Esrange

The BLAST payload and high-altitude balloon shortly before launch.

Skylark rocket launch at Esrange on 2 May 2005.

Esrange Space Center (short form Esrange) is a rocket range and research centre located outside the town of Kiruna in northern Sweden. It is a base for scientific research with high-altitude balloons, investigation of the aurora borealis, sounding rocket launches, and satellite tracking, among other things. Located 200 km north of the Arctic Circle and surrounded by a vast wilderness, its geographic location is ideal for many of these purposes.

Esrange was built in 1964 by ESRO, the European Space Research Organisation, which later became European Space Agency by merging with ELDO, the European Launcher Development Organisation. The first rocket launch from Esrange occurred on 19 November 1966. In 1972, ownership was transferred to the newly started Swedish Space Corporation.

History

In the 1960s ESRANGE was established as an ESRO sounding rocket launching range located in Kiruna (Sweden). This location was chosen because it was generally agreed that it was important to carry out a sounding rocket programme in the auroral zone, and for this reason it was essential that ESRO equip itself with a suitable range in the northern latitudes. Access to Kiruna was good by air, road and rail, and the launching range was relatively close to the town of Kiruna. Finally and perhaps decisively, ESRANGE could be located near Kiruna Geophysical Observatory (subsequently renamed to Swedish Institute of Space Physics). In 1972 ownership and operations of the range was transferred to the Swedish Space Corporation.

Name

The name of the facility was originally ESRANGE, which was an abbreviation for ESRO Sounding Rocket Launching Range.

When Swedish Space Corporation took over the range, Esrange (with capital 'E' only) became a name only.

Esrange Space Center is the name that is currently used for the facility.

Rocket activities

There had been Swedish rocket activities previously, mainly at Kronogård (18 launches in the period 1961-1964). However, the rocket activity in Sweden did not gain thrust until after ESRO established Esrange in 1964.

During the period 1966-1972 ESRO launched more than 150 rockets from Esrange. Most of these were Centaure, Nike Apache, and Skua rockets reaching 100–220 km altitude. They supported many branches of European research, but the emphasis was on atmospheric and ionospheric research.

A vast uninhabited area north of the range is used as an area where the sounding rockets can land. Spread throughout this area are small shelters, like the one shown in this picture. When a launch campaign is planned, people are asked to visit such shelters and listen to the radio. This shelter is at Vassejávri, around 10 km west of Järämä (Sweden).

Interior of such a shelter

In 1972 the management of Esrange was transferred to the Swedish Space Corporation (SSC). Gradually the smaller rockets were complemented by larger rockets reaching higher altitudes, achieving weightlessness for a few minutes when the rocket is above the parts of the atmosphere giving an appreciable friction. Three main programmes, Texus, Maser, and Maxus currently dominate the rocket activities at Esrange and support microgravity research for ESA and DLR:

Programme	Rocket motor	Peak altitude	Payload mass	Microgravity time	Period	Launches	Customers
Texus	Skylark 7, VSB-30	250–300 km	330–400 kg	6 minutes	1977-	50	DLR and ESA
Maser	Black Brant, Skylark 7, VSB-30	250–300 km	330–400 kg	6 minutes	1987-	12	ESA
Maxus	Castor 4B	700–720 km	800 kg	12–13 minutes	1991-	8	ESA and DLR
Mini-Texus	Nike Orion	120–150 km	160–200 kg	3–4 minutes	1993–1998	6	DLR and ESA
Rexus	Improved Orion	80-110 km	100kg	2 minutes	1995-	21	DLR, ESA, ZARM

More than 500 rockets have been launched from Esrange since 1966. For information on individual rockets, see the List of rockets launched from Esrange.

Esrange has six launchers:

• MAXUS launcher(used for the CASTOR 4B rocket)
• MAN launcher (owned by DLR)
• MRL Launcher (used for the Orion, Nike-Orion, Taurus-Orion, Nike-Black Brant V, Terrier-Black brant rockets)
• Skylark launch tower (used for the VSB 30 rocket)
• FFAR launcher (used for Folding Fin Aircraft Rockets)
• SULO/VIPER launcher (used for Super Loki and VIPER rockets)

Balloon activities

Since 1974, more than 500 high-altitude balloons have been launched from Esrange for research purposes. The launch pad can handle balloons with volumes exceeding 1 million cubic meters.

Satellite services

The arctic latitude of Esrange makes it very suitable for communication with satellites in polar orbits. Satellite services began in 1978.

Satellite control services

A number of telecommunication satellites have been controlled through Esrange:

• Tele-X (1989–1998)
• Sirius-1 (1995–2003)
• Sirius-2 (1997–2009)
• Sirius-3 (1998-)
• Sirius-4 (2008-)

Most research satellites of the Swedish space programme have received control commands through Esrange:

• Viking (1986–1987)
• Freja (1992–1996)
• Astrid-1 (1995)
• Odin (2001-)

The exception was controlled from SSC's laboratories in Solna outside Stockholm:

• Astrid-2 (1998–1999)

Ground station services

Data have been received at Esrange from more than 50 satellites, including SPOT 1-5, Landsat 2-7, ERS 1-2 and Envisat.

See also

• List of rockets launched from Esrange
• Swedish Space Corporation
• Swedish National Space Board
• Swedish Institute of Space Physics
• North European Aerospace Test range
• List of rocket launch sites

References

Sources

• The History of Sounding Rockets and Their Contribution to European Space Research, Günther Seibert, ESA HSR-38, November 2006, ISBN 92-9092-550-7.

External links

Media related to Esrange at Wikimedia Commons

• Esrange Space Center
• List of stratospheric balloons launched from Esrange
• Swedish Space Corporation - Official site