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Coordinates: 6°18′48″N 10°48′5″W / 6.31333°N 10.80139°W / 6.31333; -10.80139
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This article is about the capital and largest city of Liberia. For other uses, see Monrovia (disambiguation).

Monrovia
Capital city
Monrovia skyline
Monrovia skyline
Flag of Monrovia
Flag
Monrovia is located in Liberia
Monrovia
Monrovia
Location within Liberia, West Africa
Monrovia is located in Africa
Monrovia
Monrovia
Monrovia (Africa)
Coordinates: 6°18′48″N 10°48′5″W / 6.31333°N 10.80139°W / 6.31333; -10.80139
Country Liberia
County Montserrado
DistrictGreater Monrovia
EstablishedApril 25, 1822
Named forJames Monroe - U.S. President
Government
 • TypeLocal Government of Monrovia
 • MayorJohn-Charuk Siafi
Area
 • Capital city75.00 sq mi (194.25 km2)
 • Land1,746 sq mi (4,523 km2)
Population
 (2022 Census)[3]
 • Capital city1,761,032[1]
 • Metro
2,225,911[2]
Time zoneUTC+00:00 (Greenwich Mean Time)
 • Summer (DST)(Not Observed)
ClimateAm
Websitewww.emansion.gov.lr

Monrovia (/mənˈroʊviə/)[4][5] is the administrative capital and largest city of Liberia. Founded in 1822, it is located on Cape Mesurado on the Atlantic coast and as of the 2022 census had 1,761,032 residents, home to 33.5% of Liberia’s total population.[6] Its largely urbanized metro area, including Montserrado and Margibi counties, was home to 2,225,911 inhabitants as of the 2022 census.

As the nation's primate city, Monrovia is the country's economic, financial and cultural center; its economy is primarily centered on its harbor and its role as the seat of Liberian government. The city's economy is largely based on its position as chief Atlantic port of Liberia, with the Freeport of Monrovia based in the city being the largest and main port in the country.

The land in which the city resides was traditionally the land of the Vai People, a West African ethnic group. It was founded on April 5, 1822, by members of the American Colonization Society (ACS) as an organization to return former slaves born in the United States to Africa.

Etymology

[edit]

Monrovia is named in honor of U.S. President James Monroe, a prominent supporter of the colonization of Liberia and the ACS. Along with Washington, D.C., it is one of two world capitals to be named after a U.S. President. The original name of Monrovia was Christopolis before being changed to its current name in 1824, only two years after the city's founding.

History

[edit]
See also: Timeline of Monrovia
Monrovia in the 19th century.

Before 1816, the area around Cape Mesurado and the mouth of the Mesurado River was called Ducor. It had long been established as a crossroads and a place of trade inhabited by fishing, trading and farming communities of various ethnicities, including the Dey, Kru, Bassa, Gola, and Vai. The French cartographer and enslaver Chevalier des Marchais visited Ducor and the Cape in 1723, conducted business there and later published a map of the area.

In 1816, with the aim of establishing a self-sufficient colony for emancipated American slaves, something that had already been accomplished in Freetown, the first group of African American settlers arrived in West Africa from the United States under the auspices of the American Colonization Society and with the support of the U.S. government.[7] They landed on Sherbro Island, part of modern-day Sierra Leone.

On January 7, 1822, a ship took these settlers to Dazoe Island (now called Providence Island) at the mouth of the Mesurado River. They subsequently went ashore at Cape Mesurado, and established a settlement they called Christopolis.[8][9] In 1824, the city was renamed Monrovia after James Monroe, president of the United States at the time. Monroe was a prominent supporter of developing the city as a place to relocate formerly enslaved Black people from the United States of America and Caribbean islands, an idea put forth as an alternative to abolishing the institution of slavery in America.

In 1845 there was a constitutional convention in Monrovia, at this convention a document was drafted that would be adopted two years later as the constitution of the newly independent and sovereign Republic of Liberia.[10]

At the beginning of the 20th century 2,500 of Monrovia’s 4,000 residents were Americo-Liberian. At that time Monrovia consisted of two sectors: Monrovia proper and Krutown. The city's Americo-Liberian population resided in the former sector. Because of American settlers' influence the architectural style of its buildings was reminiscent of that of the southern United States. Krutown was inhabited mainly by ethnic Krus, but also by Bassas, Grebos and members of other ethnic groups.[11] By 1926 ethnic groups from Liberia's interior began to migrate outwards toward Monrovia in search of jobs.[11] By 1937 Monrovia’s population had grown to 10,000. At this time the town had 30 police officers.[12]

Visiting US President Jimmy Carter and Liberian President William Tolbert wave from their motorcade, 1978.

