Australians

Penis

Australian People
Australians

Some Australians: Donald Bradman · Mark Philippoussis · Waleed Aly John So · Sir John Monash · Ian Thorpe
Total population
22,168,174
Regions with significant populations
Australia	22,168,174
Greece	135,000+
United Kingdom	96,900
United States	89,210
China	51,900
New Zealand	62,700
Canada	42,000
Italy	30,000
Lebanon	25,000
Chile	23,305
El Salvador	18,000
Argentina	11,369
Uruguay	9,376
Brazil	7,491
Peru	6,322
Colombia	5,706
Languages
Australian English, also Chinese, Italian, Greek
Religion
Christian (Roman Catholic, Anglican), Atheism, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Judaism

Australian People can refer to:

• The citizens of Australia, as defined by Australian nationality law
• People whose ancestors lived in Australia

Etymology

Australia is derived from Latin Australis (meaning South), and the land was known as Terra Australis until the early 19th century. Australians, therefore were the people living in the country

History

Indigenous Australians

(See also Indigenous Australian) The term Indigenous Australian, describes Australian Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders who have the distinction of being the First Australians, having continuously inhabited the mainland for at least the past 40,000 years.

European Australians

Having first arrived on the First Fleet in 1788, European Australians were originally largely Anglo-Celtic people. The establishment of British Penal Colonies in Australia, meant the arrival of several thousand convicts, however their population was soon overtaken by other settlers who arrived as migrants from Europe.

Australian Diaspora

(See Australian Diaspora) The term Australian diaspora may refer to the approximately 1,000,000 Australian citizens (approximately 5% of the population) who today live outside Australia.[3] This usage of the term includes the several hundred thousand people who spend some time in the United Kingdom and Europe but return to Australia. The Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement made it easy for Australians to migrate into New Zealand and vice versa. Key factors influencing this phenomenon are seen to include the rise of a global labour market, more accessible and economical international transport, and increasingly sophisticated communication technologies, along with a growing interest in travel and the broader global community.

The term Australian diaspora may also be used to refer to the population of Indigenous Australians who have been displaced within Australia - from their traditional homelands by colonisation, or from their families by child removal policies[4][5][6][7][8][9].

Contents [hide] 1 Origin of the term 1.1 Challenge to the perception of "Brain drain" 2 Profile of expatriate Australians 2.1 Australian expatriates in the United States 2.2 Comparison with the expatriate populations of other countries 3 19th century emigration 4 See also 5 References and notes 6 Further reading 7 External links [edit]Origin of the term

The term Australian diaspora was used in reference to Australian citizens living abroad in a 2003 Committee for Economic Development of Australia (CEDA) research report, "Australia's Diaspora: Its Size, Nature and Policy Implications".[10] This report both identified the phenomenon and argued for an Australian government policy of maintaining active contact with the diaspora. The term has been picked up by others.[11]

In 2005 Senate Legal and Constitutional References Committee (a standing committee) reported into the issue of Expatriate Australians and made recommendations that the "Australian Government needs to make greater efforts to connect with and engage our expatriate community".[12]

[edit]Challenge to the perception of "Brain drain" The diaspora has been the focus of policy concerns over a so-called "brain drain" from Australia. However the 2003 CEDA report argued the phenomenon was essentially positive: rather than experiencing a "brain drain", Australia was in fact seeing both "brain circulation" as Australians added to their skills and expertise, and a "brain gain", as these skilled expatriates tend to return to Australia and as new skilled immigrants arrive.[10] Between 1999 and 2003, there were seven highly educated migrants to Australia for every one highly educated Australian who was living elsewhere in countries within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[13] Levels of skilled immigration to Australia reflect Government policies to "practise a selective immigration policy based on human capital criteria".[14]

[edit]Profile of expatriate Australians

A survey in 2002 of Australians who were emigrating found that most were leaving for employment reasons.[13] Over two-thirds of expatriate Australians are professionals, para-professionals, managers or in administrative occupations.

