The Black Tusk

The Black Tusk
The Black Tusk viewed from the southeast
Highest point
Elevation	2,319 m (7,608 ft)
Prominence	569 m (1,867 ft)
Listing	Mountains of British Columbia
Coordinates	49°58′31″N 123°02′34″W
Geography
The Black Tusk
Country	Canada
Province	British Columbia
District	New Westminster Land District
Protected area	Garibaldi Provincial Park
Parent range	Garibaldi Ranges
Topo map	NTS 92G14 Cheakamus River
Geology
Rock age	Pleistocene
Mountain type	Stratovolcano
Volcanic arc/belt	Canadian Cascade Arc Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
Last eruption	Pleistocene
Climbing
First ascent	1912 by William J. Gray and party
Easiest route	Exposed rock scramble

The Black Tusk, known as Q̓elqámtensa ti Skenknápa in the St'at'imcets (Lillooet) language and as T'ákt'akmúten tl'a Ín7inyáx̱a7en in the Sḵwx̱wú7mesh (Squamish) language, is a stratovolcano and a pinnacle of volcanic rock in Garibaldi Provincial Park of British Columbia, Canada. At 2,319 m (7,608 ft) above sea level, the upper spire is visible from a great distance in all directions. It is particularly noticeable from the Sea-to-Sky Highway just south of Whistler, British Columbia. Distinctive and immediately identifiable, The Black Tusk is among the best known mountains in the Garibaldi Ranges of the Coast Mountains. The volcano is part of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt which is a segment of the Canadian Cascade Arc, but it is not within the geographic boundary of the Cascade Range.

Indigenous

The mountain traditionally is part of the border line between the Squamish and Lil'wat nations. To the Squamish people, this mountain is known as T'ákt'akmúten tl'a Ín7inyáx̱a7en, which means "Landing Place of the Thunderbird", speaking of the supernatural Ín7inyáx̱a7en or Thunderbird. The jagged shape of the mountain and its black colouring are said to come from the Thunderbird's lightning. The same is true for Mount Cayley, another stratovolcano farther north.

Geology

The Black Tusk is considered to be the remnant of an extinct andesitic stratovolcano which formed between about 1.3 and 1.1 million years ago. Following glacial dissection, renewed volcanism produced the lava dome and flow forming its summit about 170,000 years ago. According to Natural Resources Canada, The Black Tusk was "perhaps the conduit for lava within a cinder-rich volcano. The loose cinder has eroded, leaving only the hard lava core." The exposed lava rock of the core is loose and friable. It is also black, giving the mountain its name and character. Cinder Cone, to the east of The Black Tusk, produced a 9 km (6 mi) long lava flow during the late Pleistocene or early Holocene.

The mountain currently hosts two significant glaciers, in large cirques carved into the northeastern and northwestern flanks of the broad cone below the lava pinnacle. Both glaciers start from about 2,100 m (6,890 ft) and flow northwards to below 1,800 m (5,906 ft). The glaciers are heavily covered in rocky debris due to the crumbling nature of the Tusk's rock.

The Black Tusk is a member of the chain of volcanic peaks that run from southwestern British Columbia to northern California. The peaks formed in the past 35 million years as the Juan de Fuca, Gorda and Explorer plates to its west have been subducting under the North American Plate at the Cascadia subduction zone.

Recreation

The Black Tusk's lower flanks and south summit are a popular backcountry hiking and scrambling destination. Most hikers approach from the Taylor Meadows campground to the south near Garibaldi Lake, although there is a second route from the north that travels by way of Helm Lake.

The upper summit area at the top of the lava column can only be reached by scrambling up a short but exposed rock chimney to reach the south summit. The true summit, only about a metre higher, lies just to the north across a precipitous drop. It is rarely climbed, requiring a rappel of about 10 m (33 ft) into a notch followed by a loose and dangerous reascent up the crumbling lava. On the northern side of the north summit stands an isolated and intimidating rock formation known as the "Bishop's Mitre", which is rumoured to be unclimbed.

• 
  Part of the trail from Garibaldi Lake to The Black Tusk.
• 
  Close-up view of The Black Tusk.
• 
  The Black Tusk as seen from the top of the Peak Express at Whistler Blackcomb

See also

• Cascade Volcanoes
• Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
• List of volcanoes in Canada
• Volcanism of Canada
• Volcanism of Western Canada

External links

• "The Black Tusk". Bivouac.com.
• "Black Tusk, The". BC Geographical Names.
• "Black Tusk". Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16.
• Garibaldi Provincial Park (Black Tusk/Garibaldi Lake Area)
• "Garibaldi Lake". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
• Natural Resources Canada (Garibaldi: Where Fire Met Ice)