Aldo-keto reductase

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures / ECOD
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary
PDB	1a80, 1abn, 1ads, 1ae4, 1afs, 1ah0, 1ah3, 1ah4, 1az1, 1az2, 1c9w, 1cwn, 1dla, 1ef3, 1eko, 1el3, 1exb, 1frb, 1gve, 1hqt, 1hw6, 1iei, 1ihi, 1j96, 1jez, 1k8c, 1lqa, 1lwi, 1m9h, 1mar, 1mi3, 1mrq, 1mzr, 1og6, 1pwl, 1pwm, 1pyf, 1pz0, 1pz1, 1q13, 1q5m, 1qrq, 1qwk, 1r38, 1ral, 1ry0, 1ry8, 1s1p, 1s1r, 1s2a, 1s2c, 1sm9, 1t40, 1t41, 1ur3, 1us0, 1vbj, 1vp5, 1x96, 1x97, 1x98, 1xf0, 1xgd, 1xjb, 1ye4, 1ye6, 1z3n, 1z89, 1z8a, 1z9a, 1zgd, 1zq5, 1zsx, 2a79, 2acq, 2acr, 2acs, 2acu, 2agt, 2alr, 2bgq, 2bgs, 2bp1, 2c91, 2clp, 2dux, 2duz, 2dv0, 2f2k, 2f38, 2fgb, 2fvl, 2fz8, 2fz9, 2fzb, 2fzd, 2hdj, 2he5, 2he8, 2hej, 2hv5, 2hvn, 2hvo, 2i16, 2i17, 2ikg, 2ikh, 2iki, 2ikj, 2ine, 2inz, 2ipf, 2ipg, 2ipj, 2ipw, 2iq0, 2iqd, 2is7, 2isf, 2j8t, 2nvc, 2nvd, 2p5n, 2pd5, 2pd9, 2pdb, 2pdc, 2pdf, 2pdg, 2pdh, 2pdi, 2pdj, 2pdk, 2pdl, 2pdm, 2pdn, 2pdp, 2pdq, 2pdu, 2pdw, 2pdx, 2pdy, 2pev, 2pf8, 2pfh, 2pzn, 2qxw, 2r9r, 2vdg, 3bcj, 3bur, 3buv, 3bv7, 3c3u, 3cmf, 3cot, 3eau

Aldo/keto reductase family
Aldo/keto reductase family
	Ribbon diagram of human aldose reductase in complex with NADP+, citrate, and IDD594, a small molecule inhibitor. From PDB: 1us0.
Identifiers
Symbol	Aldo_ket_red
Pfam	PF00248
InterPro	IPR001395
PROSITE	PDOC00061
SCOP2	1ads / SCOPe / SUPFAM
CDD	cd06660
Pfam
Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures / ECOD
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary
PDB	1a80, 1abn, 1ads, 1ae4, 1afs, 1ah0, 1ah3, 1ah4, 1az1, 1az2, 1c9w, 1cwn, 1dla, 1ef3, 1eko, 1el3, 1exb, 1frb, 1gve, 1hqt, 1hw6, 1iei, 1ihi, 1j96, 1jez, 1k8c, 1lqa, 1lwi, 1m9h, 1mar, 1mi3, 1mrq, 1mzr, 1og6, 1pwl, 1pwm, 1pyf, 1pz0, 1pz1, 1q13, 1q5m, 1qrq, 1qwk, 1r38, 1ral, 1ry0, 1ry8, 1s1p, 1s1r, 1s2a, 1s2c, 1sm9, 1t40, 1t41, 1ur3, 1us0, 1vbj, 1vp5, 1x96, 1x97, 1x98, 1xf0, 1xgd, 1xjb, 1ye4, 1ye6, 1z3n, 1z89, 1z8a, 1z9a, 1zgd, 1zq5, 1zsx, 2a79, 2acq, 2acr, 2acs, 2acu, 2agt, 2alr, 2bgq, 2bgs, 2bp1, 2c91, 2clp, 2dux, 2duz, 2dv0, 2f2k, 2f38, 2fgb, 2fvl, 2fz8, 2fz9, 2fzb, 2fzd, 2hdj, 2he5, 2he8, 2hej, 2hv5, 2hvn, 2hvo, 2i16, 2i17, 2ikg, 2ikh, 2iki, 2ikj, 2ine, 2inz, 2ipf, 2ipg, 2ipj, 2ipw, 2iq0, 2iqd, 2is7, 2isf, 2j8t, 2nvc, 2nvd, 2p5n, 2pd5, 2pd9, 2pdb, 2pdc, 2pdf, 2pdg, 2pdh, 2pdi, 2pdj, 2pdk, 2pdl, 2pdm, 2pdn, 2pdp, 2pdq, 2pdu, 2pdw, 2pdx, 2pdy, 2pev, 2pf8, 2pfh, 2pzn, 2qxw, 2r9r, 2vdg, 3bcj, 3bur, 3buv, 3bv7, 3c3u, 3cmf, 3cot, 3eau