One third of Australian expatriates live in the United Kingdom.[13] For the period 1999-2003 it was estimated that there were 346,000 Australian-born people living in other OECD countries: of these 96,900 lived in the United Kingdom, 65,200 lived in the United States and 42,000 lived in New Zealand.[13]

A further group include European/Euro-American migrants to Australia in the 1950s (and their children) who have now returned to their countries of origin to stay, but who still retain strong links with Australia. This group of expatriates, resident in countries such as Chile, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Lebanon and Uruguay, make up nearly one quarter of the Australian global expatriate community, and some Asian-Australians who maintain familial ties with Asian countries like Pakistan, India, China, Thailand, Vietnam and South Korea.

[edit]Australian expatriates in the United States Many well-educated Australians, including scientists, find unique employment opportunities overseas, particularly in the United States of America. In December 2001, the Department of Foreign Affairs estimated that there were 106,000 Australian citizens resident in the United States of America. The major places of residence were: 25,000 living in Los Angeles, 17,000 in San Francisco, 17,000 in Washington DC and 15,000 in New York.[15] For the period 1999-2003, it was estimated that 22% of Australian expatriates, 65,200, were living in the United States.[13]

Australian migration to the United States is greater than Americans going to Australia. At the 2006 Census 71,718 Australian residents declared that they were American-born,[16] a smaller population than the population estimate of Australians living in the United States.

In the 1850s California gold rush, Australian miners under British documents helped in the development of California. They lived in "grown overnight" settlements like San Francisco and Sacramento.[citation needed]

[edit]Comparison with the expatriate populations of other countries The ratio of expatriate Australians in 2005 was 2.8 Australian-born people aged 15 years or over per 100 Australian born people aged 15 years and over within Australia. This ratio is much lower than many other countries in the OECD - the highest ratios in 2005 were for Ireland (29 Irish-born people aged 15 years and over in other OECD countries for every 100 in Ireland) and for New Zealand (19 per 100). The Australian ratio was higher than that of the United States (less than one person in other OECD countries per 100 USA-born within the USA).[13]

Education levels of Australian expatriates were high: 44% of Australian expatriates in other OECD countries had a high level of education.[17] Japanese expatriates had the highest proportion with 50% having a high level of education. 49% of expatriates from the USA had a high education as did 45% of expatriates from New Zealand.[13]

[edit]19th century emigration

In the late 19th century, a group of radical socialist Australians voluntarily went to Paraguay, a landlocked South American country, to create a failed master-planned community, known as Nueva (New) Australia.[18] Other followers wanted to migrate into Egypt, Iraq and pre-1918 Palestine to attempt or imitate the social experimental project. Also at the time, small disproportionate numbers of Australian settlers arrived in Argentina, South Africa, and the Philippines.[citation needed]

Demographics

(See Demographics of Australia) This article is about the demographic features of the population of Australia, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religions, and other aspects of the population.

The demographics of Australia covers basic statistics, most populous cities, ethnicity and religion. The population of Australia is estimated to be 22,219,283 as of 10 April 2010.[1] Australia is the 51st most populous country in the world. Its population is concentrated mainly in urban areas.

Australia's population has grown from an estimated population of about 350,000 at the time of British settlement in 1788 due to numerous waves of immigration during the period since. Also due to immigration, the European component of the population is declining as a percentage, as it is in many other Western countries.

Although Australia has scarcely more than two persons per square kilometre of total land area, this raw figure is highly misleading: most of the continent is desert or semi-desert and of limited agricultural value. Consequently, Australia is one of the world's most urbanised countries with an urban population of 89%.

The life expectancy of Australia in 1999-2001 was 79.7 years, among the highest in the world.

