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Geography of Iceland

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Iceland
Nickname: Land of Fire and Ice
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Geography
Coordinates65°00′N 18°00′W / 65.000°N 18.000°W / 65.000; -18.000
Adjacent toAtlantic Ocean
Area103,001 km2 (39,769 sq mi)
Area rank18th
Coastline4,970 km (3088 mi)
Highest elevation2,110 m (6920 ft)
Administration
Demographics
Population330,000
Pop. density3.3/km2 (8.5/sq mi)
Additional information
Time zone

Iceland is an island country at the confluence of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, east of Greenland and immediately south of the Arctic Circle, atop the constructive boundary of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge about 860 km (534 mi) from Scotland and 4,200 km (2,610 mi) from New York City. One of the world's most sparsely populated countries, Iceland's boundaries are almost the same as the main island – the world's 18th largest in area and possessing almost all of the country's area and population.

Geology

Iceland has extensive volcanic and geothermal activity. The rift associated with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which marks the division between the European and North American tectonic plates, runs across Iceland from the southwest to the northeast. This geographic feature is prominent at the Þingvellir National Park, where the promontory creates an extraordinary natural amphitheatre. The site was the home of Iceland's parliament, the Alþing, which was first convened in 930. It is a common misconception that Þingvellir are at the juncture between the North American and Eurasian continental plates. However, they are in fact at the juncture of the North American continental plate and a smaller plate (approx. 10,000 km2) called the Hreppar Microplate (Hreppaflekinn).[1]

About half of Iceland's land area, which is of recent volcanic origin, consists of a mountainous lava desert (highest elevation 2,110 m (6,923 ft) above sea level) and other wasteland. Around 10.2 per cent of the total land area is covered by glaciers, although these are now retreating at an accelerating rate.[2] The four largest Icelandic glaciers are:

Other notable glaciers include:

Twenty per cent of the land is used for grazing, while only 1 per cent is cultivated. Iceland has lost most of the woodland that previously covered large areas of the country, but an ambitious reforestation programme is currently underway.[3] Fossilized tree pollen and descriptions by the early settlers indicate that prior to human settlement, now thought to have occurred from around the year 800 onwards,[4][5] trees covered between 30 and 40 per cent of the island. Today, however, there are only small patches of the original birch forests left, the most prominent being Hallormsstaðaskógur and Vaglaskógur.

The inhabited areas are on the coast, particularly in the southwest, while the central highlands are all but uninhabited.

Because of the Gulf Stream's moderating influence, the climate is characterized by damp, cool summers and relatively mild but windy winters. Reykjavík has an average temperature of 12 °C (53.6 °F) in July and 1 °C (34 °F) in January[6] (Köppen: Cfc).

Statistics

Köppen climate classification types of Iceland
Köppen climate classification types of Iceland
Dettifoss, located in northeast Iceland. It is the largest waterfall in Europe in terms of volume discharge, with an average water flow of 200 m3/second.
Location
Island in North America (Commonly regarded as a part of Northern Europe), straddling the Eurasian and North American plates between the Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the British Isles.
Map references
Arctic Region

Area
39,769 sq miles (103,001 km²)
  • Total: 103,125 km²
  • Land: 100,329 km²
  • Water: 2,796 km²
Land boundaries
0 km
Coastline
4,970 km
Maritime claims
  • Territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)
  • Exclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)
  • Continental shelf: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate
Temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; cool summers, damp in the south and west
Terrain
Mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply indented by bays and fjords
Elevation extremes
  • Lowest point: Jökulsárlón Lagoon: -146 m, Atlantic Ocean 0 m
  • Highest point: Hvannadalshnúkur 2,110 m
Natural resources
Fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite
Land use
  • Arable land: 1.21%
  • Permanent crops: 0%
  • Other: 98.79% (2012)
Irrigated land
NA
Total renewable water resources
170 km3 (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)
Total: 0.17 km3/yr (49%/8%/42%)
Per capita: 539.2 m3/yr (2005)
Natural hazards
Earthquakes, volcanic activity, avalanches, and glacial lake outburst flooding (or jökulhlaups)
Environment—current issues
Water pollution from fertilizer runoff; inadequate wastewater treatment
Environment—international agreements
Geography—note
Westernmost European country; more land covered by glaciers than in all of continental Europe

Antipodes

Iceland is not antipodal to any land mass. The closest are the Balleny Islands off Antarctica, claimed by New Zealand. The antipodes of the northernmost of these, Young Island, lie between Flatey and Grímsey Islands off the north central Icelandic coast, about 10 km from either.

Geological activity

A geyser in Iceland

A geologically young land, Iceland is located on both the Iceland hotspot and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which runs right through it. This location means that the island is highly geologically active with many volcanoes, notably Hekla, Eldgjá, Herðubreið and Eldfell

Iceland has many geysers, including Geysir, from which the English word geyser is derived.

With the widespread availability of geothermal power, and the harnessing of many rivers and waterfalls for hydroelectricity, most residents have access to inexpensive hot water, heating and electricity. See geothermal power in Iceland.

The island is composed primarily of basalt, a low-silica lava associated with effusive volcanism as has occurred also in Hawaii. Iceland, however, has a variety of volcanic types (composite and fissure), many producing more evolved lavas such as rhyolite and andesite. Iceland has hundreds of volcanoes with approx. 30 volcanic systems active.[7]

Maps and images

  • True colour satellite image of Iceland in winter
    True colour satellite image of Iceland in winter
  • Satellite image of Iceland
    Satellite image of Iceland
  • Map of Iceland showing major towns and geographical features
    Map of Iceland showing major towns and geographical features
  • Active volcanic areas and systems in Iceland
    Active volcanic areas and systems in Iceland
  • Map showing the Mid-Atlantic Ridge splitting Iceland and separating the North American and Eurasian Plates
    Map showing the Mid-Atlantic Ridge splitting Iceland and separating the North American and Eurasian Plates
  • Ridge between the tectonic plates of Eurasia and North America
    Ridge between the tectonic plates of Eurasia and North America
  • Iceland is rich in sulfur deposits.
    Iceland is rich in sulfur deposits.
  • Topographic map of Iceland
    Topographic map of Iceland

See also

References

  1. ^ "Plate boundaries, rifts and transforms in Iceland" (PDF). JÖKULL No. 58, 2008. Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  2. ^ "Heildarstærð jökla á Íslandi 2014 ("Total surface area of Icelandic glaciers 2014")" (PDF). Loftmyndir ehf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Forestry in a treeless land". Iceland Forest Service. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  4. ^ http://www.rae.ac.uk/submissions/ra1.aspx?id=187&type=hei&subid=3463
  5. ^ "New View on the Origin of First Settlers in Iceland". Iceland Review Online. 4 June 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  6. ^ "Mánaðarmeðaltöl fyrir stöð 1 - Reykjavík ("Monthly data for station No 1 - Reykjavík")". Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  7. ^ Carmichael, I.S.E. (1964). "The Petrology of Thingmuli, a Tertiary Volcano in Eastern Iceland" (PDF). J. Petrology. 5 (3): 435–460. doi:10.1093/petrology/5.3.435.
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