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Government of Nazi Germany

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Government of the German Reich
Regierung des Deutschen Reiches

Imperial Eagle (Reichsadler), shield of the German Reich.
From left to right: Adolf Hitler, Hermann Göring, Joseph Goebbels and Rudolf Hess, 1934.
Date formed30 January 1933; 91 years ago (1933-01-30)
Date dissolved5 June 1945; 79 years ago (1945-06-05)
People and organisations
FührerAdolf Hitler (from August 1934 to April 1945)
ReichskanzlerAdolf Hitler
No. of ministers41
Status in legislatureGroßdeutscher Reichstag
(until 1934, then used for meeting purposes)
History
Elections• March 1933 (8th Reichstag)
• November 1933 (9th Reichstag)
• 1934 referendum (merger of the positions of Chancellor and President)
• March 1936 (10th Reichstag)
• April 1938 (11th Reichstag)
PredecessorGovernment of the Weimar Republic
SuccessorAllied Control Council
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The government of Nazi Germany was a totalitarian dictatorship governed by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party according to the Führerprinzip. Nazi Germany was established in January 1933 with the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany, followed by suspension of basic rights with the Reichstag Fire Decree and the Enabling Act which gave Hitler's regime the power to pass and enforce laws without the involvement of the Reichstag or German president, and de facto ended with Germany's surrender in World War II on 8 May 1945 and de jure ended with the Berlin Declaration on 5 June 1945.

As the successor to the government of the Weimar Republic, it inherited the governmental structure and institutions of the previous state. Although the Weimar Constitution technically remained in effect until the German surrender, there were no actual restraints on the exercise of state power. In addition to the already extant Weimar government, the Nazi leadership created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them govern and remain in power. They pursued a policy of rearmament and strengthened the Wehrmacht, established an extensive national security apparatus and created the Waffen-SS, the combat branch of the Schutzstaffel (SS).

Working towards the Führer

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Main article: Hitler cabinet

On 30 January 1933, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany. This event is known as the Machtergreifung (seizure of power).[1] In the following months, the Nazi Party used a process termed Gleichschaltung (co-ordination) to rapidly bring all aspects of life under control of the party.[2] All civilian organisations, including agricultural groups, volunteer organisations, and sports clubs, had their leadership replaced with Nazi sympathisers or party members. By July 1933, all other political parties had been banned or had dissolved themselves, and the Law Against the Formation of Parties declared the Nazis the only legal party.[3] Virtually the only organisations not controlled by the NSDAP were the army and the churches.[4] When President Hindenburg died in August 1934, the Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich merged the offices of Reich President and Chancellor and conferred the position on Hitler, who thus also became head of state and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.[5] By 1939, party membership was compulsory for all civil service officials.[6] Hitler ruled Germany autocratically by asserting the Führerprinzip (leader principle), which called for absolute obedience of all subordinates. He viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself at the apex. Rank in the party was not determined by elections; positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank.[7] The Nazi Party used propaganda to develop a cult of personality around Hitler.[8]

Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. Officials were expected to "work towards the Führer" – to take the initiative in promoting policies and actions in line with his wishes and the goals of the Nazi Party, without Hitler having to be involved in the day-to-day running of the country.[9] He often deferred making decisions, avoided clear delegation and allowed subordinates to compete with one another, especially in the pre-war years. The government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but rather a disorganised collection of factions led by members of the party elite who struggled to amass power and gain the Führer's favour.[10]

The system of government was formed whereby leading Nazi officials were forced to interpret Hitler's speeches, remarks and writings on government policies and turn them into programs and legislation. Hitler typically did not give written orders; instead he communicated them verbally, or had them conveyed through his close associate, Martin Bormann.[11] He entrusted Bormann with his paperwork, appointments, and personal finances; Bormann used his position to control the flow of information and access to Hitler.[12] Hitler's cabinet never met after 1938, and he discouraged his ministers from meeting independently.[13]

Hitler's leadership style was to give contradictory orders to his subordinates and to place them into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped with those of others, to have "the stronger one [do] the job".[14] In this way, Hitler fostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power.[15]

The process allowed more unscrupulous and ambitious Nazis to get away with implementing the more radical and extreme elements of Hitler's ideology, such as antisemitism, and in doing so win political favour. It was protected by Joseph Goebbels' effective propaganda machine, which portrayed Hitler as a heroic and infallible leader.[16] Further, the government was portrayed as a dedicated, dutiful and efficient outfit. Through successive Reichsstatthalter decrees, Germany's states were effectively replaced by Nazi provinces called Gaue.

