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Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor

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The Lockheed Martin/Boeing F-22 Raptor is an American fighter aircraft that uses stealth technology. It is primarily an air superiority fighter, but has multirole capability including ground attack, electronic warfare, and signals intelligence roles. The United States Air Force considers the F-22 a critical component of the U.S. strike force.[1]

Faced with a protracted development period, the aircraft was variously designated F-22 and F/A-22 during the three years before formally entering US Air Force service in December 2005, as the F-22A. Lockheed Martin Aeronautics is the prime contractor and is responsible for the majority of the airframe, weapon systems and final assembly of the F-22. Program partner Boeing Integrated Defense Systems provides the wings, aft fuselage, avionics integration, and all of the pilot and maintenance training systems.

The F-22 is claimed by several sources to be the world’s most effective air superiority fighter. The US Air Force claims that the F-22 cannot be matched by any known or projected fighter aircraft.[1] Chief of the Australian Defence Force, Air Marshal Angus Houston, said in 2004 that the "F-22 will be the most outstanding fighter plane ever built."[2]

Development

File:DoD Lockheed ATF DF-ST-87-12789.jpg
The original Lockheed Advanced Tactical Fighter concept (1986)

In 1981 the United States Air Force (USAF) developed a requirement for a new air superiority fighter, the Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF), to replace the capability of the F-15 Eagle. ATF was a demonstration and validation program undertaken by the USAF to develop a next-generation air superiority fighter to counter emerging worldwide threats, including development and proliferation of Soviet-era Su-27 "Flanker"-class fighter aircraft. It was envisaged that the ATF would incorporate emerging technologies including advanced alloys and composite materials, advanced fly-by-wire flight control systems, higher power propulsion systems, and low-observable/stealth technology.

A request for proposal (RFP) was issued in July 1986, and two contractor teams, Lockheed/Boeing/General Dynamics and Northrop/McDonnell Douglas were selected in October 1986 to undertake a 50-month demonstration/validation phase, culminating in the flight test of two prototypes, the YF-22 and the YF-23.

On 23 April 1991 the USAF ended the design and test-flight competition by announcing Lockheed's YF-22 as the winner. It was envisaged at the time that 650 aircraft would be ordered.[3]

Into production

The first production F-22 was delivered to Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, on 14 January 2003 and "Dedicated Initial Operational Test and Evaluation" commenced on 27 October 2004. By 2004, 51 Raptors were in service.

The first crash of a production F-22 occurred during takeoff at Nellis Air Force Base on 20 December 2004, in which the pilot ejected safely moments before impact. The crash investigation revealed that a brief interruption in power during an engine shutdown prior to flight caused a malfunction in the flight-control system;[4] consequently the technical data for the aircraft has been amended to avoid a recurrence of this problem.

In August 2007, the United States Air Force signed a $5 billion, multi-year contract with Lockheed Martin that will extend production to 2011,[5] and as of 2008, F-22 Raptors are being procured at the rate of 20 per year.[6]

In a ceremony on 29 August 2007, Lockheed Martin reached its "100th F-22 Raptor" milestone, delivering aircraft 05-4100.[7]

Procurement

Two F-22s, the upper one being the first EMD F-22, "Raptor 01"

The United States Air Force originally planned to order 750 ATFs, with production beginning in 1994; however, the 1990 Major Aircraft Review altered the plan to 648 aircraft beginning in 1996. The goal changed again in 1994, when it became 442 aircraft entering service in 2003 or 2004, but a 1997 Department of Defense report put the purchase at 339. In 2003, the Air Force said that the existing congressional cost cap limited the purchase to 277. By 2006, the Pentagon said it will buy 183 aircraft, which would save $15 billion but raise the cost of each aircraft, and this plan has been de facto approved by Congress in the form of a multi-year procurement plan, which still holds open the possibility for new orders past that point. The total cost of the program by 2006 was $62 billion.[8]

In April 2006, the cost of the F-22A was assessed by the Government Accountability Office to be $361 million per aircraft. This cost reflects the F-22A total program cost, divided by the number of fighters the Air Force is programmed to buy; and which has so far invested $28 billion in the Raptor's research, development and testing. That money, referred to as a "sunk cost", is already spent and is separate from money used for future decision-making, including procuring a copy of the jet. The Unit Procurement Cost was estimated at $177.6 million in 2006 based on a production run of 181 airframes by Defense-Aerospace.com.[9] This cost will decrease if total production is higher. This cost includes $3.233 billion already spent on research and development by 2006.[10]

By the time all 183 fighters have been purchased, $34 billion will have been spent on actual procurement, resulting in a total program cost of $62 billion or about $339 million per aircraft. The incremental cost for one additional F-22 is around $138 million;[6] decreasing with larger volumes. If the Air Force were to buy 100 more F-22s today, the cost of each one would be less and would continue to drop with additional aircraft purchases.[8]

F-22A Raptors over Utah in their first official deployment, October 2005

The F-22 is not the most expensive aircraft aloft. That distinction likely belongs to the roughly $2.2 billion-per-unit B-2 Spirit, whose orders went from hundreds to a few dozen when the Cold War ended thus making the unit cost skyrocket, though the incremental cost was under US$1 billion. The F-22 uses fewer radar absorbent materials than the B-2 or F-117 Nighthawk, which is expected to translate into lower maintenance costs.

