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Hizma

Coordinates: 31°50′06″N 35°15′43″E / 31.83500°N 35.26194°E / 31.83500; 35.26194
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Hizma
Municipality type C
Arabic transcription(s)
 • Arabicحزما
 • LatinHizme (official)
Hizma
Hizma
Hizma is located in State of Palestine
Hizma
Hizma
Location of Hizma within Palestine
Coordinates: 31°50′06″N 35°15′43″E / 31.83500°N 35.26194°E / 31.83500; 35.26194
Palestine grid175/138
StateState of Palestine
GovernorateJerusalem
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
Area
 • Total4,563 dunams (4.6 km2 or 1.8 sq mi)
Population
 (2017)[1]
 • Total7,118
 • Density1,500/km2 (4,000/sq mi)
Name meaning"The bundle"[2]

Hizma (Arabic: حزما) is a Palestinian town in the Jerusalem Governorate, seven kilometers from Jerusalem's Old City. The town, mostly located in Area C of the West Bank, borders four Israeli settlements, Neve Yaakov and Pisgat Ze'ev (both officially considered part of Jerusalem), Geva Binyamin and Almon.

Hizma is identified with the biblical town of Azmaveth of the Israelite tribe of Benjamin.[3][4] Archaeological findings confirm a Jewish presence during Roman times, marked by a thriving stoneware industry, and the discovery of a burial cave housing ossuaries inscribed in the Hebrew alphabet.[5][6] Byzantine period ceramics were also found at the site.[7] Throughout Ottoman, British, and Jordanian rule, Hizma was a small village inhabited by Muslims.

Since 1967, Hizma has been occupied by Israel. The village is cut off from Jerusalem by the Israeli West Bank barrier in the west and from the West Bank by settlements in the east. As of 2017, Hizma had a population of about 7,118 residents.[1]

History

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Iron Age

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In the 1920s, Albright suggested that Hizma was identical with the biblical town of (Beth) Azmaveth of the Israelite tribe of Benjamin (see Ezra 2:24; Neh. 7:28, 12:29).[8][4]

Gibson, after surveying the village in 1981,[4] questioned this identification, citing the lack of archaeological remains from the necessary time period.[9] However, another survey conducted two years later by Uri Dinur yielded Iron Age II pottery.[4]

Dinur and Feig found sherds from Iron Age II, Persian and Hellenistic period. Based on the findings, Finkelstein asserts that Hizma can be positively identified with Azmaveth.[3]

Roman period

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Stone vessels made of chalkstone (a type of soft limestone) are typical for and unique to Jewish sites from the time between the second half of the first century BCE and the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135 CE), frequently found in Judea, Transjordan, Galilee and the Golan, with Hizma being one of the few identified quarrying and production sites.[5][6] Towards the end of the Roman period, there was an industry in Hizma producing fine stoneware from the local limestone.[10] Products included vases and bowls turned on a lathe, and mugs carved by hand.[10] Examples of stoneware that may have originated here have been found in many places in the Jerusalem region, mostly dating from the first and second centuries CE.[10]

A burial cave from the first centuries BCE and CE was found in Hizmeh in 1931. Six ossuaries were present, two of which had inscriptions, which bear the names Hoshea and Mariam in Hebrew and Aramaic using the Jewish script.[11] In 1983, an ancient Jewish ossuary said to be from Hizma appeared in the Jerusalem antiquities market and was acquired by the Department of Antiquities. This ossuary is inscribed in Aramaic, indicating it belonged to "Yehoḥanah, Granddaughter of the High Priest Theophillus". Josephus, the historian, references a high priest of the same name, appointed by Vitellius in the brief period before he was informed of Tiberius' death, approximately around 37 AD.[12]

Byzantine period

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Ceramics from the Byzantine period have also been found at Hizma.[7]

Ottoman period

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In 1517, the village was incorporated into the Ottoman empire with the rest of Palestine, and in the 1596 tax-records it appeared as Hamza, located in the Nahiye of Jerusalem in the Sanjak of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem. The population was 28 households, all Muslim according to census records. They paid a tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, which included wheat, barley, vineyards and fruit trees, occasional revenues, goats and beehives; a total of 2800 akçe.[13][a]

In 1838, Edward Robinson found the village had been deserted for two months, as the villagers had "fled across the Jordan" to escape conscription.[14] He further noted it as a Muslim village, located in the immediate vicinity of Jerusalem.[15]

In 1863 Victor Guérin found the village to have 200 inhabitants. He further noted that some of the houses, particularly the lower part, seemed to be built from ancient materials, and some cisterns also looked ancient.[16]

An Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed 51 houses and a population of 150, though the population count included only the men.[17][18] In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Hizma as a "small stone village, standing high on a prominent hill, the slopes of which are covered with olives. It has a well to the west."[19]

In 1896 the population of Hizma was estimated to be about 192 persons.[20]

British Mandate

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In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Hizma had a population of 515 Muslims,[21] increasing slightly in the 1931 census to 521 Muslims in 91 inhabited houses.[22]

In the 1945 statistics the population of Hizma was 750 Muslims,[23] and the total land area was 10,438 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey.[24] Of this, 200 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 2,338 for cereals,[25] while 45 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[26]

Jordanian period (1948-1967)

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In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Hizma came under Jordania rule.

