Chamberlain–Kahn Act
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2016) |
.svg) | |
| Other short titles |
|
|---|---|
| Long title | An Act making appropriations for the support of the Army for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nineteen. |
| Nicknames | Army Appropriations Act of 1918 |
| Enacted by | the 65th United States Congress |
| Effective | July 9, 1918 |
| Citations | |
| Public law | Pub. L. 65–193 |
| Statutes at Large | 40 Stat. 845 |
| Legislative history | |
| |
| Major amendments | |
| La Follette–Bulwinkle Act | |
The Chamberlain–Kahn Act of 1918 is a U.S. federal law passed on July 9, 1918, by the 65th United States Congress. The law implemented a public health program that came to be known as the American Plan, whose stated goal was to combat the spread of venereal disease.[1][2]
The Chamberlain–Kahn Act gave the government the power to quarantine any woman suspected of having a sexually transmitted disease (STD). A medical examination was required, and if it revealed an STD, this discovery could constitute proof of prostitution. The purpose of this law was to prevent the spread of venereal diseases among U.S. soldiers.[3] During World War I, the American Plan authorized the military to arrest any woman within five miles of a military cantonment. If found infected, a woman could be sentenced to a hospital or a "farm colony" until cured. By the end of the war 15,520 women had been imprisoned, most having never received medical hospitalization.[4]
The act is named for Senator George Earle Chamberlain of Oregon and Representative Julius Kahn of California.
Historical context
[edit]The United States entered World War I with an undersized army, resulting in the first compulsory military draft since the American Civil War. The army grew from 128,000 members to four million by the end of the war. Large training camps were built throughout the US in order to train the vast amount of new recruits. These large, isolated camps populated by young men were often associated with excessive alcohol consumption and illicit sexual activities with local women. The culture of military camps coupled with rumors of widespread venereal disease among the militaries of Europe inspired the creation of the Commission on Training Camp Activities, which sought to investigate the sexual and moral cultures of these training camps.[5] The commission report was written by Raymond Fosdick, the assistant to the Secretary of War Newton Baker. In the report, Fosdick urges preventative measures be taken against prostitution and the spread of venereal disease: "take all steps necessary to suppress prostitution in the neighborhood of military training camps...We know something of the experience through which our allies have gone. In some cases as much as thirty three and a third percent of the men have been made ineffective through venereal disease. We cannot afford to have any condition of that kind in connection with American troops."[6] Shortly after the report was written, The Commission on Training Activities implemented the Chamberlain–Kahn Act.
Law
[edit]The Chamberlain–Kahn Act of 1918 contains a series of measures intended to stop the spread of venereal disease. Firstly, it created the Interdepartmental Hygiene Board that controlled the allocation of funds for its stated purpose. Secondly, the act authorized the quarantine of citizens suspected of having venereal disease: "That the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy are hereby authorized and directed to adopt measures for the purpose of assisting the various States in caring for civilian persons whose detention, isolation, quarantine, or commitment to institutions may be found necessary for the protection of the military and naval forces of the United States against venereal diseases." The act allocates $1,000,000 to fund this quarantine effort. Thirdly, the act created Division of Venereal Disease in the Bureau of the Public Health Service. The stated goal of the Division of Venereal Disease was: "(1) to study and investigate the cause, treatment, and prevention of venereal diseases; (2) to cooperate with State boards or departments of health for the prevention and control of such diseases within the States; and (3) to control and prevent the spread of these diseases in interstate traffic."[7][8]
Repercussions
[edit]The American Plan was a 1918 US federal carceral program first instituted by the Chamberlain–Kahn Act, its stated goal was to fight venereal diseases. It legally sanctioned military, police and health officers to arrest any women 'suspected' of prostitution, force them to undergo invasive STI screenings, and jail them if positive.[9][10] Over 30,000 women were detained under this act during WW1.[10] It lasted into the 1950s.[11]
Under this law, women suspected to be prostitutes could be stopped, detained, inspected, and could be sent to a rehabilitation center if they failed their examination. Any evidence of venereal disease found during one of these exams could constitute proof of prostitution. By 1919, thirty states had constructed facilities for the purpose of detaining and treating women with venereal disease; an estimated 30,000 women were detained and examined during the war. During the course of the war, 110 red light districts throughout America were shut down. Despite these efforts, the availability of prostitutes remained fairly constant around military camps, and rates of venereal disease remained quite high.