On 31 July 2007, Lockheed Martin received a multiyear contract for 60 F-22s worth a total of US$7.3 billion.[5][11] The contract brings the number of F-22s on order to 183 and extends production through 2011.[5]

During the two-month grounding of nearly 700 older F-15s in November and December 2007, some US Senators demanded that Deputy Secretary of Defense Gordon England release three government reports that support additional F-22 Raptors beyond the planned 183 jets.[12] Forbes has reported that the USAF plans to extend the production of the F-22 past 2011. This is believed to be a response to the recent grounding of F-15A-D.[13]

In January 2008, the Pentagon announced that it would ask Congress for funds to buy additional F-22s to replace other aircraft lost in combat, and proposed that $497 million that would have been used to shut down the F-22 line instead be used to buy 4 more F-22s, keeping open the production line beyond 2011 and providing the successor to President George W. Bush the option to buy even more F-22s.[14] The funds earmarked for the line shutdown, however, were directed by Pentagon Comptroller Tina W. Jonas on December 17, 2007, to be used to fund repairs to the F-15 fleet caused by the world-wide grounding of that aircraft in November 2007. This diversion had the same effect of postponing the decision to shut down the F-22 production line until at least 2009.[15][16]

Proposed foreign sales

Unlike many other tactical fighters, the opportunity for export is currently non-existent because the export sale of the F-22 is barred by federal law. There was a time in the 1970s when the then-new F-16 also had many restrictions. However, regardless of restrictions, very few allies would even be considered for export sale because the F-22 is such a sensitive and expensive system. Most current customers for U.S. fighters are either acquiring earlier designs like the F-15, or F-16 or are waiting to acquire the F-35, which contains much of the F-22's technology but is designed to be cheaper and more flexible.

Japan reportedly showed some interest in buying F-22As in its Replacement-Fighter program for its Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF).[17] In such an event, it would most likely involve a "watered-down" export variant while still retaining most of its advanced avionics and stealth characteristics. However, such a proposal would still need approval from the Pentagon, State Department and Congress.

Some Australian defense commentators have proposed that Australia purchase F-22 aircraft instead of the F-35.[18] In 2006, the Australian Labor Party, Australia's main opposition party at the time, supported this proposal on the grounds that the F-22 is a proven, highly capable aircraft while the F-35 is still under development.[19] The then-current Australian Government, however, ruled out the purchase of the F-22 on the grounds that it is unlikely to be released for export, and does not meet Australia's requirements for a strike aircraft.[20] This assessment was supported by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, a non-partisan, government-funded think-tank, which claimed that the F-22 "has insufficient multi-role capability at too high a price" for Australia.[21]

Following the election of a Labor Party government in the 2007 federal election the new government ordered a review of the RAAF's fighter procurement plans. This review will include an evaluation of the F-22's suitability for Australia and the Defence Minister has stated that "I intend to pursue American politicians for access to the Raptor".[22]

Israeli Air Force (IAF) chief procurement officer Brigadier-General Ze'ev Snir said that, "The IAF would be happy to equip itself with 24 F-22s, but the problem at this time is the US refusal to sell the aircraft, and its $200 million price tag."[23]

The US Congress upheld the ban on F-22 Raptor foreign sales during a joint conference on 27 September 2006.[24] After talks in Washington in December 2006, the US DoD reported the F-22 would not be available for foreign sale.[25]

Design

Cockpit

The F-22 cockpit is a glass cockpit design without any traditional analog flight instruments and represents a marked improvement on the cockpit design of previous advanced aircraft designs.[26] The leading features of the F-22 cockpit include simple and rapid start-up, highly developed HMI, light helmet, large anthropometric accommodation and highly integrated warning system.[27] Other main features include the large single piece canopy and improved life support systems.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Characteristics