In 1961, the population of Hizme was 1,134.[27]

Israeli occupation (since 1967)

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Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Hizma has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 1,109, 5 of whom were refugees from the previous war.[28]

Map of northern Jerusalem, with Hizma on the right

In the 1970-1980s 19% of the village's total area were expropriated by Israel in order to establish three Israeli settlements which are considered illegal by the international community:

After the 1995 accords, about 9% of the village area was classified as Area B, while the remaining 91% became Area C.[29]

There is a bypass road connecting the settlements with the neighboring Israeli settlements. There is also a buffer zone of 75 meters along the roads on each side. Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank are prohibited from using these roads, only Israelis and foreign nationals can use them, the status purpose being security concerns.[29]

West Bank barrier

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The Israel-West Bank barrier cuts off 40% of the village's area, with the Israeli side incorporating the settlements and surrounding forests, agricultural lands, open spaces, and a small part of the Palestinian residential area. As of 2012, an Israeli checkpoint located west of the village at an opening in the controls the passage to and from Hizma. Palestinians living outside Jerusalem must have a special permit that is reportedly hard to obtain.[29] Israeli citizens (including settlers) and permanent residents (including Palestinians in East Jerusalem) are allowed to pass in and out without any permits.

Israeli administration

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Israeli authorities demolish the homes of Palestinians built without permits. Strict conditions for Palestinians applying for permits must be fulfilled and the permits are usually denied.[29][31]

The village has on occasion been sealed off with road blocks in response to reported stone-throwing and rioting, characterized by many rights groups as a form of collective punishment.[32]

Economy

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In 2010, more than half of the workforce was working in the government or private employees sector; 22% was working in the Israeli labor market, 14% on agriculture, and 7% worked in the trade sector.

Hizma village is known for the cultivation of olives; 112 dunums of land were cultivated with olive trees in 2010. Cereals were grown on 233 dunums.[29]

Panorama of Hizma

People from Hizma

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Notes

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  1. ^ Toledano, 1984, p. 293, gives the location of Hizma as 35°15′40″E 31°50′15″N

Citations

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  1. ^ a b Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  2. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 295
  3. ^ a b Finkelstein, Israel (2018). Hasmonean realities behind Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles. SBL Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-88414-307-9. OCLC 1081371337.
  4. ^ a b c d Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon, eds. (2001). Hizma. New York and London: Continuum. p. 231. ISBN 0-8264-1316-1. Retrieved 13 December 2021. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  5. ^ a b Adler, Yonatan (2017). "Jewish Purity Practices in Roman Judea: The Evidence of Archaeology". ANE Today. V (2). American Society of Overseas Research. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  6. ^ a b Amit, David; Seligman, Jon; Zilberbod, Irina (2008). "20". In Yorke M. Rowan; Jennie R. Ebeling (eds.). Stone Vessel Production Caves on the Eastern Slope of Mount Scopus, Jerusalem. Approaches to Anthropological Archaeology. London: Equinox. pp. 320–342 [321]. ISBN 978-1-84553-044-0. Retrieved 13 December 2021. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  7. ^ a b Dauphin, 1998, pp. 891–2
  8. ^ Albright, 1922/3, pp. 156–157
  9. ^ Gibson, 1983, p. 176
  10. ^ a b c Gibson, 1983, passim.
  11. ^ Feissel, Denis (23 December 2010). Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae: Volume 1 1/1: Jerusalem, Part 1: 1-704. Hannah M. Cotton, Werner Eck, Marfa Heimbach, Benjamin Isaac, Alla Kushnir-Stein, Haggai Misgav. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 462–463. ISBN 978-3-11-174100-0. OCLC 840438627.
  12. ^ Barag, Dan; Flusser, David (1986). "The Ossuary of Yehoḥanah Granddaughter of the High Priest Theophilus". Israel Exploration Journal. 36 (1/2): 39–44. ISSN 0021-2059. JSTOR 27926007.
  13. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 119
  14. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, pp. 111-112
  15. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 122
  16. ^ Guérin, 1869, pp. 74-75
  17. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 155 he also noted it in the dschebel el-kuds district
  18. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 127, also noted 51 houses
  19. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III; p. 9
  20. ^ Schick, 1896, p. 121
  21. ^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 14
  22. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 39
  23. ^ Village Statistics, Government of Palestine. 1945, p. 24
  24. ^ Village Statistics, Government of Palestine. 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 57
  25. ^ Village Statistics, Government of Palestine. 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 102
  26. ^ Village Statistics, Government of Palestine. 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 152
  27. ^ First Census, Government of Jordan. 1964, p. 23
  28. ^ Perlmann, Joel (November 2011 – February 2012). "The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version" (PDF). Levy Economics Institute. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h Hizma Village Profile, ARIJ, August 2012
  30. ^ "Israeli military reopens main entrance to Hizma after choking the Palestinian village for 2 months". B'Tselem. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  31. ^ "Continuing Demolitions: Hebron and Jerusalem under Attack".
  32. ^ Btselem: Siege on Hizma

Bibliography

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