After June 1941 as World War II progressed, Hitler became preoccupied with military matters and spent most of his time at his military headquarters on the eastern front. This led Hitler to rely more and more on Bormann to handle the domestic policies of the country. On 12 April 1943, Hitler officially appointed Bormann as Personal Secretary to the Führer.[17] By this time Bormann had de facto control over all domestic matters, and this new appointment gave him the power to act in an official capacity in any matter.[18]

Historical opinion is divided between "intentionalists" who believe that Hitler created this system as the only means of ensuring both the total loyalty and dedication of his supporters, and the impossibility of a conspiracy; and the "structuralists" who believe that the system evolved by itself and was a limitation on Hitler's totalitarian power.

The organization of the Nazi state was as follows:

Chancelleries and other national authorities

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Cabinet ministries

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Reich offices

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State and provincial administrators

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Main article: Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany

Occupation authorities

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Further information: Reichskommissar

Legislative branch

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It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a legislative branch in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. Since passage of the Enabling Act the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was empowered to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the 1919 constitution.

Judicial system

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Most of the judicial structures and legal codes of the Weimar Republic remained in use during the Nazi era, but significant changes within the judicial codes occurred, as well as significant changes in court rulings. Most human rights of the constitution of the Weimar Republic were disabled by several Reichsgesetze (Reich's laws). Several minorities, opposition politicians and prisoners of war were deprived of most of their rights and responsibilities. The plan to pass a Volksstrafgesetzbuch (people's code of criminal justice) arose soon after 1933 but didn't come into reality until the end of World War II.

As a new type of court, the Volksgerichtshof (people's court) was established in 1934, only dealing with cases of political importance. In practice, it served only as a kangaroo court, conducting show trials that gave the appearance of legal process while handing down harsh sentences to political enemies. From 1934 to 1945, the court sentenced 10,980 people to prison and imposed the death penalty on 5,179 more who were convicted of high treason.[19] About 1,000 were acquitted.[20] Its most prominent members were Otto Georg Thierack, president of the court from May 1936 to August 1942, and Roland Freisler who presided from August 1942 to February 1945. After the war ended, some surviving jurists were tried, convicted, and sentenced as war criminals.

Military organizations

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See also: Military history of Germany during World War II
The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the Kriegsmarine
OKW – Armed Forces High Command
Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces
Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel
Chief of the Operations Staff
Colonel General Alfred Jodl
Chief of Military Intelligence (Abwehr)
Rear Admiral Konrad Patzig (1932-1935)
Vice Admiral Wilhelm Canaris (1935-1944)
OKH – Army High Command
Army Commanders-in-Chief
Colonel General Werner von Fritsch (1935 to 1938)
Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch (1938 to 1941)
Führer and Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler (1941 to 1945)
Field Marshal Ferdinand Schörner (May 1945)
OKM – Navy High Command
Navy Commanders-in-Chief
Grand Admiral Erich Raeder (1928-1943)
Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz (1943-1945)
General Admiral Hans-Georg von Friedeburg (May 1945)
OKL – Air Force High Command
Air Force Commanders-in-Chief
Reich Marshal Hermann Göring (to April 1945)
Field Marshal Robert Ritter von Greim (April 1945)

Paramilitary organizations

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National police agencies

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Main article: Police forces of Nazi Germany

Political and youth organizations

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Service organizations

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Religious organizations

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Academic and professional organizations

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References

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Notes

  1. ^ Shirer 1960, pp. 183–184.
  2. ^ McNab 2009, p. 14.
  3. ^ Shirer 1960, p. 201.
  4. ^ Evans 2005, p. 14.
  5. ^ Shirer 1960, p. 226.
  6. ^ McNab 2009, p. 78.
  7. ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 170, 172, 181.
  8. ^ Evans 2005, p. 400.
  9. ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 320–321.
  10. ^ McElligott, Kirk & Kershaw 2003, p. 6.
  11. ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 377.
  12. ^ Speer 1971, p. 333.
  13. ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 323.
  14. ^ Speer 1971, p. 281.
  15. ^ Manvell & Fraenkel 2007, p. 29.
  16. ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 292–293.
  17. ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 752.
  18. ^ Speer 1971, pp. 333–334.
  19. ^ Wachsmann, Hitler's Prisons: Legal Terror in Nazi Germany. Yale University Press (2004), pp. 398–99.
  20. ^ Räbiger, Rocco, Die Geschichte des Volksgerichtshofes (History of the People's Court) (in German) stating that in some 7,000 cases 18,000 defendants were convicted and 5,000 of those were sentenced to death; about 1,000 were acquitted.

Bibliography

  • Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-303790-3.
  • Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.
  • Manvell, Roger; Fraenkel, Heinrich (2007) [1965]. Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo. London; New York: Greenhill; Skyhorse. ISBN 978-1-60239-178-9.
  • McElligott, Anthony; Kirk, Tim; Kershaw, Ian (2003). Working Towards the Führer: Essays in Honour of Sir Ian Kershaw. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6732-4.
  • McNab, Chris (2009). The Third Reich. Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-906626-51-8.
  • Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.
  • Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich. New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5.
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