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Dungeons & Dragons Online
Original cover art
Developer(s)
  • Turbine (former)
  • Standing Stone Games (current)
Publisher(s)
Designer(s)
  • Jason Booth
  • Dan Ogles
  • Cardell Kerr
  • Ken Troop
  • Michael Sheidow
  • James Jones
Platform(s)
ReleaseFebruary 28, 2006
Genre(s)Massively multiplayer online role-playing game
Mode(s)Multiplayer

Dungeons & Dragons Online (DDO) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by Turbine for Microsoft Windows and OS X. The game was originally marketed as Dungeons & Dragons Online: Stormreach, then renamed Dungeons & Dragons Online: Eberron Unlimited upon switching to a hybrid free to play model, and was finally rebranded Dungeons & Dragons Online, with the introduction of Forgotten Realms-related content. Turbine developed DDO as an online adaptation of Dungeons & Dragons (D&D), based loosely on the D&D 3.5 rule set. The game is set on the unexplored continent of Xen'drik within the Eberron campaign setting, and in the Kingdom of Cormyr within the Forgotten Realms campaign setting.

Plot

Setting

Centered in the city of Stormreach, DDO is set on the fictional continent of Xen'drik, in the world of Eberron, a setting from the Dungeons & Dragons tabletop role-playing game. Xen'drik is a vastly unexplored locale, once the center of the Advanced Giant Civilization, destroyed thousands of years before. Stormreach is a giant-scaled city, recently settled by humans. Areas in Stormreach are the Harbor, the Marketplace, and five Dragonmarked Houses: Cannith, Deneith, Jorasco, Kundarak and Phiarlan. Adventures and quests are available beyond the city walls, across the continent.

Players create their characters following the revised edition of D&D 3.5 rule-set fashion, for play in both indoor and outdoor environments. The game has some differences from the D&D 3.5 rule set, some of which are due to differences in the dynamics of video game combat versus tabletop gaming. For example, Turbine wanted DDO to use a real-time combat engine, whereas tabletop D&D uses a turn-based system. This meant considerable changes in the handling of combat and character skills; differences include increased hit possibilities in a round, increased spell casting resources over rest periods, and the use of a spell point system instead of spell slots. Other differences, not mandated by the differences by real-time versus turn-based systems include: magical items are at a lower cost (averaging 1/8 of the tabletop D&D prices), characters have higher stats, and offensive effects created by characters do not harm their allies.

Story

After creating a player character (PC), a player begins shipwrecked on the shores of Korthos Island. The character is helped by a band of citizens (Jeets, Cellimas, and Talbron) who want to end the rule of the Sahuagin on Korthos Island. The White dragon Aussircaex is being controlled by a Mindflayer Creature through the use of a Mindsunder Artifact, and is plaguing the island. Once the PC destroys the Mindsunder Artifact, Aussircaex destroys the Mindflayer and frees Korthos Island, ending Sahuagin rule. After achieving success in Korthos Island, the player is sent to Stormreach.

From that point on, events in the game revolve around Stormreach. The player has to save the city from many threats, including:

  • Giants attempt to regain mastery over the city of Stormreach and the continent of Xen'drik.
  • The reopening of the gate to Xoriat.
  • The Black Abbot and his minions of Khyber (Eberron) and other undead attempt to gain power over Xen'drik.
  • Devils from Shavarath attempt to invade and conquer Eberron.
  • Pirates attempt to gain a foothold in House Deneith before conquering Stormreach.
  • Droaam (an army of Medusas, orcs, kobolds, and gnolls) attempt to play war games with the lords of Stormreach.
  • Quori, from the Plane of Nightmares, invades peoples' minds and uses them as hosts on the material plane.
  • The Lord of Blades takes over a Quori creation forge under Stormreach and tries to wipe out all living races.
  • The Master Artificer Toven tries to destroy the souls of all warforged in Xen'drik.