F-22 Raptor displaying its F119-PW-100 engines on full afterburner

The F-22 is a fifth-generation fighter that is considered a fourth-generation stealth aircraft by the USAF.[28] Its dual afterburning Pratt & Whitney F119-PW-100 turbofans incorporate thrust vectoring, but in the pitch axis only, with a range of ±20 degrees. The maximum thrust is classified, though most sources place it at about 35,000 lbf (156 kN) per engine. Maximum speed, without external weapons, is estimated to be Mach 1.72 in supercruise mode; as demonstrated by General John P. Jumper, former US Air Force Chief of Staff, when his Raptor exceeded Mach 1.7 without afterburners on 13 January 2005.[29] With afterburners, it is "greater than Mach 2.0" (1,317 mph, 2,120 km/h), according to Lockheed Martin; however, the Raptor can easily exceed its design speed limits, particularly at low altitudes, with max-speed alerts to help prevent the pilot from exceeding them. Former Lockheed Raptor chief test pilot Paul Metz stated that the Raptor has a fixed inlet; but while the absence of variable intake ramps may theoretically make speeds greater than Mach 2.0 unreachable, there is no evidence to prove this. Such ramps would be used to prevent engine surge, but the intake itself may be designed to prevent this. Metz has also stated that the F-22 has a top speed greater than 1,600 mph (Mach 2.42) and its climb rate is faster than the F-15 Eagle due to advances in engine technology, despite the F-15's thrust-to-weight ratio of about 1.2:1, with the F-22 having a ratio closer to 1:1.[30] The US Air Force claims that the F-22A cannot be matched by any known or projected fighter.[1]

Aircraft wing planform shapes: a KC-10 Extender (top) refuels an F-22 Raptor

The true top-speed of the F-22 is largely unknown to the general public, as engine power is only one factor. The ability of the airframe to withstand the stress and heat from friction is a further, key factor, especially in an aircraft using as many polymers as the F-22. However, while some aircraft are faster on paper, the internal carriage of its standard combat load allows the aircraft to reach comparatively higher performance with a heavy load over other modern aircraft due to its lack of drag from external stores. It is one of only a handful of aircraft that can sustain supersonic flight without the use of afterburner augmented thrust (and its associated high fuel usage). This ability is called supercruise.

The F-22 is highly maneuverable, at both supersonic and subsonic speeds. The F-22's thrust vectoring nozzles allow the aircraft to turn tightly, and perform extremely high alpha (angle of attack) maneuvers such as the Herbst maneuver (or J-turn), Pugachev's Cobra,[30] and the Kulbit, though the J-Turn is more useful in combat.[30] The F-22 is also capable of maintaining a constant angle of attack of over 60°, yet still having some control of roll.[30][31] During June 2006 exercises in Alaska, F-22 pilots demonstrated that cruise altitude has a significant effect on combat performance, and routinely attributed their altitude advantage as a major factor in achieving an unblemished kill ratio.[32]

Avionics

The F-22's avionics include BAE Systems E&IS radar warning receiver (RWR) AN/ALR-94,[33] and the Northrop Grumman AN/APG-77 Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar. The AN/APG-77 has both long-range target acquisition and low probability of interception of its own signals by enemy aircraft.

The AN/ALR-94 is a passive receiver system capable of detecting the radar signals in the environment. Composed of more than 30 antennae smoothly blended into the wings and fuselage, it is described by the former head of the F-22 program at Lockheed Martin Tom Burbage as "the most technically complex piece of equipment on the aircraft." With greater range (250+ nmi) than the radar, it enables the F-22 to limit its own radar emission which might otherwise compromise its stealth. As the target approaches, AN/ALR-94 can cue the AN/APG-77 radar to keep track of its motion with a narrow beam, which can be as focused as 2° by 2° in azimuth and elevation.[34]

The AN/APG-77 AESA radar, designed for air-superiority and strike operations, features a low-observable, active-aperture, electronically-scanned array that can track multiple targets in all kinds of weather. The AN/APG-77 changes frequencies more than 1,000 times per second to reduce the chance of being intercepted. The radar can also focus its emissions to overload enemy sensors, giving the aircraft an electronic-attack capability.[35]

The radar’s information is processed by two Raytheon Common Integrated Processor (CIP)s. Each CIP operates at 10.5 billion instructions per second and has 300 megabytes of memory. Information can be gathered from the radar and other onboard and offboard systems, filtered by the CIP, and offered in easy-to-digest ways on several cockpit displays, enabling the pilot to remain on top of complicated situations. The Raptor’s software is composed of over 1.7 million lines of code, most of which concerns processing data from the radar.[36] The radar has an estimated range of 125-150 miles, though planned upgrades will allow a range of 250 miles (400 km) or more in narrow beams.[32]

