Battle of Colachel

Battle of Colachel
	Part of the Travancore-Dutch War
	; Eustachius De Lannoy's surrender at the Battle of Colachel
Date	10 August 1741
Location	Kolachel, India
Result	Decisive victory for the Kingdom of Travancore
Belligerents
Kingdom of Travancore	Dutch East India Company
Commanders and leaders
Marthanda Varma; Ramayyan Dalawa	Eustachius De Lannoy
Strength
Travancore Army	Unknown number of Dutch East India company troops, equipped with artillery
Casualties and losses
Light	Heavy, 24 officers including Eustachius De Lannoy, firearms and artillery captured

The Battle of Colachel (or Battle of Kulachal) was fought on 10 August 1741 [O.S. 31 July 1741]^[1]^[2] between the Indian kingdom of Travancore and the Dutch East India Company, during the Travancore-Dutch War. Travancore, under Raja Marthanda Varma, defeated the Dutch East India Company. The defeat of the Dutch by Travancore is considered the earliest example of an organised power from Asia overcoming European military technology and tactics.^[3] The Dutch never recovered from the defeat and no longer posed a large colonial threat to India.^[4]

Background

Almost all the pepper that the Dutch imported into their country came from the kingdom of Odanad, which had its capital in Kayamkulam. When Marthanda Varma gained control of the Thrippapur Swaroopam and broke free from the kingdom of Venad, he started a policy of assimilating neighboring kingdoms into his new kingdom of Travancore. In a series of battles, Marthanda Varma annexed the kingdoms of Attingal and Venad itself. On the pretext that the king of Odanad was involved in certain conspiracies against him, Marthanda Varma began a military campaign against Odanad with the aim of incorporating the kingdom into Travancore.

A key element of the Raja's army during the battle of Colachel was his personal guard, known as the Travancore Nair Brigade or locally known as the Nair Pattalam. This unit was later integrated into the Indian Army as the 9th Battalion Madras Regiment and the 16th Battalion Madras Regiment in 1954.

This expansionary policy of Maharaja endangered the Dutch East India Company's interests since they feared that the British, who had already signed a treaty with Marthanda Varma, would gain the rights to the pepper trade in the Malabar area, thus ending the Dutch monopoly. With this threat to their commercial interests in view, the Dutch Governor of Ceylon Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff wrote to Marthanda Varma demanding that he should end the aggression against Kayamkulam. Marthanda Varma wrote back to Van Imhoff, ordering him not to interfere in matters that did not concern him.

In a subsequent meeting, Imhoff demanded that Marthanda Varma restore the annexed Odanad to its former ruling princess, threatening to invade Travancore should he refuse. Marthanda Varma countered that he would overcome any Dutch forces that were sent to his kingdom, going on to say that he was considering an invasion of Europe.^[5] Thus, the interview ended in tension and subsequently led to the Travancore-Dutch War. In 1741, the Dutch installed a princess of the Elayadathu Swarupam as the ruler of Kottarakara in defiance of the demands of Marthanda Varma. The Travancore army inflicted a crushing defeat upon the combined Kottarakara-Dutch armies and assimilated Kottarakara into Travancore, forcing the Dutch to retreat to Cochin. Following this, Marthanda Varma captured all of the Dutch forts in the area.

The Battle

Following the losses that the Dutch and their allies had suffered in the war, a force of Dutch marines from Ceylon under the leadership of a Flemish commander, Captain Eustachius De Lannoy (also spelt D'lennoy) landed with artillery in Kulachal. After fortifying the port, they went on to capture villages such as Thengapattanam and Eraniel. The Dutch captured the territory up to Padmanabhapuram and laid siege to the Kalkulam (Padmanabhapuram) fort. Marthanda Varma, who had been camping in Trivandrum, promptly marched south with his army and his timely arrival prevented the capture of Kalkulam fort by the Dutch, who, in turn, were forced to retreat to their defensive positions in Kulachal. Ramayyan Dalwa too had brought his troops of infantry, cavalry and artillery from the campaigns in the north of the State. A number of native boats were manned with Travancore soldiers and the native fishermen to monitor and harass the Dutch.^[6] On 10 August 1741 (27th of Audy in Malayalm calendar) both the armies met in battle. The Dutch force formed up in fighting order and the Travancore army charged them and broke their lines.^[7] Marthanda Varma's army won a decisive victory over the Dutch, capturing a large number of Dutch soldiers; apart from the rank and file, 24 officers including Eustachius De Lannoy and his second in command, Donadi were taken prisoner.^[8]^[9] On 14 August 1741 (31st of Audy), the siege of the Colachel defenses took place and the Dutch positions fell in a matter of hours. The Dutch ships sailed for Cochin, leaving behind 389 muskets and some artillery.

Impact of the battle

The battle of Colachel was, in the words of the noted historian, Professor A. Sreedhara Menon:

A disaster of the first magnitude for the Dutch, the battle of Colachel shattered for all time their dream of the conquest of Kerala.

Despite participating in favour of the enemies of Travancore in the subsequent battles, right up to the battle of Ambalapuzha (1756), the battle of Colachel was a death blow to the power the Dutch East India company in the Malabar coast. Subsequent peace treaties with Travancore saw the transfer of the remaining Dutch forts which were incorporated into the Nedumkotta lines.