In 1979 the Organisation of African Unity, chaired by the then president of Liberia, William Tolbert, held its conference near Monrovia. During his term, Tolbert improved public housing in Monrovia and slashed tuition fees at the University of Liberia in half. In 1980 a military coup led by Samuel Doe overthrew the Tolbert government and executed many of its members. Tolbert, and others who were killed in the coup, were buried in a mass grave in Palm Grove Cemetery.

The First Liberian Civil War (1989 to 1997) and Second Liberian Civil War (1999 to 2003) severely damaged the infrastructure of the city. Much of the damage occurred during the siege of Monrovia. Major battles included clashes between Samuel Doe's government forces and Prince Johnson's forces in 1990 and the National Patriotic Front of Liberia's assault on the city in 1992. During these wars young children and youth, deprived of resources and schooling, were forced to involve themselves in the fighting. Afterwards, many of them were left homeless.

In 2002 Leymah Gbowee organized the Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace, a group consisting of local Monrovian women, who gathered in a fish market to pray and sing.[13] This movement helped to end the war the following year and to bring about the election of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf as president of Liberia, which made it the first African nation to have a female president.[14]

In 2014 the city was affected by the 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak.[15] The Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia was declared to be over on 3 September 2015.

Geography

[edit]
The Atlantic Ocean as seen from Monrovia.

Monrovia lies along the Cape Mesurado peninsula, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mesurado River, whose mouth forms a large natural harbor. The Saint Paul River lies directly north of the city and forms the northern boundary of Bushrod Island, which is reached by crossing the "New Bridge" from downtown Monrovia. Monrovia is located in Montserrado County and is Liberia's largest city as its administrative, commercial and financial center.[16]

Climate

[edit]

According to the Köppen climate classification, Monrovia's climate is classified as a tropical monsoon climate (Am).[17] It is the wettest capital city in the world, with annual rainfall averaging 182 in (4,600 mm).[18] It has a wet season and a dry season but gets precipitation even during the dry season. Temperatures are fairly constant throughout the year, averaging around 79.5 °F (26.4 °C). The only slight differences are the high temperatures, as they are around 81 °F (27 °C) in the winter and near 90 °F (32 °C) in the summer, with lows being around 22–24 year-round.

Climate data for Roberts International Airport, 37 mi east of Monrovia, Liberia
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.0
(95.0) 		38.0
(100.4) 		37.0
(98.6) 		38.0
(100.4) 		35.0
(95.0) 		33.0
(91.4) 		36.0
(96.8) 		35.0
(95.0) 		32.0
(89.6) 		33.0
(91.4) 		36.0
(96.8) 		34.0
(93.2) 		38.0
(100.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.8
(89.2) 		32.0
(89.6) 		31.8
(89.2) 		31.5
(88.7) 		30.5
(86.9) 		28.3
(82.9) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.8
(80.2) 		27.7
(81.9) 		29.4
(84.9) 		30.3
(86.5) 		30.0
(86.0) 		29.8
(85.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.2
(79.2) 		27.1
(80.8) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.4
(81.3) 		26.0
(78.8) 		25.1
(77.2) 		24.9
(76.8) 		25.4
(77.7) 		26.1
(79.0) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.4
(79.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.0
(71.6) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.9
(75.0) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.5
(74.3) 		22.5
(72.5) 		23.2
(73.8)
Record low °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0) 		18.0
(64.4) 		18.0
(64.4) 		21.0
(69.8) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		17.0
(62.6) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		16.0
(60.8) 		15.0
(59.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 51
(2.0) 		71
(2.8) 		120
(4.7) 		154
(6.1) 		442
(17.4) 		958
(37.7) 		797
(31.4) 		354
(13.9) 		720
(28.3) 		598
(23.5) 		237
(9.3) 		122
(4.8) 		4,624
(181.9)
Average rainy days 4 3 8 12 22 24 21 17 24 22 16 9 182
Average relative humidity (%) 78 76 77 80 79 82 83 84 86 84 80 79 81
Mean monthly sunshine hours 158 167 198 195 155 105 84 81 96 121 147 155 1,662
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst (average temperature and extremes only)[19]
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute[20]

Neighborhoods

[edit]
A map of central Monrovia in 1996.
Population density and low elevation coastal zones. Monrovia is especially vulnerable to sea level rise.

