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Aeroperú Flight 603

Coordinates: 12°02′S 77°30′W / 12.033°S 77.500°W / -12.033; -77.500
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Aeroperú Flight 603
N52AW, the aircraft involved in the accident, seen at Miami International Airport in January 1996.
Accident
Date2 October 1996 (1996-10-02)
SummaryMaintenance error due to tape on the static ports; leading to instrument failure, spatial disorientation, pilot error, and ATC error
SitePacific Ocean
near Pasamayo, Huaral, Peru
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBoeing 757-23A
OperatorAeroperú
RegistrationN52AW
Flight originMiami International Airport
Miami, Florida, U.S.
Last stopoverJorge Chávez Int'l Airport
Lima, Peru
DestinationComodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport
Santiago, Chile
Passengers61
Crew9
Fatalities70
Survivors0

Aeroperú Flight 603 was a scheduled flight from Miami International Airport in Miami, Florida (KMIA) to Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport in Santiago, Chile (SCEL), with stopover in Peru. On 2 October 1996, the Boeing 757-23A aircraft flying the final leg of the flight crashed, killing all 70 people aboard.

Because a maintenance worker had failed to remove tape covering the static ports, the air data computers were unable to report the correct airspeed and altitude. The pilots struggled to navigate the aircraft as they were unaware of their true altitude; being midnight, they also had no external visual references. The aircraft wing hit the surface of the Pacific Ocean and it crashed shortly afterwards.

Overview

On 1 October 1996, Aeroperú Flight 603 from Miami International Airport had landed at the Lima Airport. 180 passengers were on the first leg of the flight on a similar Boeing 757. 119 had disembarked, and the remaining passengers were transferred to another Boeing 757 after maintenance checks.

Just after midnight on 2 October, shortly after take-off, the Boeing 757 airliner crew discovered that their basic flight instruments were behaving erratically and reported receiving contradictory serial emergency messages from the flight management computer, including rudder ratio, mach speed trim, overspeed, underspeed and flying too low. The crew declared an emergency and requested an immediate return to the airport.[1]

Faced with the lack of reliable basic flight instrument readings, constant contradictory warnings from the aircraft's flight computer (some of which were valid and some of which were not) and believing that they were at a safe altitude, 58-year-old Captain Eric Schreiber Ladrón de Guevara, a veteran pilot who had logged almost 22,000 flight hours,[2] and 42-year-old First Officer David Fernández Revoredo, who had logged almost 8,000 flight hours,[2] decided to begin descent for the approach to the airport. Since the flight was at night over water, no visual references could be made to convey to the pilots their true altitude or aid their descent. As a consequence of the pilots' inability to precisely monitor the aircraft's airspeed or vertical speed, they experienced multiple stalls, resulting in rapid loss of altitude with no corresponding change on the altimeter. While the altimeter indicated an altitude of approximately 9,700 feet, the aircraft's true altitude was in fact much lower.[1]

The air traffic controller had instructed a Boeing 707 to take off and help guide the 757 back in to land, but before the 707 could take off, the 757's left wingtip struck the water, approximately 25 minutes after the emergency declaration. By the time they realized they were too low, it was too late; the pilots struggled with the controls and managed to get airborne again for 17 seconds, but the aircraft crashed inverted into the water. All 70 passengers and crew died. The official accident report concluded that the flight crew, distracted by the conflicting warnings, did not heed the radar altimeter reading after descending through 2,500 feet.

After the crash, recovery crews found 9 bodies floating; the rest of the bodies had sunk with the aircraft.[1]

Aircraft

The aircraft, a Boeing 757-23A was delivered new from Boeing on 2 December 1992, to Ansett Worldwide. It was leased to Aeroméxico on 27 September 1993 and then sub-leased to Aeroperú on 1 April 1994. The lease transferred back to Ansett in February 1995, and Aeroperú continued to operate the airframe until it crashed.[citation needed]

Passengers and crew

About half of the passengers on the flight were Chileans returning to Chile.[1][3][4]

Country Passengers Crew Total
 Chile 30 - 30
 Colombia 1 - 1
 Ecuador 2 - 2
 Italy 2 - 2
 Mexico 6 - 6
 New Zealand 1 - 1
 Peru 11 9 20
 Spain 1 - 1
 United Kingdom 2 - 2
 United States 4 - 4
 Venezuela 1 - 1
Total 61 9 70

