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Hawkei

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Hawkei
A Hawkei protected mobility vehicle on display at the 2014 MSPO
A Hawkei protected mobility vehicle on display at the 2014 International Defence Industry Exhibition
TypeMultirole armoured car
Place of originAustralia
Production history
DesignerThales Australia
Boeing Australia
Plasan
Designed2010
ManufacturerThales Australia
Produced2016—present
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications
Mass7,000 kg (15,432 lb) (kerb),
10,000 kg (22,046 lb) (GVM)
Length5,780mm
Width2,396mm
Height2,300mm
Crew4-6
ArmorGreater than STANAG 4569 (Level 1). Additional applique armour provided by Plasan composite and V-shaped monocoque hull
Main
armament
Manned weapon mount up to 12.7mm HMG or 40mm AGL
or remote weapon system up to 12.7mm HMG or 40mm AGL or ATGM[1]
EngineSteyr M16 six-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine.
200 kW (268 hp) @ 4,000rpm
610 N⋅m (450 lb⋅ft) @ 2,000rpm
TransmissionZF 8-speed automatic
SuspensionAxleTech 3000, fully independent suspension, coil and double wishbone
Fuel capacity200 L (53 U.S. gal)
Operational
range
600 km (373 mi)
Maximum speed 130km/h (81 mph)
Steering
system
Power-assisted

The Hawkei is a light four-wheel drive protected mobility vehicle originally designed to meet an Australian Defence Force (ADF) requirement for a light armoured patrol vehicle to replace some of its Land Rover Perentie variants. The Hawkei is a highly mobile, highly protected, 7-tonne vehicle, with in-built systems to allow it to be used as a fighting platform.[2] It has been developed with Vehicle Electronic Architecture to be mission system ready.[3] It is intended to undertake a range of mission profiles, including troop movement, command and control, electronic warfare, liaison, surveillance and reconnaissance.[4] Prime contractors include: Thales Australia, Boeing Australia, Plasan (Israel) and PAC Group. In October 2015, the Australian Government announced the purchase of 1,100 Hawkei vehicles from Thales Australia.[5]

History

As part of a wider project to replace the ADF's fleet of operational support vehicles, Project Land 121 Phase 4 – Protected Mobility Vehicle (Light) or PMV-L, is a requirement for up to 1,300 specialised light armoured vehicles replace some of the in-service Land Rovers. Key criteria for the project included: off-road mobility, integrated vehicle electronic architecture, substantial payloads, high levels of protection against land mines, improvised explosive devices and ballistic weapons while being light enough to be air transported by military helicopters. The three options considered as part of the project were:

  • Option 1, Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) Program - align the PMV-L requirement to the United States JLTV program to replace its fleet of High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle or 'Humvee' (awarded 25 August 2015 to Oshkosh offering L-ATV);[6]
  • Option 2, Manufactured and Supported in Australia (MSA); and
  • Option 3, Market available – pursuit of this option is subject to Australian Government decisions on Options 1 and 2.[7]

Competitors for the MSA option included the combat proven MOWAG Eagle IV from General Dynamics Land Systems; the British military then selected Ocelot from Force Protection; and the Hawkei offering from Thales Australia. The JTLV option included entries from BAE Systems/Navistar,[8] AM General/General Dynamics[9] and Lockheed Martin.[10]

In December 2011 the Australian Department of Defence announced Hawkei as the preferred vehicle for further development and testing under the MSA option.[3]

In October 2015, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and Minister for Defence Marise Payne announced the purchase of 1,100 Hawkei vehicles and 1,000 trailers at a cost of $1.3 billion.[11][12]

In November 2017 it was reported that the Hawkei was being considered by Poland as part of a modernisation of the country's military. This could result in an initial purchase of 50 vehicles, and as many as 700 over the long term.[13] In September 2020, the Hawkei was announced as one of four vehicles to qualify for the Polish competition.[14]

In September 2018 the Australian National Audit Office released a report which criticised aspects of the Hawkei project. The report judged that Australia should have remained in the JLTV program to provide competition for the Hawkei procurement and that the Department of Defence had not kept ministers fully informed about the Hawkei program. This included not providing ministers with a study which found that there were few benefits from building the vehicles in Australia. The ANAO was unable to publish some elements of the audit after Attorney General Christian Porter ruled that publishing it would compromise national security. Thales had taken legal action earlier in the year seeking to have material removed from the report.[15] Some of the suppressed elements of the report were released in 2021 following a freedom of information request, and included material stating that the Department of Defence had been unable to demonstrate that the Hawkei represented value for money compared to the JLTV.[16]

As of December 2018, the Hawkei is facing reliability issues following a demonstration test conducted on 19 November 2018, delaying full-rate production.[17]

In September 2020, Defence Minister Linda Reynolds and Defence Industry Minister Melissa Price confirmed the Hawkei was ready to enter full-rate production at Thales’ Protected Vehicles facility in Bendigo, Victoria at the rate of approximately 50 vehicles per month. 1,100 Hawkei vehicles and 1,058 associated trailers will be delivered.[18]

Variants

All variants use the same four wheeled platform.