The F-22 has several unique functions for an aircraft of its size and role. For instance, it has threat detection and identification capability along the lines of that available on the RC-135 Rivet Joint.[32] While the F-22's equipment isn't as powerful or sophisticated, because of its stealth, it can be typically hundreds of miles closer to the battlefield, which often compensates for the reduced capability.[32]

The F-22 is capable of functioning as a "mini-AWACS." Though reduced in capability compared to dedicated airframes such as the E-3 Sentry, as with its threat identification capability, the F-22's forward presence is often of benefit.[30] The system allows the F-22 to designate targets for cooperating F-15s and F-16s, and even determine if two friendly aircraft are targeting the same enemy aircraft, thus enabling one of them to choose a different target.[32][30] It is often able to identify targets hundreds of times faster than accompanying dedicated AWACS.[32]

The F-22's low probability of intercept radar is being given a high-bandwidth data transmission capability, to allow it to be used in a "broadband" role to permit high-speed relaying of data between friendly transmitters and receivers in the area.[32] The F-22 can already pass data to other F-22s, resulting in considerably reduced radio "chatter."[32]

The IEEE-1394B data bus, developed for the F-22, was derived from the commercial IEEE-1394 bus system,[37] often used on personal computers. The same data bus is employed by the subsequent F-35 Lightning II fighter.[37]

Armament

An F-22 releases a JDAM from its internal bay while flying at supersonic speed

The Raptor is designed to carry air-to-air missiles in internal bays to avoid disrupting its stealth capability. Launching missiles requires opening the weapons bay doors for less than a second, while the missiles are pushed clear of the airframe by hydraulic arms. The aircraft can also carry bombs compatible with the Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) guidance system, and the new Small-Diameter Bomb (SDB). The Raptor carries an M61A2 Vulcan 20 mm rotary cannon, also with a trap door, in the right wing root. The M61A2 is a last ditch weapon, and carries only 480 rounds; enough ammunition for approximately five seconds of sustained fire. Despite this, the F-22 has been able to use its gun in dogfighting without being detected, which can be necessary when missiles are depleted.[30]

The Raptor's very high sustained cruise speed and operational altitude add significantly to the effective range of both air-to-air and air-to-ground munitions. These factors may be the rationale behind the USAF's decision not to pursue long-range, high-energy air-to-air missiles such as the MBDA Meteor. However, the USAF plans to procure the AIM-120D AMRAAM, which will have a significant increase in range compared to the AIM-120C. The Raptor launch platform provides additional energy to the missile which helps improve the range of air-to-ground ordnance. While specific figures remain classified, it is expected that JDAMs employed by F-22s will have twice or more the effective range of munitions dropped by legacy platforms.[38] In testing, a Raptor dropped a 1,000 lb (450 kg) JDAM from 50,000 feet (15,000 m), while cruising at Mach 1.5, striking a moving target 24 miles (39 km) away.[39] The SDB, as employed from the F-22, should see even greater increases in effective range, due to the improved lift to drag ratio of these weapons.

While in its air-superiority configuration, the F-22 carries its weapons internally, though it is not limited to this option. The wings are capable of supporting four detachable hardpoints. Each hardpoint is theoretically capable of handling 5,000 lb (2,300 kg) of ordnance. However, use of external stores greatly compromises the F-22's stealth, and has a detrimental effect on maneuverability, speed, and range. As many as two of these hardpoints are "plumbed", allowing the usage of external fuel tanks. The hardpoints are detachable in flight allowing the fighter to regain its stealth once these external stores are exhausted. Currently, there is research being conducted to develop a stealth ordnance pod and hardpoints for it. Such a pod would comprise a stealth shape and carry its weapons internally, then would split open when launching a missile or dropping a bomb. Both the pod and hardpoints could be detached when no longer needed. This system would allow the F-22 to carry its maximum ordnance load while remaining stealthy, albeit at a loss of maneuverability. However, there is concern over this program as external carriage of fuel tanks has shown more stress placed on the wings than originally anticipated.[citation needed]

Stealth

Although several recent Western fighter aircraft are less detectable on radar than previous designs using techniques such as radar absorbent material-coated S-shaped intake ducts that shield the compressor fan from reflecting radar waves, the F-22A design placed a much higher degree of importance on low observance throughout the entire spectrum of sensors including radar signature, visual, infrared, acoustic, and radio frequency.

