial empire[29]).

Results

France's quality of nationality is ranked the best in the world, according to the latest edition of the Quality of Nationality Index (2018 data).[30][31]The French nationality earned a score of 83.5% out of a possible 100%, fractionally ahead of Germany and the Netherlands. While the difference between France's and Germany's result is relatively small, France's comparative advantage lies in its greater settlement freedom (attributable mainly to the country's former colonial empire[32]).

Full ranking (2018)

Rank Citizenship Score
1  France 83.5%
2  Germany 82.8%
2  Netherlands 82.8%
3  Denmark 81.7%
4  Sweden 81.5%
4  Norway 81.5%
5  Iceland 81.4%
6  Finland 81.2%
7  Italy 80.7%
8  United Kingdom 80.3%
9  Ireland 80.2%
10  Spain 80.0%
11   Switzerland 79.8%
11  Belgium 79.8%
12  Austria 79.7%
13  Czech Republic 79.0%
13  Portugal 79.0%
13  Luxembourg 79.0%
14  Liechtenstein 78.9%
15  Slovenia 78.6%
16  Malta 77.6%
17  Hungary 77.5%
17  Slovakia 77.5%
18  Greece 77.3%
19  Estonia 77.1%
20  Poland 77.0%
20  Lithuania 77.0%
20  Latvia 77.0%
21  Cyprus 75.3%
22  Romania 75.2%
23  Bulgaria 75.0%
24  Croatia 73.8%
25  United States 70.0%
26  Japan 58.4%
27  Gibraltar 56.0%
28  Canada 55.3%
29  Australia 55.2%
29  Chile 55.2%
30  Singapore 55.1%
31  New Zealand 54.8%
32  Argentina 54.5%
33  Brazil 54.3%
34  South Korea 54.2%
35  Jersey 53.3%
36  Guernsey 53.2%
36  Isle of Man 53.2%
37  Monaco 52.5%
38  Andorra 51.6%
39  San Marino 51.4%
40  Malaysia 51.0%
41  Uruguay 50.5%
42  United Arab Emirates 50.3%
43  Brunei Darussalam 49.2%
44  Hong Kong 48.9%
45  Antigua and Barbuda 47.7%
46  Saint Kitts and Nevis 47.5%
47  Paraguay 46.8%
48  Israel 46.7%
49  Barbados 46.3%
49  Saint Vincent 46.3%
50  Seychelles 46.2%
51  Taiwan 46.1%
52  Mexico 45.7%
52  Grenada 45.7%
53  Peru 45.6%
54  Bahamas 45.5%
54  Costa Rica 45.5%
54  St. Lucia 45.5%
55  Mauritius 45.2%
56  China 44.3%
56  Venezuela 44.3%
57  Dominica 43.9%
58  Panama 41.7%
58  Macao 43.8%
59  Trinidad and Tobago 43.3%
59  Colombia 43.3%
60  Palau 42.7%
61  Serbia 42.1%
62  Russian Federation 42.0%
63  Marshall Islands 41.8%
64  Montenegro 40.9%
65  Micronesia 40.2%
66  El Salvador 39.7%
66  Samoa 39.7%
67  North Macedonia 39.3%
68  Honduras 39.2%
69  Ecuador 39.1%
69  Guatemala 39.1%
70  Kuwait 39.0%
71  Bosnia 38.8%
72  Albania 38.7%
72  Tonga 38.7%
73  Moldova 38.6%
73  Tuvalu 38.6%
74  Nicaragua 38.5%
75  Ukraine 38.2%
76  Turkey 37.7%
77  Georgia 37.5%
78  Vanuatu 37.1%
78  Qatar 37.1%
78  Oman 37.1%
79  Kiribati 36.6%
80  Solomon Islands 36.5%
81  Saudi Arabia 36.2%
82  Bahrain 36.1%
83  Bolivia 35.8%
84  Kazakhstan 35.7%
85  South Africa 35.0%
86  Belarus 34.8%
87  Cape Verde 34.2%
88  Belize 34.1%
89  Ghana 33.9%
90  Guyana 33.6%
91  Fiji 33.2%
92  Suriname 33.1%
92  Timor-Leste 33.1%
93  Botswana 33.0%
93  Maldives 33.0%
94  Thailand 32.4%
95  India 32.2%
95  Gambia 32.2%
96  Nauru 32.0%
96  Jamaica 32.0%
97  Indonesia 31.8%
97  Benin 31.8%
98  Armenia 31.7%
99  Sierra Leone 31.3%
99  Senegal 31.3%
100  Israel 31.0%
101  Latvia 30.8%
102  Kyrgyzstan 30.6%
103  Togo 30.3%
104  Dominican Republic 30.2%
105  Azerbaijan 30.1%
106  Namibia 30.0%
106  Côte d’Ivoire 30.0%
106  Cuba 30.0%
107  Tunisia 29.9%
107  Guinea 29.9%
108  Burkina Faso 29.8%
109  Uzbekistan 29.3%
109  Mongolia 29.3%
110  Guinea-Bissau 28.8%
111  Papua New Guinea 28.7%
112  Liberia 28.6%
113  Morocco 28.1%
113  Nigeria 28.1%
114  Philippines 27.9%
114  Tajikistan 27.9%
115  Mali 27.8%
115  Swaziland 27.8%
116  Zambia 27.6%
117  Bhutan 27.5%
118  Niger 27.4%
118  Algeria 27.4%
119  Tanzania 27.0%
120  Kenya 26.9%
121  Jordan 26.8%
121  Gabon 26.8%
121  Vietnam 26.8%
122  Turkmenistan 26.7%
123  Lesotho 26.6%
124  Malawi 26.4%
125  Sri Lanka 26.2%
125  Iran 26.2%
126  Sao Tome 25.8%
127  Egypt 25.7%
128  Kosovo 25.3%
128  Laos 25.3%
129 British Nationals (Overseas) 25.2%
130  Lebanon 25.1%
130  Uganda 25.1%
130 British overseas territories citizenship 25.1%
131  Zimbabwe 24.9%
132  Equatorial Guinea 24.8%
133  Cambodia 24.6%
134  Madagascar 24.5%
135  Angola 24.2%
135  Comoros 24.2%
136  Mauritania 24.1%
137  Bangladesh 23.6%
137  Haiti 23.6%
138  Rwanda 23.3%
138  Congo 23.3%
138  Mozambique 23.3%
139  Palestinian Territory 23.1%
139  Myanmar 23.1%
140    Nepal 23.0%
141  North Korea 22.9%
142 British Overseas citizenship 22.6%
143 British Subjects 22.6%
143 British protected persons 22.6%
144  Cameroon 22.4%
145  Libya 21.7%
145  Djibouti 21.7%
146  Chad 20.7%
147  Burundi 20.0%
148  Ethiopia 19.9%
149  Iraq 19.4%
150  Pakistan 19.0%
151  Sudan 18.9%
152  Eritrea 18.8%
153  Congo 18.0%
154  Central African Republic 17.6%
155  Yemen 17.2%
156  Syrian Arab Republic 16.8%
157  South Sudan 15.9%
158  Afghanistan 15.4%
159  Somalia 13.8%