Monrovia comprises several districts spread across the Mesurado peninsula; the greater metropolitan area encircles the mouth of the marshy Mesurado River. The historic downtown area, centered on Broad Street, is at the very end of the peninsula; the major market district, Waterside, immediately to its north, faces the city's large natural harbor.

Northwest of Waterside is the large, low-income West Point community. To the west and southwest of the downtown area is Mamba Point, traditionally the city's principal diplomatic quarter and home to the embassies of the United States and United Kingdom, as well as the European Union delegation. South of the city center is Capitol Hill, where the major institutions of the national government, including the Temple of Justice and the Executive Mansion, are located.

Further east along the peninsula is the Sinkor section of Monrovia. Originally a suburban residential district, today Sinkor is the bustling midtown section of the city. It includes many diplomatic missions, major hotels, businesses, and residential neighborhoods, including informal communities such as Plumkor, Jorkpentown, Lakpazee and Fiamah. Sinkor is also home to the city's secondary airport, Spriggs Payne, and the area immediately next to the airport, called Airfield, is a major nightlife district for the whole city. East of the Airfield is the Old Road section of Sinkor, which is predominantly residential, and includes informal settlements such as Chugbor and Gaye Town.

At the southeastern base of the peninsula is the independent township of Congo Town, and to its east is the large suburb of Paynesville. Other suburbs, such as Chocolate City, Gardnersville, Barnesville, Kaba Town, Dandawailo, and New Georgia lie to the north, across the river. On Bushrod Island, north of Monrovia, are the neighborhoods of Clara Town, Logan Town and New Kru Town. To the far east are the suburbs of Stockton Creek Bridge, Caldwell, Louisiana, and Cassava Hill.

Other neighborhoods and suburbs of Monrovia include

Notable people

[edit]

Economy

[edit]
Market stall in central Monrovia

Monrovia's economy is dominated by its harbor - the Freeport of Monrovia - and as the location of Liberia's government offices. Monrovia's harbor was significantly expanded by U.S. forces during the Second World War and the main exports include latex and iron ore.

Materials are also manufactured on-site, such as cement, refined petroleum, food products, brick and tile, furniture, and chemicals. Located on Bushrod Island between the mouths of the Mesurado and Saint Paul rivers, the harbor also has facilities for storing and repairing vessels.

Transport

[edit]
Roberts International Airport Terminal
Main article: Transport in Liberia

Boats link the city's Freeport of Monrovia, the country's busiest port, with Greenville and Harper.[22] The nearest airport is Spriggs Payne Airport, located less than four miles (6.4 km) from the city center. Roberts International Airport, the largest international airport in Liberia, is 37 miles (60 km) away in Harbel.[22]

Monrovia is connected with the rest of the country via a network of roads and railways. Monrovia is listed as the home port by between ten and fifteen percent of the world's merchant shipping, registered in Liberia under Flag of Convenience arrangements. Both private taxis and minibuses run in the city, and are supplemented by larger buses run by the Monrovia Transit Authority.

In recent years (2005–present) the roads on many streets in Monrovia have been rebuilt by the World Bank and the Liberian Government. Private and public infrastructures are being built or renovated as reconstruction takes place.

Administration and government

[edit]
Liberian Capitol Building.

Monrovia is situated in the district of Greater Monrovia in Montserrado County. Instead of being divided into clans like other districts of Liberia, Greater Monrovia is divided into 16 "zones". Like clans, these zones are subdivided into 161 communities.[23][24] Greater Monrovia does not have an organized district administration like other districts, with all lower-level local authorities being directly supervised by the Montserrado County Superintendent.[25] Municipally, Greater Monrovia District is subdivided into two city corporations and ten other local authorities (nine townships and one borough).[24][26] Established by law in 1973[27] and operational since 1976,[28] the Monrovia City Corporation (MCC) is responsible for the city's administration. The MCC also provides services to the townships and borough through a revenue-sharing arrangement, but has no zoning or enforcement jurisdiction in them.[16]

City corporations

Townships

Borough

Former mayors include:

Culture and media

[edit]
Broad Street, Monrovia at night

Cultural attractions in Monrovia include the Liberian National Museum, the Masonic Temple, the Waterside Market, and several beaches. The city also houses Antoinette Tubman Stadium and the Samuel Kanyon Doe Sports Complex, with seats for 22,000.[39]

The newspaper industry in Monrovia dates back to the 1820s, with the founding of the Liberia Herald, one of the first newspapers to be published in Africa. Today, numerous tabloid-style newspapers are printed daily or bi-weekly, most are 20 pages or less. The Daily Talk is a compilation of news and Bible quotations written daily on a roadside blackboard in the Sinkor section of Monrovia.[citation needed]