The stealth of the F-22 is due to a combination of factors, including the overall shape of the aircraft, the use of radar absorbent material (RAM), and attention to detail such as hinges and pilot helmets that could provide a radar return.[40] However, reduced radar cross section is only one of five facets that designers addressed to create a stealth design in the F-22. The F-22 has also been designed to disguise its infrared emissions to make it harder to detect by infrared homing ("heat seeking") surface-to-air or air-to-air missiles. Designers also addressed making the aircraft less visible to the naked eye, controlling radio transmissions, and noise abatement.[40] The Raptor has an under bay carrier made for hiding heat from missile threats, like Surface-to-air missiles.[41]

The F-22 apparently relies less on maintenance-intensive radar absorbent material and coatings than previous stealth designs like the F-117. These materials caused deployment problems due to their susceptibility to adverse weather conditions.[42] Unlike the B-2, which requires climate-controlled hangars, the F-22 can undergo repairs on the flight line or in a normal hangar.[42] Furthermore, the F-22 has a warning system (called "Signature Assessment System" or "SAS") which presents warning indicators when routine wear-and-tear have degraded the aircraft's radar signature to the point of requiring more substantial repairs.[42] The exact radar cross section of the F-22 remains classified.

External lighting

The aircraft has innovatory integral position and anti-collision lighting (including strobes) on the wings, compatible with stealth requirements, supplied by Goodrich Corporation. The low voltage electroluminescent formation lights are located on the aircraft at critical positions for night flight operations (on both sides of the forward fuselage under the chine, on the tip of the upper left and right wings, and on the outside of both vertical stabilizers). There are similar air refueling lights on the butterfly doors that cover the air refueling receptacle.[27]

Operational history

The 27th Fighter Squadron at Langley Air Force Base was the first squadron to receive the F-22

Intended to be the leading American advanced tactical fighter in the early part of the 21st century, the Raptor is an expensive fighter with an incremental cost of about US$138 million per unit.[6] The number of aircraft to be built has dropped to 183,[5] down from the initial requirement of 750. Part of the reason for the decrease in the requirement is that the F-35 Lightning II uses much of the technology used on the F-22, but at a much more affordable price. To a large extent the cost of these technologies is only lower for the F-35 because they have already been developed for the F-22.

YF-22 "Lightning II"

The YF-22 was a developmental aircraft that led to the F-22; however, there are significant differences between the YF-22 and the F-22. Relocation of cockpit, structural changes, and many other smaller changes exist between the two types.[43] The two are sometimes confused in pictures, often at angles where it is difficult to see certain features. For example, there are some F-22 with pitot booms which some think are only found on the YF-22 (such as pictured at end of article). The YF-22 was originally given the unofficial name "Lightning II" by Lockheed, which persisted until the mid-1990s when the USAF officially named the aircraft "Raptor". For a short while, the aircraft was also dubbed "SuperStar" and "Rapier".[44] The F-35 later received the Lightning II name on 7 July 2006.[45]

The prototype YF-22 won a fly-off competition against the Northrop/McDonnell-Douglas YF-23 for the Advanced Tactical Fighter contract. In April 1992 during flight testing after contract award, test pilot Tom Morgenfeld escaped without injury when the first YF-22 prototype that he was flying crashed while landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California. The cause of the crash was found to be a flight control software error that failed to prevent a pilot-induced oscillation.[46]

F-22 Raptor to F/A-22 and back again

The production model was formally named F-22 "Raptor" when the first production-representative aircraft was unveiled on 9 April 1997 at Lockheed-Georgia Co., Marietta, Georgia. First flight occurred on 7 September 1997.

In September 2002, Air Force leaders changed the Raptor’s designation to F/A-22. The new designation, which mimicked that of the Navy’s F/A-18 Hornet, was intended to highlight plans to give the Raptor a ground-attack capability amid intense debate over the relevance of the expensive air-superiority jet. This was later changed back to simply F-22 on 12 December 2005. On 15 December 2005, the F-22A entered service.[47]

Testing

An F-22 refuels from a KC-135; the attachment on the back top is for a spin recovery chute

Testing of the F-22 began in 1997 and has been curtailed to save program costs, but risks hiding flaws until a point at which fixing flaws becomes unaffordable.[48] The U.S. General Accounting Office cautioned, "Moreover, engine and stealthiness problems already disclosed by the DoD, and the potential for avionics and software problems, underscore the need to demonstrate the weapon system’s performance through flight testing before significant commitments are made to production."[48]

Raptor 4001 was retired and sent to Wright-Patterson AFB to be fired at for testing the fighter's survivability. Usable parts of 4001 would be used to make a new F-22. Another EMD F-22 was also retired and likely to be sent to be rebuilt. A testing aircraft was converted to a maintenance trainer at Tyndall AFB.[49]

On 3 May 2006, a report was released detailing a problem with a forward titanium boom on the aircraft that was not properly heat treated. Officials are still investigating the problem which was caused by the boom portion not being subjected to high temperatures in the factory for long enough, causing the boom to be less ductile than specified and potentially shortening the lives of the first 80 or so F-22s. Work is underway to restore them to full life expectancy.[49]

The F-22 fleet underwent modifications at Hill AFB,[50] and at Edwards AFB near Palmdale, California.