Of the passengers, 21 originated from Miami; all of the originating passengers were Chilean. An additional 10 passengers had boarded in Quito. The remaining passengers had boarded in Lima.[5]

According to Colombian newspaper El Tiempo flight attendant Gema Bruzzone was a survivor of a previous aerial crash: on September 10, 1992 she was a flight attendant on a Fokker F27 (reg. OB-1443) operated by Expreso Aéreo (a now-defunct regional airline) that was landing in the Amazon jungle town of Bellavista (in the district of the same name) after a flight from Tarapoto. The tire of the Fokker’s front landing gear burst on contact with the ground, causing the plane to spin out of control and veer off the runway, breaking in three parts and killing the pilot. The six remaining crew and the 36 passengers survived.[6][7][8]

Investigation

The Commission of Accident Investigations (CAI) of the Director General of Air Transport (DGAT) of Peru wrote the final accident report.[9]

The chief Peruvian accident investigator, Guido Fernández Lañas, was the uncle of the co-pilot, David Fernández. There were some reservations about the potential conflict of interest, but the National Transportation Safety Board-appointed investigator, Richard Rodriguez, determined that Fernández Lañas could properly investigate the accident.[1]

The Peruvian Navy collected the floating wreckage. After the Peruvian authorities asked for assistance, the United States Navy provided equipment to locate the underwater wreckage of the Boeing 757 and retrieve its flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder.[1]

Later investigation into the accident revealed that adhesive tape had been accidentally left over some or all of the static ports (on the underside of the fuselage) after the aircraft was cleaned, eventually leading to the crash. Employee Eleuterio Chacaliaza had left the tape on by mistake.[10]

The static ports are vital to the operation of virtually all of those flight instruments that provide basic aerodynamic data such as airspeed, altitude and vertical speed, not only to the pilots but also to the aircraft's computers, which provide additional functions such as warnings when flight characteristics approach dangerous levels. The blockage of all of the static ports is one of the few common-failure modes resulting in total failure of multiple basic flight instruments and as such is regarded as one of the most serious faults that can occur within the avionics systems.[11]

The design of the aircraft did not incorporate a system of maintenance covers for the static ports. Such covers are commonly employed in aviation for blocking access to critical components when the aircraft is not in operation and are generally a bright color and carry flags (which may have "remove before flight" markings). Instead, the design of the aircraft and the relevant maintenance procedure called for the use of adhesive tape to cover the ports.[11]

As a result of the blocked static ports, the basic flight instruments relayed false airspeed, altitude and vertical speed data. Because the failure was not in any of the instruments, but rather in a common supporting system, thereby defeating redundancy, the erroneous altimeter data was also broadcast to air traffic control, which was attempting to provide the pilots with basic flight data. This led to extreme confusion in the cockpit as the pilots were provided with some data (altitude) which seemed to correlate correctly with instrument data (altimeter) while the other data provided by ATC (approximate airspeed) did not agree. Although the pilots were quite cognizant of the possibility that all of the flight instruments were providing inaccurate data, the correlation between the altitude data given by ATC and that on the altimeter likely further compounded the confusion. Also contributing to their difficulty were the numerous cockpit alarms that the computer system generated, which conflicted both with each other and with the instruments. This lack of situational awareness was revealed by the cockpit voice recorder transcript.[12] The fact that the flight took place at night and over water, thus not giving the pilots any visual references, was also identified as a major factor.[11]

After the accident, Aeroperú changed the number of its evening Miami-Lima-Santiago Boeing 757 service to Flight 691.[13] The Flight 603 incident contributed to the eventual demise of Aeroperú, which was already plagued with financial and management difficulties.[1]