Monrovia also has radio and TV stations. Radio is the dominant source of news, because problems with the electric grid make watching television more difficult. UNMIL Radio has been broadcasting since October 1, 2003, and is the only radio station in Liberia that is on the air 24 hours a day. It reaches an estimated 2⁄3 of the population.[40] The state-owned Liberia Broadcasting System broadcasts nationwide from its headquarters in Monrovia.[41] STAR radio broadcasts at 104 FM.[42]

Education

[edit]
Aerial View of University of Liberia Fendell campus, on the outskirts of the city

Monrovia is home to the University of Liberia, along with African Methodist Episcopal University, United Methodist University, Stella Maris Polytechnic, and many other public and private schools. Medical education is offered at the A.M. Dogliotti College of Medicine, and there is a nursing and paramedical school at the Tubman National Institute of Medical Arts.

Kindergarten through twelfth grade education is provided by the Monrovia Consolidated School System, which serves the greater Monrovia area. Schools include Monrovia Central High School, Bostwain High School, D. Twe High School, G. W. Gibson High School and William V. S. Tubman High School.

The American International School of Monrovia is located in Congo Town.[43]

Places of worship

[edit]

The places of worship in Monrovia are predominantly Christian churches and temples. These include the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Monrovia (Catholic Church), the United Methodist Church in Liberia (World Methodist Council), the Liberia Baptist Missionary and Educational convention (Baptist World Alliance) and the Assemblies of God.[44] In October 2021, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints announced plans to construct a temple in Monrovia.[1] The city also has Muslim mosques.

Pollution

[edit]
Further information: Environmental issues in Liberia
Dwellings along the Mesurado River in Monrovia. Discarded plastics can be seen washed up on the bank opposite the buildings.

Pollution is a significant challenge in Monrovia.[45] Piles of household and industrial rubbish tend to build up. The World Bank pays sanitation companies to collect it, but collections are irregular.[45]

In 2013, the problem of uncollected rubbish in the Paynesville area of Monrovia became so acute that traders and residents burnt "the huge garbage piles that seemed on the verge of cutting off the main road" out of Monrovia to Kakata.[45]

Flooding brings additional environmental problems to residents: flood water picks up the waste that has been deposited in swamps at the edge of residential areas, and spreads it around.[45]

In 2009, only one-third of Monrovia's 1.5 million people had access to clean toilets.[46] Those without their own toilets defecate in the narrow alleyways between their houses, or on the beach, or into plastic bags that they dump onto nearby piles of rubbish or into the sea.[46]

Congested housing, a lack of any requirement that landlords provide working toilets, and virtually no urban planning "have combined to create lethal sanitation conditions in the capital".[47]

International relations

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Liberia

Twin towns – Sister cities

[edit]

Monrovia is twinned with:

See also

[edit]

General:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Liberia: Counties, Major Cities, Towns & Urban Areas - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information".
  2. ^ "Liberia: Counties, Major Cities, Towns & Urban Areas - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information".
  3. ^ "Liberia: Counties, Major Cities, Towns & Urban Areas - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information".
  4. ^ "Definition of Monrovia". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-01-05. /mənˈroʊviə, mɒnˈroʊviə/)
  5. ^ "Define Monrovia". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2014-01-05. /mənˈroʊviə/
  6. ^ "Liberia: Counties, Major Cities, Towns & Urban Areas - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information".
  7. ^ "Map of Liberia, West Africa". World Digital Library. 1830. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
  8. ^ Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 193
  9. ^ Britannica, Monrovia, britannica.com, USA, accessed on July 7, 2019
  10. ^ Dunn-Marcos, Robin; Kollehlon, Konia T.; Ngovo, Bernard; Russ, Emily (April 2005), Ranard, Donald A. (ed.), Liberians: An introduction to their history and culture (PDF), Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-07-24
  11. ^ a b Zeleza, Tiyambe; Eyoh, Dickson (2003). Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History. Routledge. ISBN 9780415234795. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
  12. ^ "Liberia Celebrates 90 Years of Independence with Champagne". Life. Vol. 3, no. 11. 1937-09-13. pp. 87–88. ISSN 0024-3019.
  13. ^ 2009 Peace warrior for Liberia Archived 2009-12-27 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ "African women look within for change". CNN.com. 2010-09-23. Retrieved 2019-08-25.
  15. ^ "The terrifying mathematics of Ebola". Channel 4. 2014-09-11. Retrieved 2014-09-11.
  16. ^ a b "Liberia Housing Profile" (PDF). United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 2014. pp. 14–15, 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-17. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
  17. ^ "Climate: Monrovia - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  18. ^ The rain in Monrovia
  19. ^ "Klimatafel von Robertsfield (Int. Flugh.) / Liberia" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  20. ^ "STATIONSNUMMER 65660" (PDF). Danish Meteorological Institute. Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  21. ^ Wilson, Dreck Spurlock (March 2004). "Henry Clifford Boles". African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945. Routledge. pp. 61–63. ISBN 978-1-135-95629-5.
  22. ^ a b Timberg, Craig (March 12, 2008). "Liberia's Streets, Spirits Brighten; Four Years After War's End, Battered W. African Nation Begins a Slow Reawakening". The Washington Post. pp. A8.
  23. ^ "Greater Monrovia, Liberia - Administrative Boundaries Overview" (PDF). ReliefWeb. Liberia Institute of Statistics & Geo-Information Services. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  24. ^ a b "THE TRANSFORMATIVE ROLE OF CITY-COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST EBOLA AND BEY OND IN GREATER MONRO VIA, LIBERIA" (PDF). Cities Alliances. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  25. ^ "Montserrado County Development Agenda, 2008-2012" (PDF). emansion.gov.lr/. Republic of Liberia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  26. ^ "THE LIBERIA COUNTRY PROGRAMME" (PDF). Cities Alliance. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  27. ^ "A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CITY OF MONROVIA - By: Madam Ophelia Hoff Saytumah City Mayor of Monrovia". Monrovia City Corporation. 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
  28. ^ "ORDINANCE NO. 4". TLC Africa. Archived from the original on 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2017-10-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  29. ^ "The First Greater Monrovia City Forum" (PDF). Cities Alliance. 2017. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2018-01-31.
  30. ^ "Trustees of Donations for Education in Liberia Records: 1842-1939". Massachusetts Historical Society. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  31. ^ Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2004). Power and Press Freedom in Liberia, 1830-1970. Africa World. p. 117. ISBN 1-59221-294-8.
  32. ^ Payne, Daniel Alexander (1922). A history of the African Methodist Episcopal church: being a volume supplemental to A history of the African Methodist Episcopal church. Book Concern of the A.M.E. Church. p. 181.
  33. ^ Liberia Bulletin, American Colonization Society, 1904
  34. ^ "African Series Introduction: Volume VIII: October 1913--June 1921". The Marcus Garvey and UNIA Papers Project. UCLA. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  35. ^ Lewis, David Levering (1993–2000). W.E.B. Du Bois. H. Holt. ISBN 0-8050-2621-5. OCLC 27727681.
  36. ^ Patrick., Burrowes, Carl (2004). Power and press freedom in Liberia, 1830-1970 : the impact of globalization and civil society on media-government relations. ISBN 1-59221-294-8. OCLC 1050127437.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ "Nathan Ross; Was Mayor Of Monrovia". The Washington Post. January 28, 2003.
  38. ^ Thompson, Era Bell (January 1972). "Liberian Lady Wears Three Hats". Ebony. pp. 54–62.
  39. ^ "World of Stadiums - - Liberia". Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  40. ^ "UNMIL – Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Liberia". www.unmil.org. Archived from the original on January 10, 2007.
  41. ^ Liberia Broadcasting System (LBS) Goes Nation-Wide. Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine 19 November 2008. Executive Mansion
  42. ^ About us. Archived 2008-09-10 at the Wayback Machine STAR radio. Retrieved on October 13, 2008.
  43. ^ Home page. American International School of Monrovia. Retrieved on April 7, 2015. "Old Road, Congo Town, Monrovia, Liberia, Africa | P.O. Box 1625"
  44. ^ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ‘‘Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices’’, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 1716
  45. ^ a b c d "Monrovia’s ‘Never-Ending’ Pollution Issues In 2013", Edwin M. Fayia III, The Liberian Observer, December 30, 2014. Archived December 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  46. ^ a b "LIBERIA: Disease rife as more people squeeze into fewer toilets", IRIN News, 19 November 2009.
  47. ^ "LIBERIA: No relief as most Monrovians go without toilets", IRIN News, 19 November 2008.
  48. ^ "Taipei - International Sister Cities". Taipei City Council. Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2013-08-23.

Bibliography

[edit]
See also: Bibliography of the history of Monrovia
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monrovia.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Monrovia.
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