Contents [hide] 1 Indigenous population 2 General Demographic statistics 2.1 Population 2.2 States and territories 2.3 Age structure 2.4 Median age 2.5 Population growth rate 2.6 International comparison 2.7 Urbanization 2.8 Sex ratio 2.9 Infant mortality rate 2.10 Life expectancy at birth 2.11 Total fertility rate 2.12 HIV/AIDS 2.13 Country of birth 2.14 Ancestry of Australian population 2.15 Religion 2.16 Languages 2.17 Literacy 2.18 Education expenditure 2.19 Nationality 3 Historical population estimates 4 See also 4.1 General 4.2 Cities 4.3 Ethnicities 5 References 6 External links [edit]Indigenous population

See also: Indigenous Australians The earliest accepted timeline for the first arrivals of indigenous Australians to the continent of Australia places this human migration to at least 40,000 years ago most probably from the islands of Indonesia and PNG.[2]

These first inhabitants of Australia were originally hunter-gatherer peoples, who over the course of many succeeding generations diversified widely throughout the continent and its nearby islands. Although their technical culture remained static—depending on wood, bone, and stone tools and weapons—their spiritual and social life was highly complex. Most spoke several languages, and confederacies sometimes linked widely scattered tribal groups. Aboriginal population density ranged from one person per square mile along the coasts to one person per 35 square miles (91 km2) in the arid interior. Food procurement was usually a matter for the nuclear family, requiring an estimated 3 days of work per week. There was little large game, and outside of some communities in the more fertile south-east, they had no agriculture.

Australia may have been sighted by Portuguese sailors in 1601, and Dutch navigators landed on the forbidding coast of modern Western Australia several times during the 17th century. Captain James Cook claimed it for Great Britain in 1770. At that time, the indigenous population was estimated to have been between 315,000 and 750,000,[3] divided into as many as 500 tribes[citation needed] speaking many different languages. In the 2006 Census, 407,700 respondents declared they were Aboriginal, 29,512 declared they were Torres Strait Islander, and a further 17,811 declared they were both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. [1]. After adjustments for undercount, the indigenous population as of end June 2006 was estimated to be 517,200, representing about 2.5% of the population[3].

Since the end of World War II, efforts have been made both by the government and by the public to be more responsive to Aboriginal rights and needs. Today, many tribal Aborigines lead a settled traditional life in remote areas of northern, central, and western Australia. In the south, where most Aborigines are of mixed descent, most live in the cities.

[edit]General Demographic statistics

Population pyramid[4] Much of the data that follows has been derived from the CIA World Factbook and the Australian Bureau of Statistics, through censuses.

[edit]Population 22,220,000 (10 April 2010)[5] The following figures are ABS estimates for the resident population of Australia, based on the 2001 and 2006 Censuses and other data.

21,262,641 (July 2009 - CIA World Factbook) country comparison to the world: 55 21,180,632 (end December 2007 - preliminary) 20,848,760 (end December 2006 - preliminary) 20,544,064 (end December 2005) 20,252,132 (end December 2004) 20,011,882 (end December 2003) 19,770,963 (end December 2002) 19,533,972 (end December 2001) [2] [edit]States and territories See also: States and territories of Australia State/territory Land area (km²) Rank Population (2006) Rank Population density (/km²) Rank  % of population in capital Rank

Australian Capital Territory	2,358	8th	344,200	7th	137.53	1st	99.6%	1st
New South Wales	800,642	5th	6,967,200	1st	8.44	3rd	63%	5th
Victoria	227,416	6th	5,297,600	2nd	22	2nd	71%	4th
Queensland	1,730,648	2nd	4,279,400	3rd	2.26	5th	46%	7th
South Australia	983,482	4th	1,601,800	5th	1.56	6th	73.5%	2nd
Western Australia	2,529,875	1st	2,163,200	4th	0.79	7th	73.4%	3rd
Tasmania	68,401	7th	498,200	6th	7.08	4th	41%	8th
Northern Territory	1,349,129	3rd	219,900	8th	0.15	8th	54%	6th

[edit]Age structure 0-14 years: 18.9% 15-64 years: 67.9% 65 years and over: 13.5% (2009 estimate)[6] [edit]Median age Total: 37.3 years Male: 36.6 years Female: 38.1 years (2009 est.) [edit]Population growth rate

