Bethlehem of Galilee
Bethlehem of Galilee
| |
|---|---|
 Templer communal building in Bethlehem of Galilee. | |
| Country | Israel |
| District | Northern |
| Council | Jezreel Valley |
| Region | Galilee |
| Affiliation | Moshavim Movement |
| Founded | 1906 (as a Templer colony) 1948 (as a moshav) |
Bethlehem of Galilee (Template:Lang-he-n, Beit Lehem HaGlilit; literally "the Galilean Bethlehem") is a moshav in northern Israel. Located in the Galilee near Kiryat Tivon, around 10 kilometres north-west of Nazareth and 30 kilometres east of Haifa, it falls under the jurisdiction of the Jezreel Valley Regional Council. In 2006, it had a population of 651.
A former Templer colony, it is mentioned in the Book of Joshua (19:15) as the city of the Tribe of Zebulun.
History
Early history
To distinguish the town from the city of Bethlehem near Jerusalem, it was originally known as Bethlehem of Zebulun, whilst the town near Jerusalem was called "Bethlehem of Judea."
The hometown of the judge Ibzan, Bethlehem of Galilee was inhabited by Jews until some time after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. In the Jerusalem Talmud it is referred to as Beth Lehem Zoria, as it was part of the kingdom of Tyre at the time. During the Crusades, it was a small Christian town of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, later abandoned.
Due to its proximity to Nazareth, some historians believe that this is the Bethlehem where Jesus was born. Aviram Oshri, a senior archaeologist with the Israeli Antiquities Authority, supports this claim. Until the late 19th century, ruins of a church and a synagogue could be seen there, and archeological findings show it was a prosperous city. Some scholars regard Bethlehem of Galilee as one of the birthplaces of Rabbinical Judaism.[citation needed]
Templer colony
In 1906 Templers from the German Colony in Haifa established a colony in the Galilee,[1] naming it for the ancient city. Most Templers bore German citizenship. In 1932 the Nazi party won the first two members in Palestine, Karl Ruff and Walter Aberle from the Templer colony in Haifa.[2] In the course of the 1930s also Bethlehemites joined the Nazi party, indicating the fading affinity to the Templers' original ideals. Until August 1939 17% of all Gentile Germans in Palestine were enrolled as member of the Nazi party.[3] After the Nazi takeover in Germany the new Reich's government streamlined the foreign policy according to Nazi ideals, using especially financial pressure. The Nazi emphasis was to create the image, that Germany and Germanness are equal to Nazism, thus all non-Nazi attitudes of German culture and identity were discriminated as un-German. All international schools of German language subsidised or fully financed with government funds were subjected to redraw their educational programmes and to solely employ teachers aligned to the Nazi party. The teachers in Bethlehem were financed by the Reich's government, so that also here Nazi teachers took over. In 1933 Templer functionaries and other Gentile Germans living in Palestine appealed at Paul von Hindenburg and the Foreign Office not to use Swastika symbols for German institutions, without success. Some German Gentiles from Palestine pleaded the Reich's government to drop its plan to boycott shops of Jewish Germans on April 1, 1933.[4] Later the opposition of Gentile Germans in Palestine acquiesed. A Palestinian branch of the Hitler youth was built up by the help of government subsidies. By 1935 the Nazis had succeeded to streamline the municipal bodies of the settlements of Gentile Germans in Palestine. On August 20, 1939 the German government ordered the Gentile German men for recruitment in the Wehrmacht. 350 followed the call.