Gameplay

DDO is an Action role-playing game with real-time combat. The camera follows behind the player and can be adjusted to view surroundings, or can be changed to a first-person perspective. The game can be controlled either by keyboard or gamepad, with the ability to remap actions to suit the player. Items and action abilities may be placed and activated within a toolbar on screen. Characters move in 3D via directional keys and may dodge long range attacks. A party system emphasizes multiple players forming groups, by accessing by the grouping panel. Players interact via screen chat windows, or by voice chat among party members.

Progression

File:DDO Cinnis fight.jpg
Party of six players fighting a Cinderspawn boss

Progress is defined by completing quests and leveling up. After creating a character, players are required to go through a tutorial, and then receive quests from non-player characters. After accumulating enough experience points through quests, the character gains a level, which grants access to feats, spells, and skills. The game initially limited characters to a maximum level of 10, but has since increased the limit to 30.[1] Each module has added quests and areas. Unlike most other RPGs, experience points are not gained by killing monsters, but rather by completing quests.[1][2] Another difference is that characters do not automatically heal from damage, but instead must visit special locations to do so.[3]

Quests

Quests in DDO are organized by character level, difficulty, length, and patron. Each quest has a base level, with the XP reward lessened if any of the party members are above that level. Characters more than two levels below the "base level" are not allowed to initiate a quest, but they are able to join a quest started by another party member. Characters more than three levels below the highest level character are penalized for being "powerleveled", and get significantly less XP.[citation needed]

Most quests have an item or monetary reward when completed, and the character must talk to the quest giver to receive the reward. Some dungeons require several visits to the quest giver to complete the entire quest chain. Speaking to the quest giver allows players to repeat the quest, although each time through reduces the amount of XP and loot awarded. Once enough quests are completed, the character will attract the attention of patrons, who give special rewards, such as long-lasting spells or exclusive items, and in some cases, unlocking special races or classes (which can also be purchased through the DDO Store).[citation needed]

Quests are narrated by a Dungeon Master, with some voiceover work done by D&D co-creators Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson.[4] Gygax narrated the "Delera's Tomb" quest chain, and a special shrine area of the graveyard was added in his memory. A mid-level quest chain features Arneson. In March 2014, Ed Greenwood, the creator of Forgotten Realms, became the narrator for DDO's version of his Forgotten Realms module Haunted Halls of Eveningstar.[5]

The six difficulty levels for quests are: solo, casual, normal, hard, elite, and epic. Epic quests are further divided into epic normal, epic hard and Epic Elite. Solo and epic are only available on a small number of quests; solo quests must be completed alone, and are rare outside tutorials, while epic quests are offered once level 20 is reached. All difficulty levels give an XP bonus the first time the quest is run at the given level, but elite gives a much higher bonus. Higher difficulty levels provide a much more challenging experience to the players, with monsters making use of more powerful spells and traps. The quality of the loot (items, equipment, etc.) increases depending on difficulty level.[citation needed]

Casual level offers decreased XP and loot, with some powerful items not appearing in casual at all. Casual is frequently used by newer players to learn the game, or by higher-level characters to quickly achieve prerequisites for raids or to farm materials used in crafting.[citation needed]

Sagas

Added with Update 19, sagas provide extra experience or item bonuses just for completing the required quests. There are 6 sagas,[6] with different bonuses depending on what difficulty setting they are attempted on. Sagas provide an incentive for completing entire questlines.[7]

Monster manual

Added with Update 15, the Monster Manual provides bonuses for killing a certain number of monsters as well as new types of monsters. Character deeds give bonuses of experience depending on the number of monsters killed of a certain type, while account deeds provide bonuses of Astral Shards for use in the Shard Exchange, or Jewels of Fortune which increase the level of loot you get from quest chests. Once all account deeds have been accomplished for a certain type of creature, players are allowed to see the total amount of Hit Points that type of creature has. The Monster Manual is exclusive to VIP members, or can be bought from the DDO store.[8]

Features

DDO is an instanced game, where each party receives a private "copy" of a dungeon for their own use. Marketing, socializing, and quest selection are done in community areas.