In November 1996, Mike Eidson, a Miami attorney, said in an interview that many of the passengers had survived the initial impact but had drowned afterward. Eidson represented 41 passengers and crew in a lawsuit contending that the aircraft's manufacturer, Boeing, bore responsibility for the disaster, as the company ought to have foreseen the misuse of its products.[1][14] The suit was filed against Boeing in federal court in Miami in May 1997. According to the complaint, the flightdeck errors were caused by careless maintenance by Aeroperú and negligence and defective design by Boeing. Boeing argued that it was not at fault, and that responsibility for the accident lay with the employee who did not remove the tape from the static ports, and the aircraft's pilot for not noticing the tape still applied by visual check. Richard Rodriguez of the NTSB said that it was understandable that Schreiber did not find the tape because the maintenance worker had used duct tape instead of the brightly colored tape that he was supposed to use. In addition, Rodriguez said that the pitot-static ports were high above the ground, meaning that Schreiber could not have seen the tape against the fuselage.[1] After extensive litigation, the parties agreed to transfer the case against Boeing and Aeroperú to an international arbitration in Santiago, Chile, for a determination of the damages. The defendants agreed not to contest liability in Chile.[14]

On 13 December 1999, family members of the flight's passengers received one of the largest compensations stemming from an aviation accident outside the United States aboard a non-U.S carrier, averaging nearly $1 million per victim.[1] The episode "Flying Blind" from Canadian TV series Mayday (Air Crash Investigation, Air Emergency) stated that the manner of the crash resulting in the passengers' drowning was responsible for the large settlements.[1]

Chacaliaza was convicted in Peru for negligent homicide and given a two-year suspended sentence in August 1998.[15] Peruvian air accident investigator Guido Fernández criticized the move; he argued that Chacaliaza, who was relatively uneducated, had little understanding of what he did, and that his supervisors ultimately bore more responsibility for the crash.[1]

See also

Similar events

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Flying Blind", Mayday [documentary TV series]
  2. ^ a b http://www.skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/1719.pdf
  3. ^ "Searchers comb Pacific for more bodies after Peruvian crash." CNN. October 2, 1996. Retrieved on 11 June 2009.
  4. ^ "Murieron 70 personas en un avión peruano que cayó al mar." Clarín Digital. October 3, 1996. Retrieved on 11 June 2009.
  5. ^ "CRONICA" (Archive). Consorcio Periodístico de Chile S.A. 2 October 1996. Retrieved on 11 June 2009.
  6. ^ http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-527275 in Spanish
  7. ^ https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-fokker-f27-bellavista-1-killed
  8. ^ http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1992/1992-57.htm
  9. ^ Walters, James M. and Robert L. Sumwalt III. "Aircraft Accident Analysis: Final Reports." McGraw-Hill Professional, 2000. p. 98. Retrieved from Google Books on 11 May 2011. ISBN 0-07-135149-3, ISBN 978-0-07-135149-2. "Robles, Ricardo, Presidente, Commission of Accident Investigations (CAII), Director General of Air Transport (DGAT) of Peru. 1996. Final report, Boeing 757-200 Accident, Aeroperu, 2 October 1996. Lima, Peru."
  10. ^ "World News Briefs; $29 Million for Victims Of 1996 Peru Air Crash," The New York Times. 22 January 1998. Retrieved on 11 June 2009.
  11. ^ a b c Casey, Steven. The Atomic Chef, Caught on Tape. Aegean Publishing Company, 2006: Santa Barbara. p. 131 ISBN 9780963617866
  12. ^ "Close-Up: Aeroperu 603 Voice Recorder Transcription (English Translation)". avweb.com. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  13. ^ Volando (Aeroperú's inflight magazine), Issue 17, July–August 1997
  14. ^ a b "Aeroperu Crash Victims Win Landmark Award." Colson Hicks Eidson. 13 December 1999. Retrieved on 1 June 2009.
  15. ^ http://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/computing/gopher-archive/gopher.rcp.net.pe/noticias/andina/1998/agosto/11 DEUDOS DEL ACCIDENTE AEROPERU PIDEN MAYOR REPARACION CIVIL
  16. ^ "Flying Blind". Mayday. Season 1. Episode 4. 2003. Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic Channel.
  17. ^ "Who's Flying the Plane?". Mayday. Season 6. Episode 3. 2007. Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic Channel.
  18. ^ "Step inside the cockpit of six real-life air disasters". New York Post. January 26, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2018. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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12°02′S 77°30′W / 12.033°S 77.500°W / -12.033; -77.500

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