Recent developments (2006—)

An F-22 observes as an F-15 Eagle banks left. The F-22 is slated to replace the F-15C/D.

In 2006, the Raptor's development team, composed of Lockheed Martin and over 1,000 other companies, plus the United States Air Force, won the Collier Trophy, American aviation's most prestigious award.[51] The U.S Air Force will acquire F-22s which to be divided among seven active duty combat squadrons, and jointly flown and maintained by three integrated Reserve and Air National Guard squadrons.[8]

During Exercise Northern Edge in Alaska in June 2006, 12 F-22's of the 94th FS downed 108 adversaries with no losses in simulated combat exercises.[8] In two weeks of exercises, the Raptor-led Blue Force amassed 241 kills against two losses in air-to-air combat, and neither Blue Force loss was an F-22.

This was followed with the Raptor's first participation in a Red Flag exercise. 14 F-22's of the 94th FS supported attacking Blue Force strike packages as well as engaging in close air support sorties themselves in Red Flag 07-1 between 3 February and 16 February 2007. Against designed superior numbers of Red Force Aggressor F-15s and F-16s, it established air dominance using eight aircraft during day missions and six at night, reportedly defeating the Aggressors quickly and efficiently, even though the exercise rules of engagement allowed for four to five Red Force regenerations of losses but none to Blue Force. Further, no sorties were missed because of maintenance or other failures, and only one Raptor was adjudged lost against the virtual annihilation of the defending force.[52] When their ordnance was expended, the F-22s remained in the exercise area providing electronic surveillance to the Blue Forces.[53]

While attempting its first overseas deployment to the Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan, on 11 February 2007, a group of six Raptors flying from Hickam AFB experienced multiple computer crashes coincident with their crossing of the 180th meridian of longitude (the International Date Line). The computer failures included at least navigation (completely lost) and communication. The fighters were able to return to Hawaii by following their tankers in good weather. The error was fixed within 48 hours and the F-22s continued their journey to Kadena.[54]

On 30 April 2007, the National Museum of the Air Force announced that EMD Raptor 91-4003 will be put on display later in 2007[55] in the space being occupied by the YF-22. The Museum publicly unveiled its Raptor 91-4003 display on January 18, 2008.[56]

In 2007, tests carried out by Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin, and L-3 Communications enabled the AESA system of a Raptor to act like a WiFi access point, able to transmit data at 548 Megabit/sec and receive at Gigabit speed; far faster than the current Link 16 system used by US and allied aircraft, which transfers data at just over 1 Megabit/sec.[57]

On 22 November 2007, F-22A Raptors of the 90th Fighter Squadron performed their first intercept of two Russian Tu-95MS 'Bear-H' bombers in Alaska. This was the first time that F-22s had been called to support a NORAD mission.[58]

On 12 December 2007, Gen. John D.W. Corley, commander of Air Combat Command, officially declared the F-22s of the integrated active duty 1st Fighter Wing and Air National Guard 192nd FW fully operational, three years after the first Raptor arrived at Langley Air Force Base.[59][60]

Variants

Under the Navalized Advanced Tactical Fighter (NATF) program, a carrier-borne variant of the F-22 with swing-wings was proposed for the U.S. Navy to replace the F-14 Tomcat, though the program was subsequently cancelled in 1993. A two-seat F-22B trainer variant was planned, but was cut in 1996 to save development costs.[61]

Another more recent proposal is the FB-22, which would be used as a deep strike bomber for the USAF, but there has yet to be any word on whether the USAF plans further development of the program. Also, the X-44 MANTA, short for Multi-Axis, No-Tail Aircraft, is an experimental aircraft which itself is an F-22 with enhanced thrust vectoring controls and no aerodynamic backup (i.e. the aircraft is controlled solely by thrust vectoring, without rudders, ailerons, or elevators). It is scheduled to be tested some time in 2007.