The game is available in English. The French and German localized versions have been discontinued.[9]

As of September 9, 2009, DDO is free to play, with a micro-transaction store; players can gain VIP status by paying a subscription fee, which garners them additional rewards every month. A free player's first micro-transaction converts them to a "Premium player" with additional perks (though less than those of a "VIP").[10]

There are eight DDO game servers, named after geographic aspects or organizations of Eberron. Turbine deploys the game and maintains daily operations of all servers.

The servers used to be geographically distributed, with 14 in North America, 5 in Europe, with others in China and Japan. There were no servers for the Southern Hemisphere market. The game distributed in Australia by Atari was the US version. The servers in North America, were operated by Turbine, while those in Europe were maintained by Codemasters and Alchemic Dream. In China, the game was operated by Shanda, and in Japan by Sakura Internet. When the European servers went offline in 2010, players were able to transfer their characters to the American servers.

Characters

Races and classes

PC races include: Drow, Dwarves, Gnomes,[11] Half-Elves, Half-orcs, Halflings, Elves, Humans, Dragonborn, and Warforged.[12] The Drow must be unlocked in game via earning favor by questing, or purchased. Half-elf, Dragonborn and Warforged races are available for subscribers, or can be purchased.

The Shadowfell Conspiracy expansion introduced 4 variant races called Iconic Heroes: Bladeforged, Purple Dragon Knight, Shadar-kai, and Sun Elf,[13] and Deep Gnome was added later.[11] These races must be purchased. They require the player to start their first level as a certain class. If the PC decides to follow the path the Iconic Hero is designed for, all 15 levels will be taken in this class. After level 1, however, players are free to take any class they wish.

There are 14 playable classes open to all races.[14] Players choose an initial class, but do not have to remain in that class. The Favored Souls and Artificers classes must either be unlocked or purchased, while Monks, Warlocks and Druids are premium classes requiring either an active subscription or purchase in the online store.

Multiclassing: A character can take levels in up to 3 different classes. There are no experience penalties for multiclass characters. Apart from alignment, there are no restrictions on multi-class combinations.

At the character creation screen, the player is allowed to choose a path or to customize their stats. Choosing a path automatically gives the character feats when they gain a level. "Veteran Status" (purchased or unlocked via gameplay) allows a player to start a character at level 4 or level 7 instead of level 1.[15] Iconic Heroes can start at level 15.

Feat, skill, and enhancement system

Progressive systems are in place in DDO providing additional variety between characters. Feats are special abilities that grant a character additional actions or abilities. Skills can be increased to give higher bonuses or satisfy prerequisites. Enhancements can be chosen to augment feats and class-based abilities.

Feats are divided into regular and class feats. Regular feats are available to any class, but class feats can only be chosen by specific classes. Every class is granted at least one feat during character creation, as well as one every third level.

Skills, such as one's ability to jump or find secret doors, are increased whenever a new level is gained. Each skill has a governing attribute, which may apply a bonus or penalty. Some skills are limited to success or failure, while others give incremental bonuses with each skill point. A character's skills are based on class, with cross-class skills costing twice as much to increase. The number of skill points one can distribute is limited by class and the Intelligence attribute.

Enhancements, a mechanic which does not exist in the tabletop version, further customize characters. Levels have five tiers, and each tier reached grants one "action point", for a total of four points per level. These can be used in enhancement trees to provide bonuses to skills or special abilities. Each class has a certain number of enhancement trees to further enhance the PC, and every PC gets one race tree providing racial bonuses. A player is given a total of 80 enhancement points through level 20.[16]

Epic levels/destinies

Epic levels and Destinies were added with Update 14. They allow a player to further specialize their character after level 20.