Top 10 nations (2018)

Country 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
 France 1
83.5% 		1
81.7% 		2
82.4% 		7
80.9% 		8
80.8% 		3
81.3%
 Germany 2
82.8% 		2
81.6% 		1
82.7% 		1
83.1% 		1
83.1% 		1
83.1%
 Netherlands 2
82.8% 		5
80.8% 		8
79.7% 		9
80.3% 		10
80.4% 		7
80.3%
 Denmark 3
81.7% 		4
80.9% 		2
82.4% 		2
83.0% 		2
82.8% 		2
81.7%
 Norway 4
81.5% 		6
80.4% 		5
81.0% 		4
81.7% 		5
81.2% 		4
80.9%
 Sweden 4
81.5% 		7
80.0% 		9
81.2% 		5
81.6% 		4
81.7% 		5
80.8%
 Iceland 5
81.4% 		3
81.5% 		3
81.3% 		5
81.6% 		6
81.1% 		4
80.9%
 Finland 6
81.2% 		8
79.2% 		6
80.7% 		3
82.0% 		3
82.2% 		3
81.3%
 Italy 7
80.7% 		8
79.2% 		7
79.9% 		13
79.8% 		13
80.0% 		8
80.2%
 United Kingdom 8
80.3% 		11
80.2% 		11
80.7% 		8
80.4% 		7
80.5% 		7
80.2%
 Ireland 9
80.2% 		9
79.0% 		11
79.4% 		6
81.0% 		5
81.2% 		6
80.4%
 Spain 10
80.0% 		9
80.5% 		10
80.8% 		11
79.6% 		10
79.6% 		11
80.2%
References [33]

