Haplogroup C-B477
| Haplogroup C-B477 | |
|---|---|
| Possible place of origin | Sahul Shelf |
| Ancestor | （Grandparent）C1 |
| Descendants | C1b2a-M38 C1b2b-M347 |
| Defining mutations | B477 |
| Highest frequencies | Papuan people, Indigenous Australians, Melanesian people, Polynesian people |
Haplogroup C-B477 also known as Haplogroup C1b2 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is one of two primary branches of Haplogroup C1b, one of the descendants of Haplogroup C1.
It is distributed in high frequency in Indigenous Australians, Papuan people, Melanesian people and Polynesian people.
Subgroups
- C1b2（C-B477）
- C1b2a（C-M38） Papuan people and other Oceanians
- C1b2b（C-M347） Indigenous Australians[1]
Frequency
C-M38
- Lani 100%,[2]
- Dani 92%,[2]
- Cook Islands 78%[3]-82%,[2]
- Samoa 62%[3]-72%,[4]
- Tahiti 64%,[4]
- Sumba 57%,[4]
- Maori 43%,[5]
- Tonga 34%,[3][4]
- Futuna 30%,[3]
- Maewo 23%,[4]
- Maluku Islands 15%[2]-28%,[4]
- Fiji 22%,[3]
- Asmat people 20%,[2]
- Coastal New Guinea 14%[4]-23%,[2]
- Flores 17%,[4]
- Tuvalu 17%,[3]
- Tolai 12.5%[2]-21%,[3]
- Lesser Sunda Islands 16%,[2]
- Admiralty Islands 16%,[3]
- West Sulawesi 12.5%[4]
C-M347
- Indigenous Australians 60.2%[6]-68.7%[7]
Migration history
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Haplogroup B-477 is an Australoid group who took "South route" after the Out of Africa through Indian subcontinent to Sahul Shelf.[8] C-M38 was born 49,600 years before present around New Guinea.[9]
References
- ^ Hudjashov G, Kivisild T, Underhill PA et al. (May 2007). "Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (21): 8726–30. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702928104. PMC 1885570. PMID 17496137.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kayser M, Brauer S, Weiss G et al. (February 2003). "Reduced Y-chromosome, but not mitochondrial DNA, diversity in human populations from West New Guinea". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1086/346065. PMC 379223. PMID 12532283.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kayser M, Choi Y, van Oven M et al. (July 2008). "The impact of the Austronesian expansion: evidence from mtDNA and Y chromosome diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (7): 1362–74. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078. PMID 18390477.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Cox MP, Redd AJ, Karafet TM et al. (October 2007). "A Polynesian motif on the Y chromosome: population structure in remote Oceania". Hum. Biol. 79 (5): 525–35. PMID 18478968.
- ^ Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA; et al. (April 2001). "Maori origins, Y-chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific". Hum. Mutat. 17 (4): 271–80. doi:10.1002/humu.23. PMID 11295824.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hudjashov, G.; Kivisild, T.; Underhill, P. A.; Endicott, P.; Sanchez, J. J.; Lin, A. A.; Shen, P.; Oefner, P.; Renfrew, C.; Villems, R.; Forster, P. (2007). "Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (21): 8726–30. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702928104. PMC 1885570. PMID 17496137.
- ^ Kayser, M; Brauer, Silke; Weiss, Gunter; Schiefenhövel, Wulf; Underhill, Peter; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter; Tommaseo-Ponzetta, Mila; Stoneking, Mark (2003). "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea". The American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1086/346065. PMC 379223. PMID 12532283.
- ^ 崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版 2009年）(in Japanese)
- ^ Scheinfeldt, L.; Friedlaender, F; Friedlaender, J; Latham, K; Koki, G; Karafet, T; Hammer, M; Lorenz, J (2006). "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (8): 1628–41. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028. PMID 16754639.
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Footnotes
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