After Germany had started the Second World War all Germans in Palestine turned into Enemy aliens. The British authorities decided to intern most of the enemy aliens. For this purpose four settlements Sarona, Bethlehem (Galilee), Waldheim (today's Allonei Abba) and Wilhelma were converted into internment camps. Most enemy aliens living elsewhere in Palestine - comprising Gentile Germans,[5] Hungarians and Italians - were interned in one of the settlements, while the inhabitants of the settlements simply stayed where they were. In summer 1941, 665 German internees, almost all young families with children, were released to Australia, where they could settle again. Many of the remaining Germans were either too old or too sick, to leave for Australia, while a second group did not want to go there. With the help of the interned Italians and Hungarians the internees could maintain the agricultural production, to feed themselves and supply surplus to the general markets in return for supplies not available within the camps. In December 1941 and in the course of 1942 another 400 German internees, mostly wives and children of men, who had followed the calls for recruitment, were released - via Turkey - to Germany on the purpose of Family reunification.[6]
In 1945 the Italian and Hungarian internees were released from Bethlehem and the other camps. But the Britons refused to repatriate the remaining German internees to the British zone in Germany, because the British zone was flooded with millions of war refugees and more millions of post-war expellees from Poland, Czechoslovakia etc. Also most of the internees did not want to go to Germany, because there was no chance to gain untilled land in Germany to settle again as farmers. In 1947 the British authorities and Australia agreed to allow the remaining German internees to emigrate to the fifth continent. The end of the Mandate forced to hurry the resettlement, thus all the internees were first transferred to Cyprus, to a camp of simple tents near Famagusta. The internees of Bethlehem could leave the place safely. On April 17, 1948 armed Jewish Palestinians conquered the neighboured internment camp of Waldheim, killing two colonists and severely wounding a woman.[7] By May 14, 1948, when Israel became independent, only about 50 Gentile Germans, mostly elderly and sick persons, were living in the new state. They voluntarily left the country or were successively expelled by the government.[8]
Moshav
On 17 April 1948, the Haganah captured the village and it was resettled by Jewish farmers. Much of the original Templer architecture survives, and is similar in style to the homes built by the Templers in other parts of the country, such as Sarona in Tel Aviv, Wilhelma (today Bnei Atarot) and the German colonies of Haifa and Jerusalem.
In recent years, tourism has replaced agriculture as the main economic branch. A dairy, a herb farm, restaurants and country-style accommodation are among the tourist-oriented businesses in the village today.[1]
References
- ^ a b Yet to be discovered: The Jezreel Valley Haaretz
- ^ Ralf Balke, Hakenkreuz im Heiligen Land: Die NSDAP-Landesgruppe Palästina, Erfurt: Sutton, 2001, p. 41. ISBN 3-89702-304-0
- ^ Paul Sauer,Vom Land um den Asperg im Namen Gottes nach Palästina und Australien: Die wechselvolle Geschichte der Tempelgesellschaft, lecture held on 20 October 1995 in Burgstetten on the occasion of the 750th anniversary of Kirschenhardthof, printed as Schriftenreihe TG, No. 1 (1996), p. 17
- ^ Ralf Balke, Hakenkreuz im Heiligen Land: Die NSDAP-Landesgruppe Palästina, Erfurt: Sutton, 2001, p. 81. ISBN 3-89702-304-0
- ^ Jewish Germans living in Palestine had mostly given up their German citizenship or were successively denaturalised by the Nazi government. Anyway, even if they were still German citizens, the Britons did of course not regard them as potential supporters of Nazi Germany. All Jewish Germans living outside the extended Greater German Reich, still holding the German citizenship, were automatically denaturalised by an ordinance (Elfte Verordnung zum Reichsbürgergesetz), decreed on 25 November 1941.
- ^ Paul Sauer,Vom Land um den Asperg im Namen Gottes nach Palästina und Australien: Die wechselvolle Geschichte der Tempelgesellschaft, lecture held on 20 October 1995 in Burgstetten on the occasion of the 750th anniversary of Kirschenhardthof, printed as Schriftenreihe TG, No. 1 (1996), pp. 18seqq.
- ^ Paul Sauer,Vom Land um den Asperg im Namen Gottes nach Palästina und Australien: Die wechselvolle Geschichte der Tempelgesellschaft, lecture held on 20 October 1995 in Burgstetten on the occasion of the 750th anniversary of Kirschenhardthof, printed as Schriftenreihe TG, No. 1 (1996), p. 19.
- ^ Paul Sauer,Vom Land um den Asperg im Namen Gottes nach Palästina und Australien: Die wechselvolle Geschichte der Tempelgesellschaft, lecture held on 20 October 1995 in Burgstetten on the occasion of the 750th anniversary of Kirschenhardthof, printed as Schriftenreihe TG, No. 1 (1996), p. 20.
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