Command

Dual cab manned by a crew of four to six, weapons system options including up to 12.7mm guns or 40mm grenade systems in various mounts with a remote operated option.[19]

Border Protection

Dual cab manned by a crew of four to six, various equipment options including force protection radar, surveillance and communications systems.[20]

Special Operations Vehicle

Dual cab manned by a crew of four to six with up to three weapon systems:[21][22]

  • Front co-driver swing mount;
  • Roof mounted manual gunring or remote weapon station; and/or
  • Rear-facing swing mount.

Options included full doors, half doors, windscreen and scalable racking system for payload.[21]

Utility

A Hawkei utility variant in 2016

Single-extended cab with a flat-bed cargo area measuring; L: 2,000 mm (79 in) x W: 2,400 mm (94 in). The vehicle is manned by a crew of 2-3 and has a kerb weight of 6,800 kg (14,991 lb) with a rated cargo load of 3,000 kg (6,614 lb). The load bed is designed to accommodate four 1000mm × 1200mm (40" x 48") NATO standard military pallets or a single tricon (one-third ISO 20 ft) container.[23]

Etymology

The Hawkei is named after Acanthophis hawkei,[24] a species of death adder. In turn, the snake is named after former Prime Minister of Australia Bob Hawke.[25]

Operators

 Australia

References

  1. ^ "Hawkei's Genesis: Protection, Mobility and Performance". Thales Group. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  2. ^ "Hawkei - Next Generation Protected Mobility Vehicle" (PDF). Thales Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  3. ^ a b "Thales Hawkei Receives Contract for Further Development". Deagel.com. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  4. ^ "Hawkei - Next Generation Protected Mobility Vehicle". Thales Group.
  5. ^ Tufrey, LS Jayson (22 October 2015). "Our vehicle of the future" (PDF). Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper (1362 ed.). Canberra, Australia: Department of Defence. ISSN 0729-5685.
  6. ^ "Oshkosh Beats Lockheed, AM General For Historic JLTV Win". Breaking Defense. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  7. ^ "Defence Materiel Organisation– Defence Capability Plan (Public Version Aug 2011)". Department of Defence. August 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  8. ^ "BAE Systems – Navistar Defense – ArvinMeritor Team Delivers Australian Joint Light Tactical Vehicle Prototypes". BAE Systems/Navistar Press Release. Business Wire. 21 June 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2012. BAE Systems, through its U.S. Combat Systems business, along with partners Navistar Defense and ArvinMeritor, delivered three right hand drive operation configured Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) prototypes in a ceremony today in West Point, Mississippi. Each of these prototypes will be sent to Australia for durability testing that mutually supports both U.S. and Australia interests.
  9. ^ "GTV Delivers Right-Hand Operation JLTV Technology Development Vehicles on Schedule". Press Release. General Tactical Vehicles. 20 July 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2012. Test and evaluation of the RHO JLTVs includes a five-month reliability and durability test and evaluation process at the Monegeetta Proving Ground in Monegeetta, Victoria, Australia. Test site management for GTV will be performed by General Dynamics Land Systems-Australia and supported by Australian in-country suppliers.
  10. ^ "Lockheed Martin Delivers Right Hand Operation JLTV Technology Development Vehicles To U.S. Government For Testing". Press Release. Lockheed Martin. 23 June 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2012. Lockheed Martin [NYSE: LMT] today delivered two right hand operation Joint Light Tactical Vehicles (JLTV), and a companion trailer, to the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps and representatives of the Australian Army for Technology Development (TD) phase assessment and testing .... The two variants included a JLTV Category B Command and Control on the Move and a Category C Utility vehicle, which is designed with a focus on payload. All vehicles feature right hand operation, but are otherwise identical to the U.S. vehicles.
  11. ^ "Hawkei: Army to spend $1.3 billion on Australian-made replacement for ageing Land Rover fleet". ABC News. 5 October 2015.
  12. ^ "Joint media release – Army's Hawkei to be built in Australia" (Press release). Department of Defence. 5 October 2015. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  13. ^ "Pyne spruiks Hawkei, FFGs and defence industry in Poland". Australian Defence Magazine. 1 November 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  14. ^ "Four European armored vehicles qualify for Polish competition".
  15. ^ Callinan, Rory (12 September 2018). "Auditor general prevented from tabling full report into $1bn Hawkei military contract". The Australian. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  16. ^ Greene, Andrew (9 January 2021). "Australian military's $1.3 billion Hawkei contract criticisms revealed after previously sealed by the Attorney-General". ABC News. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  17. ^ "SITREP | Australia's Hawkei Protected Mobility Vehicle". www.indrastra.com. ISSN 2381-3652. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  18. ^ "Hawkei ready to enter full rate production".
  19. ^ "Command brochure". Thales Group. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013.
  20. ^ "Hawkei Border Protection". Thales Group. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013.
  21. ^ a b "Hawkei Special Operations Vehicle". Thales Group. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013.
  22. ^ "Thales - Hawkei The next generation in protection". Michael Luzar. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016.
  23. ^ "Hawkei Ute". Thales Group. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013.
  24. ^ "Hawkei's genesis: protection, mobility & performance". Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  25. ^ Wells; Wellington (1985). "A classification of the Amphibia and Reptilia of Australia" (PDF): 43. Retrieved 8 September 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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