Epic destinies earn equivalent but separate XP from Epic Levels. Upon completing a tier in a particular destiny, an action point is given that can only be spent in that epic destiny. A player can earn a total of 24 action points in a tree, with only one destiny active at one time. A player may choose to switch to an adjacent destiny on the epic destiny map once a certain number of levels have been achieved, or by purchasing a special item from the DDO. A player is given 3 total Twists of Fate that let the player choose 3 skills from the first 3 tiers of Epic Destiny trees to use even if that Epic Destiny is no longer active, providing bonuses from other trees that players would otherwise no longer get.[17]

Reincarnation

Reincarnation is a game mechanic allowing PCs to either respec their existing character (select different feats or skills) or to sacrifice experience and start the character anew on a lower level (new life), in return for an extra ability (a bonus past-life feat). Players have access to several types of reincarnation: lesser, true (heroic or iconic), and epic.[18]

Lesser reincarnation allows players to change the appearance of their character, re-spend their ability points, change their feats, reallocate skill points, redo their spell selection, or select a new path. They do not lose any experience or levels through lesser reincarnation. After re-leveling, the player can re-allocate earned enhancement points. Lesser Reincarnation also increases the starting build points from 28 to 32 for non-Drow characters.[citation needed]

True reincarnation is only available to level 20 characters for standard races or level 30 for iconic races. It completely erases the character as it was. A special reincarnation bank cache is created to hold anything from the PC's backpack or equipment, to be retrieved whenever the player wishes. This reincarnation upgrades the character's build from the previous build point (e.g. from 28 or 32 to 34, and 34 to 36), allowing higher starting ability points. The player is free to select a new race, appearance and class for the character. Ultimately, this allows the player to make an entirely new, stronger character.[citation needed]

Epic reincarnation is only available to characters at the level cap. Characters lose their epic experience and start again at level 20, receiving an epic past life feat.

Development

Dungeons & Dragons Online: Stormreach was developed by Turbine over two years. The initial prototype and concept were done by Jason Booth, Dan Ogles, Cardell Kerr, Ken Troop, and Michael Sheidow, in coordination with Wizards of the Coast, the publisher of Dungeons & Dragons. Gary Gygax provided some narration before his death.[19]

On August 1, 2005, Turbine sent invitations to people interested in participating in the public alpha test. On November 1, 2005, Turbine announced that the public beta test was open.[20] On November 22, 2005, Turbine announced that each copy of the January 2006 issue of PC Gamer magazine would contain a key to gain access to the beta. Turbine, in association with Fileplanet and IGN, completed three public stress tests of the game, with the last ending on February 12, 2006.

Release

After testing was complete, a special head start event began on February 24 for those who pre-ordered, with the game opening to the public on February 28.[21] As of April 2008, there were less than 100,000 subscribers for the game.[22] In June 2009, DDO reopened beta testing, in preparation for their new free-to-play subscription structure.[23]

Post-release modules

In-game screenshot detailing the 3D graphics

Turbine originally released major content updates as modules, in keeping with the module concept in D&D. Additional content was released between modules as updates. Responding to player feedback that the interim updates did not provide enough new content, the development team stopped releasing them, beginning with Module 5, instead focusing on creating larger modules. Prior to the launch of DDO: Eberron Unlimited, there was a 10-month content gap.[citation needed]

On June 9, 2009, the official D&D Online website announced that Dungeons & Dragons Online would convert to a subscriptionless "free to play" game for players in North America, under the new name Dungeons & Dragons Online: Eberron Unlimited. The level cap would be increased to level 20 and free users would have access to the majority of game content; some features would have to be purchased with Turbine points or unlocked through play. There would be VIP access with additional features available, as well as free Turbine points. Closed beta registration opened on June 9, 2009. The game and contents were free to download on September 1 for VIP members and September 9 for the general North American public.[24]

Turbine presented its new "Menace of the Underdark" expansion module at the PAX East convention in April 2012,[25] before releasing it in June.[26] The expansion increased the maximum character level and added the druid class.[27]

On December 19, 2016, it was announced that Turbine would no longer develop the game, rather a new studio was formed under the name Standing Stone Games, the staff of whom would be ex-Turbine. The publishing of the game would transfer from Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment to Daybreak Game Company. While a reason was not given for the transition, it was assured that the game would continue with new development.[28]