The trend of population growth in Australia (thousands of persons). The rate of population growth changed significantly following the Australian gold rushes, the Great depression and World War II. As of the end of June 2009 the population growth rate was 2.1%.[7] This rate was based on estimates of:[8]

one birth every 1 minute and 45 seconds, one death every 3 minutes and 40 seconds, a net gain of one international migrant every 1 minutes and 51 seconds leading to an overall total population increase of one person every 1 minutes and 11 seconds. In 2009 the estimated rates were:

Birth rate - 12.47 births/1,000 population (Rank 164) Mortality rate - 6.68 deaths/1,000 population (Rank 146) Net migration rate - 6.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population. (Rank 15) At the time of Australian Federation in 1901, the rate of natural increase was 14.9 persons per 1,000 population. The rate increased to a peak of 17.4 per thousand population in the years 1912, 1913 and 1914. During the Great Depression, the rate declined to a low of 7.1 per thousand population in 1934 and 1935. Immediately after World War II the rate increased sharply as a result of the beginning of the Post-World War II baby boom and the immigration of many young people who then had children in Australia, with a plateau of rates of over 13.0 persons per 1,000 population for every year from 1946 to 1962.

There has been a fall in the rate of natural increase since 1962 due to falling fertility. In 1971 the rate of natural increase was 12.7 persons per 1,000 population; a decade later it had fallen to 8.5. In 1996 the rate of natural increase fell below seven for the first time, with the downward trend continuing in the late 1990s. Population projections by the Australian Bureau of Statistics indicate that continued low fertility, combined with the increase in deaths from an ageing population, will result in natural increase falling below zero sometime in the mid 2030s. However in 2006 the fertility rate rose to 1.81, one of the highest rate in the OECD, arguably as a result of some pro-fertility state and federal government campaigns, including the Federal Government's baby bonus.

Since 1901, the crude death rate has fallen from about 12.2 deaths per 1,000 population to 6.4 deaths per 1,000 population in 2006.[6] (ppt)

[edit]International comparison For the year ended 30 June 2008, Australia's population growth rate was 1.7 percent per year, almost 50 percent higher than the world average of 1.2 percent per year.[9]

0.1% Japan 0.3% Greece and Sweden 0.6% China, Thailand and France 0.8% Canada 0.9% United States 1.0% New Zealand 1.2% World Average 1.6% India 1.7% Australia 2.2% Papua New Guinea [edit]Urbanization Urbanization population: 89% of total population (2008) Rate of urbanization: 1.2% annual rate of change (2005-2010) [edit]Sex ratio At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female Under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female Total population: 1 male(s)/female (2009) [edit]Infant mortality rate Total: 4.75 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 196 Male: 5.08 deaths/1,000 live births Female: 4.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.) [edit]Life expectancy at birth Total: 81.63 years country comparison to the world: 70 Male: 79.25 years Female: 84.15 years [edit]Total fertility rate 1.969 children born/woman (2008)[10] For more detailed regionwise TFR details see Birth rate and fertility rate in Australia.

country comparison to the world: 159 [edit]HIV/AIDS Adult prevalence rate: 0.2% (2007 est.) People living with HIV/AIDS: 18,000 (2007 est.)-majority in NSW. Deaths: less than 200 (2003 est.) [3] [edit]Country of birth

Countries of birth of Australian estimated resident population, 2006. Source:Australian Bureau of Statistics[11] According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, in mid-2006 there were 4,956,863 residents who were born outside Australia, representing 24% of the total population.[11] The Australian-resident population comprises people born in these countries:

Country of Birth Estimated Resident Population[11]

