Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose

Galactose-*alpha*-1,3-galactose
Names
	Systematic IUPAC name 3-O-α-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-galactopyranose
	Other names Alpha-gal; 3-α-Galactobiose; Gal(α1-3)Gal; alpha-D-Gal-(1→3)-D-Gal
Identifiers
CAS Number	7313-98-6;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	17346769;
PubChem CID	16219440;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID501045270 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-3-5(15)7(17)8(18)12(22-3)23-10-6(16)4(2-14)21-11(20)9(10)19/h3-20H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5+,6+,7+,8-,9-,10+,11?,12-/m1/s1 Key: QIGJYVCQYDKYDW-SDOYDPJRSA-N;
	SMILES O([C@@H]1[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H]1O)[C@H]2O[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)CO;
Properties
Chemical formula	C12H22O11
Molar mass	342.297 g·mol−1
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose, commonly known as alpha gal, is a carbohydrate found in most organisms' cell membranes. It is not found in primates, including humans, whose immune systems recognize it as a foreign body and produce xenoreactive immunoglobulin M antibodies, leading to organ rejection after transplantation.^[1] It has also been suggested to play a role in an IgE-specific allergic response to some meats.^[2] Recent studies are showing increasing evidence that this allergy may be induced by the bite of the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)^[3] in North America and the castor bean tick (Ixodes ricincus) in Sweden.^[4]

References

^ Cohen; et al. (2000). "Renal xenografts from triple transgenic pigs are not hyperacutley rejected but cause coagulopathy in non-immunosuppressed baboons". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (help); Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)^{[full citation needed]}
^ Williams, Louise (December 27, 2013). "Just one bite". Sydney Morning Herald. Australia. p. 20.
^ "Bad bite: Doctors see surge of sudden meat allergies caused by ticks that are spreading in US" USNews, July 7, 2014
^ Hamsten, C; Starkhammar, M; Tran, T. A.; Johansson, M; Bengtsson, U; Ahlén, G; Sällberg, M; Grönlund, H; Van Hage, M (2013). "Identification of galactose-α-1,3-galactose in the gastrointestinal tract of the tick Ixodes ricinus; possible relationship with red meat allergy". Allergy. 68 (4): 549–52. doi:10.1111/all.12128. PMID 23414348.

[1] Cohen; et al. (2000). "Renal xenografts from triple transgenic pigs are not hyperacutley rejected but cause coagulopathy in non-immunosuppressed baboons". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (help); Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)^{[full citation needed]}

[foreign-2] Williams, Louise (December 27, 2013). "Just one bite". Sydney Morning Herald. Australia. p. 20.

[3] "Bad bite: Doctors see surge of sudden meat allergies caused by ticks that are spreading in US" USNews, July 7, 2014

[4] Hamsten, C; Starkhammar, M; Tran, T. A.; Johansson, M; Bengtsson, U; Ahlén, G; Sällberg, M; Grönlund, H; Van Hage, M (2013). "Identification of galactose-α-1,3-galactose in the gastrointestinal tract of the tick Ixodes ricinus; possible relationship with red meat allergy". Allergy. 68 (4): 549–52. doi:10.1111/all.12128. PMID 23414348.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

See also

References