References

  1. ^ "Germany Tops Quality of Nationality Index". cnbc.com. 2017-09-13. Retrieved 2018-08-16.
  2. ^ Kochenov, Dimitry; Lindeboom, Justin (October 2017). "Empirical Assessment of the Quality of Nationalities: The Quality of Nationality Index (QNI)". European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance. 4 (4): 314–336. doi:10.1163/22134514-00404007. SSRN 3053624.
  3. ^ "Birthright is a Lottery". rorotoko.com. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
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  5. ^ "Where the Super-Rich go to buy their second Passport". Bloomberg. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  6. ^ "World's best Nationalities for 2017 revealed". The Enquirer. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  7. ^ "Looking for another Passport – Here are the most sought after countries". Business Standard. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  8. ^ Kochenov, Dimitry; Lindeboom, Justin (2018) [2018]. "Methodology of the QNI". The Quality of Nationality Index (3rd ed.). Ideos Publishing.
  9. ^ Lindeboom, Justin (2018). "The Quality of Nationalities of Countries That Don't Exist: Measuring the Value of Unrecognized Nationalities". In Kochenov, Dimitry; Lindeboom, Justin (eds.). The Quality of Nationality Index (3rd ed.). Ideos. ISBN 978-3-9524742-5-9.
  10. ^ "The 41 nationalities with the best quality of life". www.businessinsider.de. 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  11. ^ "The world's best and worst nationalities in 2018 – including South Africa". www.businesstech.co.za. Retrieved 2018-08-07.
  12. ^ "Global Launch of the First Edition of the Henley & Partners – Kochenov Quality of Nationality Index". www.ireland.co.nz /. Retrieved 2018-08-07.
  13. ^ "German citizenship is ranked the most valuable in the world". www. qz.com /. Retrieved 2018-08-07.
  14. ^ "These are the richest countries with the weakest passports". www.weforum.org. 2018-05-02. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  15. ^ "Economic Strength". www.nationalityindex.com/. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  16. ^ "Peace and Stability". www.nationalityindex.com/. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  17. ^ "First index to rank quality of nationalities". www.emirates247.com/. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
  18. ^ "A new ranking of every country's citizenship". www.economist.com. 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
  19. ^ "France's Macron uses culture to assert world's top 'soft power' nationality". www.nbr.co.nz. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  20. ^ "Quality of Nationality Index Methodology". www.nationalityindex.com/. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
  21. ^ "Which One is the Best Passport to Have?". http://www.fundssociety.com/. Retrieved 2018-08-06. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  22. ^ "World's Top Nationalities Revealed: France Is No. 1, U.S. Ranks 27". www.forbes.com. 2018-04-26. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  23. ^ Delcour, Laure (2017). "Georgia". In Kochenov, Dimitry (ed.). The Quality of Nationality Index (2nd ed.). Ideos Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9935866-6-8.
  24. ^ "FRANCE is the world's best nationality according to new data – where does the UK rank?". www.express.co.uk. 2018-04-20. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
  25. ^ "A new ranking of every country's citizenship". www.economist.com. 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
  26. ^ Platon, Sébastien (2018). "The French Nationality". In Kochenov, Dimitry; Lindeboom, Justin (eds.). The Quality of Nationality Index (3rd ed.). Ideos. ISBN 978-3-9524742-5-9.
  27. ^ "France's Macron uses culture to assert world's top'soft power' nationality". www.nbr.co.nz. 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
  28. ^ Thym, Daniel (2018). "The German Nationality". In Kochenov, Dimitry; Lindeboom, Justin (eds.). The Quality of Nationality Index. Ideos. ISBN 978-3-9524742-5-9.
  29. ^ "World's Top Nationalities Revealed: France Is No. 1, U.S. Ranks 27". www.forbes.com. 2018-04-26. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  30. ^ "France's Macron uses culture to assert world's top'soft power' nationality". www.nbr.co.nz. 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
  31. ^ "France excels in enabling its citizens to move abroad". www.rfi.fr. 2019-11-22. Retrieved 2019-12-07.
  32. ^ "World's Top Nationalities Revealed: France Is No. 1, U.S. Ranks 27". www.forbes.com. 2018-04-26. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
  33. ^ "Quality of Nationality Index". Retrieved 2019-12-06.
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