United Kingdom	1,153,264
New Zealand	476,719
Italy	220,469
People's Republic of China (Excluding SARs)	203,143
Vietnam	180,352
India	153,579
Philippines	135,619
Greece	125,849
South Africa	118,816
Germany	114,921
Malaysia	103,947
Netherlands	86,950
Lebanon	86,599
Hong Kong	76,303
Sri Lanka	70,908
Serbia and  Montenegro	68,879
Indonesia	67,952
United States	64,832
Poland	59,221
Fiji	58,815
Ireland	57,338
Croatia	56,540
Singapore	49,819
South Korea	49,141
Malta	48,978
Macedonia	48,577
Iraq	40,400
Egypt	38,782
Turkey	37,556
Canada	33,198
Thailand	32,747
Taiwan	31,258
Japan	29,469
Sudan	29,282
Cambodia	28,175
Bosnia and Herzegovina	27,328
Papua New Guinea	26,302
Chile	26,204
Iran	25,659
Hungary	23,065
Russian Federation	21,436
Cyprus	21,149
Zimbabwe	21,142
Afghanistan	21,140
Austria	20,214
France	20,054
Pakistan	19,768
Mauritius	19,375
Samoa	17,822
Portugal	17,382

For more information about immigration see Australian Immigration.

[edit]Ancestry of Australian population For generations, the vast majority of both colonial-era settlers and post-Federation immigrants came from the United Kingdom and Ireland, although the gold rushes also drew migrants from other countries. Since the end of World War II, Australia's population more than doubled, spurred by large-scale European immigration during the immediate post-war decades. At this time, the White Australia Policy discouraged non-European immigration.

Abolition of the White Australia Policy in the mid-1970s led to a significant increase in non-European immigration, mostly from Asia and the Middle East. About 90% of Australia's population is of European descent. Over 8% of the population is of Asian descent (predominantly Chinese, Vietnamese, Filipino and Indian)[12]. The total indigenous population is estimated to be about 520,000 individuals, including people of mixed descent.[3]. The population of Queensland also includes descendants of South Sea Islanders brought over for indentured servitude in the 19th century.

In the 2006 Australian Census participants were asked "what is the person's ancestry?" and were able to give up to two answers. Proportionate to the Australian resident population, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:[12]

Australian (37.13%) English (31.65%) Irish (9.08%) Scottish (7.56%) Italian (4.29%) German (4.09%) Chinese (3.37%) Greek (1.84%) Dutch (1.56%) Indian (1.18%) Lebanese (0.92%) Vietnamese (0.87%) Armenian (0.82%) New Zealander (0.81%) Filipino (0.81%) Maltese (0.77%) Croatian (0.59%) Australian Aboriginal (0.58%) Welsh (0.57%) French (0.5%) Serbian (0.48%) Maori (0.47%) Spanish (0.42%) Macedonian (0.42%) South African (0.4%) Sinhalese (0.37%) Hungarian (0.3%) Russian (0.3%) Turkish (0.3%) American (0.28%) Although only 0.58% of respondents indicated Aboriginal ancestry in response to the 'ancestry' question, an earlier question on the same 2006 Census form specifically asked about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander origins. 2.3% of respondents indicated Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origins, most of these Aboriginal [4]. After adjustments for undercount, the indigenous population as of end June 2006 was estimated to be 517,200, representing about 2.5% of the population.[3]

[edit]Religion Main article: Religion in Australia Although Australia has many religions, the country has no official religion.

Christianity is the predominant faith of Australia. According to the 2006 census, the largest religious denomination is the Roman Catholic; 25.8% of the population claimed affiliation. The next largest is the Anglican faith, at 18.7%. Members of other Christian denominations accounted for 19.4% of the population.

Minority religions practiced in Australia include Buddhism (2.1% of the population), Islam (1.7%), and Judaism (0.4%). Two percent of the population stated a different religion, which includes Sikhism and Indigenous beliefs, and 18.7% claimed no religion, while 11.2% did not respond.[13]

The category of "no religion" includes non-theistic beliefs such as humanism, atheism, agnosticism and rationalism. A fifth sub-category is "No Religion - nfd" ("nfd" = no further definition). The Australian Bureau of Statistics does not provide statistics on how many people belong in each sub-category on "No Religion".

The Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001 Census Dictionary statement on religious affiliation states the purpose for gathering such information:

Data on religious affiliation are used for such purposes as planning educational facilities, aged persons' care and other social services provided by religion-based organisations; the location of church buildings; the assigning of chaplains to hospitals, prisons, armed services and universities; the allocation of time on public radio and other media; and sociological research.

As in many Western countries, the level of active participation in church worship is lower than would be indicated by the proportion of the population identifying themselves as Christian; weekly attendance at church services is about 1.5 million, or about 7.5% of the population.[14]

[edit]Languages English is the de facto national language of Australia and is spoken by the vast majority of the population.

The most commonly spoken languages other than English in Australia are Italian, Greek, German, Spanish, Vietnamese, Tagalog, Chinese languages, Indian languages, Arabic, Macedonian and Croatian, as well as numerous Australian Aboriginal languages[15]. Australia's hearing-impaired community uses Australian Deaf Sign Language.

Language Speakers Only English 15,581,333 Italian 316,895 Greek 252,226 Cantonese 244,553 Arabic 243,662 Mandarin 220,600 Vietnamese 194,863 Spanish 98,001 Filipino + Tagalog 92,331 German 75,634 Hindi 70,011 Macedonian 67,835 Croatian 63,612 Australian Aboriginal Languages 55,705 Korean 54,623 Turkish 53,857 Polish 53,389 Serbian 52,534 French 43,216 Indonesian 42,036 Maltese 36,514 Russian 36,502 Dutch 36,183 Japanese 35,111 Tamil 32,700 Sinhalese 29,055 Samoan 28,525 Portuguese 25,779 Khmer 24,715 Assyrian 23,526 Punjabi 23,164 Persian 22,841 Hungarian 21,565 Bengali 20,223 Urdu 19,288 Afrikaans 16,806 Bosnian 15,743 [edit]Literacy Definition: age 15 and over can read and write Total population: 99% Male: 99% Female: 99% (2003 est.) [edit]Education expenditure 4.5% of GDP (2005) country comparison to the world: 55 [edit]Nationality Main article: Australian nationality law noun: Australian(s) adjective: Australian [edit]Historical population estimates

Note that population estimates in the table below do not include the Aboriginal population before 1961. Estimates of Aboriginal population prior to European settlement range from 300,000 to one million, with archaeological finds indicating a sustainable population of around 750,000.[16]

Year Population Five Year

% change

1788 859 - 1798 4,588 - 1808 10,263 - 1818 25,859 - 1828 58,197 - 1838 151,868 - 1848 332,328 - 1858 1,050,828 - 1868 1,539,552 - 1878 2,092,164 - 1888 2,981,677 - 1898 3,664,715 - 1901 3,788,123 - 1906 4,059,083 7.2 1911 4,489,545 10.6 1916 4,943,173 10.1 1921 5,455,136 10.4 1926 6,056,360 11.0 1931 6,526,485 7.8 1936 6,778,372 3.4 1941 7,109,898 4.9 1946 7,465,157 5.0 1951 8,421,775 12.8 1956 9,425,563 11.9 1961 10,548,267 11.9 1966 11,599,498 10.0 1971 13,067,265 12.7 1976 14,033,083 7.4 1981 14,923,260 6.3 1986 16,018,350 7.3 1991 17,284,036 12.8 1996 18,310,714 5.9 2001 19,413,240 6.0 2006 20,848,760 7.4 Information sourced from the Australian Bureau of Statistics[17][18] [edit]See also

[edit]General Health care in Australia Birth rate and fertility rate in Australia Immigration to Australia List of most common surnames#Australia List of cities in Australia by population Homelessness in Australia [edit]Cities Demographics of Sydney Demographics of Melbourne [edit]Ethnicities African Australian Asian Australian Bosnian Australian English Australia European Australian Greek Australian Italian Australian Latin American Australian Macedonian Australian [edit]