Awards and reception

  • Freebie Award: Best Free-to-play-MMORPG (2009) – RPGLand.com RPGs of the Year 2009[36]
  • Best Free to Play MMO (2009) – MMORPG.com 2009 Awards[37]
  • Best Free to Play Game (2009) – Tentonhammer.com Best of 2009 Awards[38]
  • Best Multiplayer Game – 2006 British Academy Video Games Awards[39]
  • Most Anticipated Game – 2005 MMORPG.COM Reader's Choice Awards[40]
  • Best Persistent World Game – IGN.com Best of 2006 Awards[41]
  • Nominee – Massively Multiplayer Game of the Year – 10th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards[42]
  • Third Prize, Best Graphics (Les JOL d'Or 2006)[43]
  • Third Prize – Public's Award (Les JOL d'Or 2006)[43]

IGN ranked Dungeons & Dragons Online No. 11 on their list of "The Top 11 Dungeons & Dragons Games of All Time" in 2014.[44]

Lawsuits

Turbine vs Atari lawsuit

On August 24, 2009, Turbine, Inc. filed lawsuit against Atari claiming a breach of a licensing agreement for Dungeons & Dragons. The suit alleged six counts over six years, including consistent breaches of contract, a lack of promotion and distribution, and attempting to gain additional money from Turbine's licensing of the D&D properties. Furthermore, Turbine claimed that many of the maneuvers by Atari were designed to either undercut the upcoming launch of Dungeons & Dragons: Eberron Unlimited or help Atari launch its own competing MMO.[45] Atari filed a motion to dismiss the lawsuit, and also filed a separate complaint to recover money owed to Atari resulting from an independent third party audit of Turbine.[46] The case was settled out of court in 2011.[47]

Treehouse Avatar Technologies patent lawsuit

Ontario-based web services company Treehouse Avatar Technologies Inc. filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Turbine, Inc., which claimed Dungeons & Dragons Online had violated United States Patent No. 8,180,858 (Method And System For Presenting Data Over A Network Based On Network User Choices And Collecting Real-Time Data Related To Said Choices), which was awarded on May 15, 2012 to Treehouse's parent company WiLAN.[48][49] Turbine settled the lawsuit by licensing WiLAN's technology.[50][51][52]