In his 2018 book The Trials of Nina McCall, Scott W. Stern describes the American Plan as a decades-long government-sponsored campaign, under which public health officials were authorized to detain and examine women suspected of carrying a venereal disease and confine those who were positively diagnosed or otherwise judged to be a public health threat to a hospital or jail.[12][13]
See also
[edit]- Mann Act
- Rupert Blue
- Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test
- World War II U.S. Military Sex Education
References
[edit]- ^ Anne Cipriano Venzon, ed. (2013). The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 36. ISBN 9781135684464.
- ^ Melissa Hope Ditmore, ed. (2006). Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work. Vol. 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 93. ISBN 9780313329685.
- ^ Ann Moseley; John J. Murphy; Robert Thacker, eds. (2017). Cather Studies. Vol. 11: Willa Cather at the Modernist Crux. University of Nebraska Press. p. 175. ISBN 9780803296992.
- ^ Ruth Rosen (1983). The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918. JHU Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780801826641.
- ^ Connelly, Mark. The Response to Prostitution in the Progressive Era. Chapel Hill UNC Press.
- ^ Fosdick, Raymond (1918). "The Commission on Training Camp Actitvities". Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York. 7 (4): 163–70. doi:10.2307/1172212. JSTOR 1172212.
- ^ Chamberlain–Kahn Act of 1918.
- ^ "An Act Making appropriations for the support of the Army for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nineteen: Chapter 15 (The Chamberlain–Kahn Act)". The Mead Project. Brock University, Toronto, Canada. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
- ^ "The American Plan to Win World War I: Incarcerate Promiscuous Women". Office for Science and Society. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
- ^ a b "America's Forgotten Mass Imprisonment of Women Believed to Be Sexually Immoral". HISTORY. July 21, 2019. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
- ^ Stern, Scott W. (2018). The trials of Nina McCall: sex, surveillance, and the decades-long government plan to imprison "promiscuous" women. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-4275-5.
- ^ Cynthia Gorney (July 31, 2018). "The 'Social Hygiene' Campaign That Sent Thousands of American Women to Jail". New York Times.
- ^ Kim Kelly (May 22, 2018). "A Forgotten War on Women". The New Republic.
Further reading
[edit]- Stern, Scott W. (May 15, 2018). The Trials of Nina McCall: Sex, Surveillance, and the Decades-Long Government Plan to Imprison "Promiscuous" Women. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-080704275-5. OCLC 1001756017.
- Stern, Scott (March 27, 2019). "America's Forgotten Mass Imprisonment of Women Believed to Be Sexually Immoral". history.com. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
External links
[edit]Primary sources
[edit]- U.S. Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board (1920). "Report of the United States Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1920". Internet Archive. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 31199752.
- U.S. Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board (1920). "Manual for the Various Agents of the United States Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board". Internet Archive. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 14794464.
- "All-America Conference on Venereal Diseases: Announcement". Internet Archive. Washington D.C. December 1920.
- "All-America Conference on Venereal Diseases: Preliminary Program". National Institutes of Health ~ U.S. National Library of Medicine. Washington D.C. December 1920.
- Lashley, Karl S.; Watson, John B. (1922). "A Psychological Study of Motion Pictures in Relation to Venereal Disease Campaigns". Internet Archive. Washington D.C.: U.S. Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board. OCLC 5217561.
- Dietzler, Mary Macey; Storey, Thomas Andrew (1922). "Detention Houses and Reformatories as Protective Social Agencies in the Campaign of the United States Government Against Venereal Diseases". Internet Archive. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 2958818.
- Solomon, Harry C (1922). "Syphilis of the Innocent; A Study of the Social Effects of Syphilis on the Family and the Community". Internet Archive. Washington D.C.: U.S. Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board. OCLC 3781036.
- Social Diseases in Men (1920s Film) on YouTube
Secondary sources
[edit]- Scott Stern (2015). "The American Plan: The U.S. Government's Forgotten Plan to Lock Up Women and Free the Country from the Scourge of Disease". Yale University Library.