Operators

Future bases and units will include:

Specifications (F-22 Raptor)

Orthographically projected diagram of the YF-22 demonstrator.
Orthographically projected diagram of the YF-22 demonstrator.
File:FA-22 Raptor.jpg
F-22 with pitot boom

Data from USAF,[1] F-22 Raptor Team web site,[65] Aviation Week,[32] and Journal of Electronic Defense[34]

General characteristics

Performance

File:AFG-070605-002.jpg
USAF poster overview of key features and armament

Armament

  • Note: It is estimated that internal bays can carry about 2,000 lb (910 kg) worth of bombs, and/or missiles. Four external hardpoints can be fitted to carry weapons or fuel tanks, each with a capacity of about 5,000 lb (2268 kg), while compromising, to a certain extent, the aircraft's stealth. Some armament is still largely classified. Aircraft in this size class since the F-105 have historically met a requirement of carrying maximum external payloads in the range of 14,000-15,000 lb with combat loads typically closer to 4,000-8,000 lb

Avionics

The F-22 has been featured in numerous books, such as Tom Clancy's Debt of Honor (1994)[68] and Fighter Wing (1995)[69] as well as Clive Cussler's Dark Watch (2005).[70]

The F-22 made its first major Hollywood debut in the 2007 film "Transformers"[71] as the form taken by the Decepticon character Starscream.[72] The movie crew was allowed to film actual Raptors in flight, unlike previous computer generated appearances, because of the military's support of director Michael Bay. The Raptors were filmed at Edwards Air Force Base.[73]