References

  1. ^ a b Grayson, Laurence (June 1, 2006). "DDO: Stormreach". Australian PC World. Retrieved October 23, 2012. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required)
  2. ^ Bray, Hiawatha (June 8, 2005). "Race to Build Stormreach Westwood Firm Poised to Begin a Push to Lead Its Online Gaming Niche". Boston Globe. Retrieved October 23, 2012. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required)
  3. ^ "Medieval Fantasy in Cyberspace". Washington Post. January 26, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2012Template:Inconsistent citations{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) – via HighBeam Research (subscription required)
  4. ^ "Dungeons & Dragons Creators to Lend Voice to Stormreach". Wireless News. January 20, 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2012. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required)
  5. ^ "Dungeons & Dragons Online: Interview with Ed Greenwood". YouTube.
  6. ^ "Update 20 Release Notes". Dungeons and Dragons Online.
  7. ^ "DDO Update 19: Shadowfell Conspiracy Release Notes". Dungeons and Dragons Online.
  8. ^ https://www.ddo.com/forums/showthread.php/416406-Monster-Manual-Known-Issues?s=ed494d3bcab81cef83227f8b38a954ec
  9. ^ https://www.ddo.com/forums/showthread.php/399168-Wichtiger-Hinweis-zur-Lokalisierung
  10. ^ http://www.turbine.com/en/company/press-releases/eberron-unlimited-launches
  11. ^ a b "Update 30 Release Notes". Dungeons & Dragons Online. Turbine. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  12. ^ "Races". Dungeons & Dragons Online. Turbine. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  13. ^ "U18: Iconics Developer Diary". Dungeons & Dragons Online. Turbine. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  14. ^ "Classes". Dungeons & Dragons Online. Turbine. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  15. ^ "Veteran Status". DDO Wiki. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  16. ^ "MyDDO: Does the New Enhancement System really Enhance DDO?". Mops Says No Mas.
  17. ^ "DDO Menace of the Underdark Epic Destinies Preview - Ten Ton Hammer". tentonhammer.com.
  18. ^ https://www.ddo.com/en/game/game-guides/general-reincarnation-guide
  19. ^ More, Max; Vita-More, Natasha, eds. (2013). The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future. John Wiley & Sons. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-118-55599-6.
  20. ^ "Home | Dungeons & Dragons Online". DDO.com. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  21. ^ Holt, Robert; Block, Melissa (February 28, 2006). "Dungeons and Dragons Makes Online Debut". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved October 23, 2012. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required)
  22. ^ Svensson, Peter (April 13, 2008). "A Game's New Role". Telegraph Herald. Dubuque. Retrieved October 26, 2012. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required)
  23. ^ Sposito, Sean (June 10, 2009). "Turbine offers new lure: free D&D play". Boston Globe. Retrieved October 30, 2012. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required)
  24. ^ DDO-Eberron-Unlimited-Gets-New-Release-Date "Warcry.com Article". Massively.com. 2009-07-31. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
  25. ^ Bray, Hiawatha (April 6, 2012). "PAX East lets city show it can play the game". Boston Globe. Retrieved October 30, 2012. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required)
  26. ^ VanOrd, Kevin (June 28, 2012). "Demons and Drow: Menace of the Underdark Arrives". GameSpot. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
  27. ^ Kohan, Topher (January 20, 2012). "Master User Week". St. Joseph News-Press. Retrieved October 26, 2012. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required)
  28. ^ Bree Royce (19 December 2016). "Turbine Spins LOTRO and DDO Teams Out to New Studio, Using Daybreak as Publisher". Massively Overpowered. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  29. ^ "Dungeons and Dragons Online". Eurogamer.(Accessed 08/22/2013)
  30. ^ "Dungeons and Dragons Online: Stormreach - PC". GameSpot.(Accessed 08/22/2013)
  31. ^ "Dungeons and Dragons Online: Stormreach - PC". IGN.(Accessed 08/22/2013)
  32. ^ "Dungeons and Dragons Online: Stormreach for PC". GameTrailers.(Accessed 08/22/2013)
  33. ^ "Dungeons and Dragons Online: Stormreach for PC". GamesRadar.(Accessed 08/22/2013)
  34. ^ "Dungeons and Dragons Online: Stormreach – PC". Metacritic.(Accessed 08/22/2013)
  35. ^ "Dungeons and Dragons Online: Stormreach". GameRankings.(Accessed 08/22/2013)
  36. ^ "RPGLand.com RPGs of the Year 2009". RPGLand.com. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
  37. ^ "MMORPG Best F2P MMO of 2009". MMORPG.com. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  38. ^ "Ten Ton Hammer Best of 2009 Awards". Tentonhammer.com. Retrieved 2009-12-25.
  39. ^ "British Academy Video Games Awards (Latest Winners and Nominees)". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 2006-10-05. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  40. ^ "2005 Reader's Choice Award Winners". MMORPG.com. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  41. ^ "Best of 2006: PC (Best Persistent World Game". IGN. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  42. ^ "10th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards". The Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2007-03-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ a b "Les JOL d'Or 2006". JeuxOnline. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
  44. ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/02/05/the-top-11-dungeons-dragons-games-of-all-time
  45. ^ "Atari's Dungeons and Dragon's Lawsuit [Update]". IGN.
  46. ^ "Atari Dismisses Turbine Lawsuit as "Frivolous"". The Escapist. 3 September 2009.
  47. ^ "The Convoluted Story of Atari, DDO, and Neverwinter". Purple Pawn. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  48. ^ "Treehouse Sues Turbine over Patent Issued in 2012". gamepolitics.com.
  49. ^ "Patent US8180858 - Method and system for presenting data over a network based on network user ... - Google Patents". google.com.
  50. ^ James Fudge (25 November 2013). "Turbine Settles Lawsuit with Treehouse Avatar Technologies". GamePolitics.com.
  51. ^ "Wi-Lan advances as unit ends patent dispute with Turbine". Proactiveinvestors NA.
  52. ^ "Turbine settles Treehouse Avatar Technologies lawsuit via partnership". Massively.


Media coverage

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