In addition to the destruction of the Dutch East India Company's designs in the Malabar coast, the capture of the leaders of the expedition, Eustachius De Lannoy and his second in command Donadi, were very beneficial to the kingdom of Travancore. When De Lannoy and Donadi were paroled, they took up service with Travancore and modernized the Travancore Army (which, till then, had been armed mainly with melee weapons) into an effective fighting force. De Lannoy was initially entrusted with the training of a few companies of the Maharajah's bodyguards and he did this with such an excellence that he was entrusted with modernizing the entire Travancore army.^[10] De Lennoy modernized the existing firearms and introduced better artillery and, more importantly, trained the Travancore army in the European style of military drill and military tactics. He carried out his orders with such sincerity and devotion that he rapidly rose through the ranks, eventually becoming the "Valia Kapitaan" (Commander in Chief) of the Tranvancore military and was given the Udayagiri Fort, locally known as the "Dillanai kotta" (De Lennoy's fort), near Padmanabhapuram, to reside. He was one of the commanders of the Tranvancore army during the decisive battle of Ambalapuzha where his erstwhile employers were fighting on behalf of Cochin and her allies. Following Travancore's victory over Cochin and her allies, the Dutch signed a peace treaty with Travancore and later sold their forts which were incorporated by De Lannoy into the Northern Lines (the Nedumkotta) that guarded the northern border of Travancore. The Travancore military that De Lannoy was instrumental in modernizing, went on to conquer more than half of the modern state of Kerala, and the Nedumkotta forts De Lannoy had designed, held up the advance of Tipu Sultan's French trained army during the Third Anglo-Mysore War in 1791 AD till the British East India Company joined the war in support of Travancore. Donadi ended up as an officer in the Travancore army and it seems that the rest of the Dutch prisoners took up service with the Maharajah's forces and their descendants were present up to 1878 in Travancore.^[11]

Another direct outcome of the event at Kulachal was the takeover of the black pepper trade by the state of Travancore. This development was to have serious repercussions on the Dutch and the trading world of Kerala at large. In 1753 the Dutch signed the Treaty of Mavelikkara with the Dutch agreeing not to obstruct the Raja's expansion, and in turn, to sell to him arms and ammunition. This marked the beginning of the end of Dutch influence in India. The VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, or the Dutch East India Company) continued to sell Indonesian spices and sugar in Kerala until 1795, at which time the English conquest of the Kingdom of Kochi ended their rule in India.

Tributes

The Indian government has built a pillar of victory in Kulachal to commemorate the event.
The Indian Post Department released a Rupee 5 stamp on 1 April 2004 to commemorate the tercentenary (300th anniversary) of the raising of the 9th Battalion of Madras Regiment.
The Parade Ground of Pangode Military Camp is named as Kulachal Ground.

References

^ Ministry of Defence, Newsletter "Sainik Samachar", 15 April 2004
^ The Hindu, "Army celebrates anniversary of Colachel battle", 31 July 2010
^ Frederic P. Miller; Agnes F. Vandome; John McBrewster (5 June 2010). Battle of Colachel: Travancore-Dutch War, Marthanda Varma, Dutch East India Company, Kunjali Marakkar, Kanhoji Angre, Ramayyan Dalawa, East India Company. Alphascript Publishing. ISBN 978-613-0-65510-5.
^ M. O. Koshy (1989). The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729-1758. Mittal Publications. pp. 70–. ISBN 978-81-7099-136-6.
^ Koshy, M. O. (1989). The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729-1758. Mittal Publications. p. 61. ISBN 978-81-7099-136-6.
^ pages 134-135, A history of Travancore from earliest times, P. Shungoony Menon, 1878, published by Higginbothams and Co, Madras
^ page 135, A history of Travancore from earliest times, P. Shungoony Menon, 1878, published by Higginbothams and Co, Madras
^ A survey of Kerala History, by Prof A. Sreedhara Menon, published by Viswanathan publishers, Madras, 1996, pp287
^ Page 342, The Travancore State Manual, by V. Nagam Aiya, 1906, Travancore Government Press
^ pages 136-137, A history of Travancore from earliest times, P. Shungoony Menon, 1878, published by Higginbothams and Co, Madras
^ pages 136, A history of Travancore from earliest times, P. Shungoony Menon, 1878, published by Higginbothams and Co, Madras

External links

[mod_2004_samachar-1] Ministry of Defence, Newsletter "Sainik Samachar", 15 April 2004

[thehindu_colachel_anniv-2] The Hindu, "Army celebrates anniversary of Colachel battle", 31 July 2010

[MillerVandome2010-3] Frederic P. Miller; Agnes F. Vandome; John McBrewster (5 June 2010). Battle of Colachel: Travancore-Dutch War, Marthanda Varma, Dutch East India Company, Kunjali Marakkar, Kanhoji Angre, Ramayyan Dalawa, East India Company. Alphascript Publishing. ISBN 978-613-0-65510-5.

[Koshy1989-4] M. O. Koshy (1989). The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729-1758. Mittal Publications. pp. 70–. ISBN 978-81-7099-136-6.

[5] Koshy, M. O. (1989). The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729-1758. Mittal Publications. p. 61. ISBN 978-81-7099-136-6.

[6] s 134-135, A history of Travancore from earliest times, P. Shungoony Menon, 1878, published by Higginbothams and Co, Madras

[7] 135, A history of Travancore from earliest times, P. Shungoony Menon, 1878, published by Higginbothams and Co, Madras

[8] A survey of Kerala History, by Prof A. Sreedhara Menon, published by Viswanathan publishers, Madras, 1996, pp287

[9] Page 342, The Travancore State Manual, by V. Nagam Aiya, 1906, Travancore Government Press

[10] s 136-137, A history of Travancore from earliest times, P. Shungoony Menon, 1878, published by Higginbothams and Co, Madras

[11] s 136, A history of Travancore from earliest times, P. Shungoony Menon, 1878, published by Higginbothams and Co, Madras

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