The aldo-keto reductase family is a family of enzymes that includes a number of related monomeric NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases, such as aldehyde reductase, aldose reductase, prostaglandin F synthase, xylose reductase, rho crystallin, and many others.^[1]

Structure

All possess a similar structure, with a beta-alpha-beta fold characteristic of nucleotide binding proteins.^[2] The fold comprises a parallel beta-8/alpha-8-barrel, which contains a novel NADP-binding motif. The binding site is located in a large, deep, elliptical pocket in the C-terminal end of the beta sheet, the substrate being bound in an extended conformation. The hydrophobic nature of the pocket favours aromatic and apolar substrates over highly polar ones.^[3]

Binding of the NADPH coenzyme causes a massive conformational change, reorienting a loop, effectively locking the coenzyme in place. This binding is more similar to FAD- than to NAD(P)-binding oxidoreductases.^[4]

Examples

Some proteins of this family contain a potassium channel beta chain regulatory domain; these are reported to have oxidoreductase activity.^[5]

References

^ Bohren KM, Bullock B, Wermuth B, Gabbay KH (June 1989). "The aldo-keto reductase superfamily. cDNAs and deduced amino acid sequences of human aldehyde and aldose reductases". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (16): 9547–51. PMID 2498333.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Schade SZ, Early SL, Williams TR, Kézdy FJ, Heinrikson RL, Grimshaw CE, Doughty CC (March 1990). "Sequence analysis of bovine lens aldose reductase". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (7): 3628–35. PMID 2105951.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Wilson DK, Bohren KM, Gabbay KH, Quiocho FA (July 1992). "An unlikely sugar substrate site in the 1.65 A structure of the human aldose reductase holoenzyme implicated in diabetic complications". Science. 257 (5066): 81–4. doi:10.1126/science.1621098. PMID 1621098.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Borhani DW, Harter TM, Petrash JM (December 1992). "The crystal structure of the aldose reductase.NADPH binary complex". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (34): 24841–7. PMID 1447221.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Gulbis JM, Zhou M, Mann S, MacKinnon R (July 2000). "Structure of the cytoplasmic beta subunit-T1 assembly of voltage-dependent K+ channels". Science. 289 (5476): 123–7. doi:10.1126/science.289.5476.123. PMID 10884227.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR001395

[pmid2498333-1] Bohren KM, Bullock B, Wermuth B, Gabbay KH (June 1989). "The aldo-keto reductase superfamily. cDNAs and deduced amino acid sequences of human aldehyde and aldose reductases". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (16): 9547–51. PMID 2498333.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[pmid2105951-2] Schade SZ, Early SL, Williams TR, Kézdy FJ, Heinrikson RL, Grimshaw CE, Doughty CC (March 1990). "Sequence analysis of bovine lens aldose reductase". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (7): 3628–35. PMID 2105951.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[pmid1621098-3] Wilson DK, Bohren KM, Gabbay KH, Quiocho FA (July 1992). "An unlikely sugar substrate site in the 1.65 A structure of the human aldose reductase holoenzyme implicated in diabetic complications". Science. 257 (5066): 81–4. doi:10.1126/science.1621098. PMID 1621098.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[pmid1447221-4] Borhani DW, Harter TM, Petrash JM (December 1992). "The crystal structure of the aldose reductase.NADPH binary complex". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (34): 24841–7. PMID 1447221.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[pmid10884227-5] Gulbis JM, Zhou M, Mann S, MacKinnon R (July 2000). "Structure of the cytoplasmic beta subunit-T1 assembly of voltage-dependent K+ channels". Science. 289 (5476): 123–7. doi:10.1126/science.289.5476.123. PMID 10884227.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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v t e Oxidoreductases: alcohol oxidoreductases (EC 1.1)
1.1.1: NAD/NADP acceptor	3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase Alcohol dehydrogenase Aldo-keto reductase 1A1 1B1 1B10 1C1 1C3 1C4 7A2 Aldose reductase Beta-Ketoacyl ACP reductase Carbohydrate dehydrogenases Carnitine dehydrogenase D-malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) DXP reductoisomerase Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase HMG-CoA reductase IMP dehydrogenase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Lactate dehydrogenase L-threonine dehydrogenase L-xylulose reductase Malate dehydrogenase Malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) Malate dehydrogenase (NADP+) Malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) Malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP+) Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase Sorbitol dehydrogenase Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: 3β 3β-HSD NSDHL 11β 11β-HSD1 11β-HSD2 17β
1.1.2: cytochrome acceptor	D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome c-553) Mannitol dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
1.1.3: oxygen acceptor	Glucose oxidase L-gulonolactone oxidase Xanthine oxidase Alcohol oxidase
1.1.4: disulfide as acceptor	Vitamin K epoxide reductase Vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-insensitive)
1.1.5: quinone/similar acceptor	Malate dehydrogenase (quinone) Quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase
1.1.99: other acceptors	Choline dehydrogenase L2HGDH

v t e Enzymes
Activity	Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis
Regulation	Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator
Classification	EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes
Kinetics	Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types	EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list)