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference F-22_factsheet was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Houston, A. "Strategic Insight 9 - Is the JSF good enough?." Canberra:Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 18 August 2004.
  3. ^ Pearlstein, Steven and Gellman, Barton. "Lockheed Wins Huge Jet Contract; Air Force Plans to Buy 650 Stealth Planes At $100 Million Each." Washington Post, 24 April 1991.
  4. ^ Pike, J. "F-22 Raptor Flight Test." GlobalSecurity.org.
  5. ^ a b c d "Lockheed Martin Awarded Additional $5 Billion in Multiyear Contract to Build 60 F-22 Raptors", Aviation Today, 31 July 2007. Cite error: The named reference "60_F-22s" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference usaf_fy2009_budget was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Shamim, Asif. "Lockheed Martin delivers 100th F-22 to the USAF." F-16.net, 29 August 2007. Access date: 26 October 2007.
  8. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference afpn_20060623_ad was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ "Sticker Shock: Estimating the Real Cost of Modern Fighter Aircraft" p. 2. Defense-Aerospace.com, July 2006.
  10. ^ "Defense Acquisitions: Assessments of Selected Major Weapon Programs," p. 59. Government Accountability Office, 31 March 2006. Retrieved: 2 February 2008.
  11. ^ US Department of Defense contracts, 31 July 2007.
  12. ^ "Senators demand more F-22 fighters", Yahoo news, 9 November 2007.
  13. ^ "Pentagon Plans for more F-22s", Forbes, 7 December 2007.
  14. ^ Sevastopulo, Demetri. "Lockheed Martin given F-22 reprieve." Financial Times 17 January 2008. Retrieved: 2 February 2008.
  15. ^ [1], Bloomberg.com
  16. ^ "Washington Watch: The Fighter Dilemma" p. 12. AIR FORCE Magazine February 2008.
  17. ^ Bennet, J.T. "Air Force Plans to Sell F-22As to Allies." InsideDefense.com, 18 February 2006.
  18. ^ Carmen, G. "Rapped in the Raptor: why Australia must have the best." The Age, 2 October 2006.
  19. ^ Beazley, K.. "Media Statement." Australian Labor Party, 26 June 2006.
  20. ^ Landers, K. "Australia to buy 100 Lockheed jet fighters." The World Today, 27 June 2006.
  21. ^ Brogo, A. "A Big Deal: Australia's future air combat capability." p. 62. Australian Strategic Policy Institute (Canberra), 25 February 2004.
  22. ^ Govindasamy, Siva. "Australia to weigh Lockheed Martin F-22 against Russian fighters." Reed Business Information, Flightglobal.com, 10 January 2008. Retrieved: 2 February 2008.
  23. ^ "Israel Plans to Buy Over 100 F-35s"
  24. ^ Bruno, M. "Appropriators Approve F-22A Multiyear, But Not Foreign Sales." Aerospace Daily & Defense Report. 27 September 2006.
  25. ^ Stewart, C. "US rules out deal on F-22 Raptor fighter jets." News.com.au. Retrieved: 14 February 2007.
  26. ^ Williams 2002, p. 10.
  27. ^ a b F-22 Raptor Cockpit, GlobalSecurity.org
  28. ^ Carlson, Maj. Gen. Bruce. "Subject: Stealth Fighters." U.S. Department of Defense Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) News Transcript. Retrieved: 16 July 2007.
  29. ^ Powell, 2nd Lt. William "General Jumper qualifies in F/A-22 Raptor" Air Force Link, 13 January 2005.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g Fulghum, D.A. and Fabey, M.J. "Turn and Burn." Aviation Week & Space Technology. 8 January 2007.[2].
  31. ^ Peron, L. R. "F-22 Initial High Angle-of-Attack Flight Results."(Abstract) Air Force Flight Test Center.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fulghum, D.A and Fabey, M.J. ""F-22: Unseen and Lethal: Raptor Scores in Alaskan Exercise." (online edition) Aviation Week & Space Technology. 8 January 2007.
  33. ^ Klass, Philip J. "Sanders Will Give BAE Systems Dominant Role in Airborne EW." Aviation Week & Space TechnologyVolume 153, issue 5, 31 July 2000. p. 74.
  34. ^ a b c Sweetman 2000. p. 41–47.
  35. ^ JSF-Raptor Radar Can Fry Enemy Sensors
  36. ^ Pike, J. "F-22 Avionics." GlobalSecurity.org.
  37. ^ a b Philips, E.H. "The Electric Jet." Aviation Week & Space Technology. 5 February 2007.
  38. ^ "USAF Almanac." AIR FORCE Magazine May 2006.
  39. ^ "U.S. orders two dozen raptors for 2010." United Press International, 22 November 2006.
  40. ^ a b "F-22 Stealth." Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved: 21 February 2007.
  41. ^ F-22 team, responsibilities
  42. ^ a b c Fulghum, D.A. "Away Game." Aviation Week & Space Technology. 8 January 2007.
  43. ^ "YF-22/F-22A comparison diagram". GlobalSecurity.org.
  44. ^ Military Aircraft Names
  45. ^ "Lockheed Martin Joint Strike Fighter Officially Named 'Lightning II.'" Official Joint Strike Fighter program office press release. 7 July 2006.
  46. ^ F-22 Timeline
  47. ^ "U.S. To Declare F-22 Fighter Operational." Agence France-Presse, 15 December 2005.
  48. ^ a b "Tactical Aircraft: Concurrency in Development and Production of F-22 Aircraft Should Be Reduced." General Accounting Office. April, 1995.
  49. ^ a b "Tyndall AFB receives F-22 maintenance trainer." 325th Fighter Wing Public Affairs. 29 April 2006. Cite error: The named reference "f22team_20060429" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  50. ^ "Hill begins modifications on F-22A Raptor."
  51. ^ "F-22 Raptor Wins 2006 Collier Trophy." National Aeronautic Association.
  52. ^ The F-22 was "lost" when its victim exited the area, regenerated, and immediately reentered the engagement, with the Raptor pilot erroneously assuming it was still "dead".
  53. ^ "Aerospace World: Red Flag Raptors". AIR FORCE Magazine May 2007. Retrieved 9 Feb. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  54. ^ "Lockheed's F-22 Raptor Gets Zapped by International Date Line: Raptors arrive at Kadena." Daily Tech, 26 February 2007.
  55. ^ "Museum adds the world's first stealthy air dominance fighter to collection"
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  57. ^ "F-22 superjets could act as flying Wi-Fi hotspots." The Register.
  58. ^ "Raptors Perform First Intercept of Russian Bombers."
  59. ^ "US Air Force: Raptor Stealth Fighter Jet Fully Operational."
  60. ^ "F-22s at Langley receive FOC status."
  61. ^ Pace 1999, p. 28.
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  68. ^ Clancy, Tom. Debt of Honor. Thorndike, Maine: Thorndike Press, 1994. ISBN 0-7862-0335-8. A lengthy mission by F-22s dominates the last part of the book.
  69. ^ Clancy, Tom. Fighter Wing: A Guided Tour of an Air Force Combat Wing. New York: Berkley Books, 1995. ISBN 0-425-14957-9. The F-22 features as a major new combat aircraft in the non-fiction book.
  70. ^ Cussler, Clive. Dark Watch. New York: Berkley Books, 2005. ISBN 0-425-20559-2. In the book, an F-22 embarks on a secret mission to take out a Syrian foe.
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Bibliography

  • Crosby, Francis. Fighter Aircraft. London: Lorenz Books, 2002. ISBN 0-7548-0990-0.
  • Miller, Jay. Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works: The Official History... (updated edition). Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd., 1995. ISBN 1-85780-037-0.
  • Pace, Steve. F-22 Raptor. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. ISBN 0-07-134271-0.
  • Pace, Steve. X-Fighters: USAF Experimental and Prototype Fighters, XP-59 to YF-23. Oscela, Wisconsin: Motorbooks International, 1991. ISBN 0-87938-540-5.
  • Sweetman, Bill. "Fighter EW: The Next Generation." Journal of Electronic Defense, Volume 23, issue 7, July 2000.
  • Williams, Mel, ed. Superfighters: The Next Generation of Combat Aircraft. London: AIRtime Publishing Inc., 2002. ISBN 1-880588-53-6.

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

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