Frederick D. Reese
Frederick D. Reese | |
|---|---|
 Reese in hat and coat, marching from Selma to Montgomery, behind and to the right of children | |
| Born | November 28, 1929 Selma, Alabama, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Teacher, minister, activist |
| Movement | Selma Voting Rights Movement |
Frederick Douglas Reese, or F. D. Reese, (born November 28, 1929) is a civil rights activist, educator, and minister from Selma, Alabama. Known as a member of Selma's "Courageous Eight,"[1] Reese was the president of the Dallas County Voters League (DCVL) when that organization invited the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King Jr. to come to Selma to amplify the city's local voting rights campaign.[2] This campaign eventually gave birth to the Selma to Montgomery marches, which later led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act. Reese was also president of the Selma Teachers Association, and in January 1965 he mobilized Selma's teachers to march as a group for their right to vote.[2] Reese retired from teaching and as of February 2015 was still active as a minister at Selma's Ebenezer Missionary Baptist Church.[3]
Education
Reese graduated from Alabama State University, where he majored in math and science. He received a Master's degree in education from Livingston University and two degrees from Selma University: a Doctorate of Divinity and an educational specialist's degree.[2]
Early career
Reese spent nine years in Miller's Ferry, Alabama, ending in 1960. This is where he began his teaching career, teaching science and serving as assistant principal.[2]
Selma Voting Rights Movement
In 1960, Reese moved home to Selma, started teaching science and math at R. B. Russell High School, and joined the Dallas County Voters League, the major civil rights organization in Selma since the state of Alabama started actively suppressing the NAACP in 1956.[4][5] Two years after joining the DCVL, he was elected its president.[2]
In 1962, while Reese was a DCVL member, the organization encouraged Bernard Lafayette of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to come to Selma to assist in the voting rights struggle by educating black citizens about their right to vote.[1]
As president of the Dallas County Voters League, Reese signed and sent the DCVL's invitation to Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to come to Selma to lend their support to the voting rights campaign there.[2] King and the SCLC agreed to come, and they started their public engagement in Selma's voting rights campaign on January 2, 1965, with a mass meeting in violation of an injunction against large gatherings.[6]
On January 18, about 400 people marched on the county courthouse to register to vote; on the 19th, the people marched again, and this time police violence towards DCVL's Amelia Boynton and the arrest of 67 marchers brought the movement to national headlines.[7]
Teachers' March
In 1965, Reese held the simultaneous leadership positions of DCVL president and president of the Selma Teachers Association.[2] The first act he made as the Teachers Association president was to sign a proclamation in the presence of the superintendent and assistant superintendent, declaring that teachers should register to vote. Reese even asked that the superintendent allow black teachers to use their free period during the school day to register to vote, though he knew it was an "abominable thing to ask" in that political and social climate.[2] Reese and fellow teacher and DCVL member Margaret Moore challenged their colleagues, "How can we teach American civics if we ourselves cannot vote?"[6]
On January 22, three days after Amelia Boynton's encounter with police, and three days before another demonstration in front of the county courthouse where Annie Lee Cooper (portrayed by Oprah Winfrey in the 2014 film Selma) had a violent encounter with Sheriff Jim Clark, Reese gathered 105 teachers—almost every black teacher in Selma[6]—to march on the courthouse. The teachers climbed the steps but were barred from entering to register. They were pushed down the steps twice, the police jabbing them with nightsticks.[8] Officials reportedly urged against the teachers' arrest, saying, "Don't arrest these people because what you going do with the 7,000 students that we have running around here when they go back to school Monday?"[9] It was the first time in Civil Rights Movement that teachers in the South publicly marched as teachers; they were the largest black professional group in Dallas County, and their actions inspired involvement from their students and others who were unsure about participating in demonstrations.[6][7][10]
Selma to Montgomery Marches
During the time the SCLC spent organizing and protesting in Selma, Reese coordinated meetings and often played the role of mediator when differences of opinion arose.[2]
In photographs from the historic Selma to Montgomery marches, which was initiated and orgainized by SCLC's Director of Direct Action James Bevel, Reese is pictured in a dark suit, coat, and hat, most often in the front of the march with Martin Luther King, Jr. and some of his closest associates.
In creative works
Reese is portrayed by E. Roger Mitchell in Ava DuVernay's 2014 film Selma, and by Bob Banks in the 1999 film Selma, Lord, Selma.
References
- ^ a b The Civil Rights Movement in Selma, Alabama, 1865-1972, National Park Service
- ^ a b c d e f g h i F.D. Reese Interview, Oral Histories, Birmingham Public Library Digital Collections
- ^ Kokomo Herald, "Civil Rights hero impacts local faith community," February 19, 2015
- ^ "1956," Civil Rights Movement Veterans
- ^ N.A.A.C.P. v. Alabama, 357 U.S. 449 (1958)
- ^ a b c d "1965: Selma & the March to Montgomery," Civil Rights Movement Veterans
- ^ a b "Selma to Montgomery," National Park Service brochure
- ^ The Selma Voting Rights Struggle & March to Montgomery, Bruce Hartford, 2014
- ^ "Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail," National Park Service
- ^ Video: Teachers in Selma March for the Right to Vote
