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Yellow Sea

Coordinates: 38°0′N 123°0′E / 38.000°N 123.000°E / 38.000; 123.000
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(Redirected from Hwang-hai)
For the film, see The Yellow Sea (film).
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Yellow Sea
Location in China
Location in China
Yellow Sea
LocationEast Asia
Coordinates38°0′N 123°0′E / 38.000°N 123.000°E / 38.000; 123.000
River sourcesYellow River, Hai River, Yalu River, Taedong River, Han River
Basin countriesChina, North Korea, and South Korea
Surface area380,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi)
Average depthAvg. 44 m (144 ft)
Max. depthMax. 152 m (499 ft)
Yellow Sea
The yellow sea between Qingdao and South Korea
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese黄海
Traditional Chinese黃海
Literal meaningYellow Sea
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHuáng Hǎi
Wu
RomanizationWaon入 Hae平
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingWong4 Hoi2
Korean name
Hangul황해 or 서해
Hanja黃海 or 西海
Literal meaningYellow Sea or West Sea
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationHwanghae or Seohae
McCune–ReischauerHwanghae or Sŏhae

The Yellow Sea, also known as the North Sea, is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean located between mainland China and the Korean Peninsula, and can be considered the northwestern part of the East China Sea.

Names

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It is one of four seas named after color terms (the others being the Black Sea, the Red Sea and the White Sea), and its name is descriptive of the golden-yellow color of the silt-ridden water discharged from major rivers.

The innermost bay of northwestern Yellow Sea is called the Bohai Sea (previously Gulf of Zhili / Beizhili), into which flow some of the most important rivers of northern China, such as the Yellow River (through Shandong province and its capital Jinan), the Hai River (through Beijing and Tianjin) and the Liao River (through Liaoning province). The northeastern extension of the Yellow Sea is called the Korea Bay, into which flow the Yalu River, the Chongchon River and the Taedong River.

Geography

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Extent

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The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Yellow Sea ("Hwang Hai") as follows:[1]

The Yellow Sea is separated from the Sea of Japan by the boundary from the southern end of Haenam Peninsula in Jeollanamdo to Jeju Island and divided into the East China Sea by the boundary from the west end of Jeju Island to the Yangtze River estuary.

Physiography

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Brown sediment spills out into the Yellow Sea from rivers in eastern China and Korea. The nutrients in the sediment may be responsible for the bloom of phytoplankton seen as blue-green swirls.[2]

The Yellow Sea, excluding the Bohai, extends by about 960 km (600 mi) from north to south and about 700 km (430 mi) from east to west; it has an area of approximately 380,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi) and a volume of about 17,000 km3 (4,100 cu mi).[3] Its depth is only 44 m (144 ft) on average, with a maximum of 152 m (499 ft). The sea is a flooded section of continental shelf that formed after the last glacial period (some 10,000 years ago) as sea levels rose 120 m (390 ft) to their current levels. The depth gradually increases from north to south.[3] The sea bottom and shores are dominated by sand and silt brought by the rivers through the Bohai Sea (Liao River, Yellow River, Hai He) and the Korea Bay (Yalu River). These deposits, together with sand storms are responsible for the yellowish colour of the water referenced in the sea's name.[4] The sea annually receives so much sand and silt from rivers such as the Yellow River, that it actually turns into a golden-yellow colour.[5][6]

Waves crashing at Jeju Island

The seas surrounding Korea, which occupy a corner of Northeast Asia, border the "island nation" from the east, south, and west. Korea has named these the East Sea, South Sea, and West Sea (officially known as the Yellow Sea), respectively.[7]

Major islands of the sea include Anmado, Baengnyeongdo, Daebudo, Deokjeokdo, Gageodo, Ganghwado, Hauido, Heuksando, Hongdo, Jejudo, Jindo, Muuido, Sido, Silmido, Sindo, Wando, Yeongjongdo and Yeonpyeongdo (all in South Korea).

Climate and hydrology

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Satellite image of a dust storm over the Yellow sea on 2 March 2008[8]

The area has cold, dry winters with strong northernly monsoons blowing from late November to March. Average January temperatures are −10 °C (14 °F) in the north and 3 °C (37 °F) in the south. Summers are wet and warm with frequent typhoons between June and October.[3] Air temperatures range between 10 and 28 °C (50 and 82 °F). The average annual precipitation increases from about 500 mm (20 in) in the north to 1,000 mm (39 in) in the south. Fog is frequent along the coasts, especially in the upwelling cold-water areas.[4]

The sea has a warm cyclone current, forming part of the Kuroshio Current, which diverges near the western part of Japan and flows northward into the Yellow Sea at a speed of less than 0.8 km/h (0.50 mph). Southward currents prevail near the sea coast, especially in the winter monsoon period.[4]

Rocky shore in Dalian, Liaoning, China

The water temperature is close to freezing in the northern part in winter, so drift ice patches and continuous ice fields form and hinder navigation between November and March. The water temperature and salinity are homogeneous across the depth. The southern waters are warmer at 6–8 °C (43–46 °F). In spring and summer, the upper layer is warmed up by the sun and diluted by the fresh water from rivers, while the deeper water remains cold and saline. This deep water stagnates and slowly moves south. Commercial bottom-dwelling fishes are found around this mass of water, especially at its southern part. Summer temperatures range between 22 and 28 °C (72 and 82 °F). The average salinity is relatively low, at 30‰ in the north to 33–34‰ in the south, dropping to 26‰ or lower near the river deltas. In the southwest monsoon season (June to August) the increased rainfall and runoff further reduce the salinity of the upper sea layer.[4] Water transparency increases from about 10 meters (33 ft) in the north up to 45 meters (148 ft) in the south.[3]

Tides are semidiurnal, i.e. rise twice a day. Their amplitude varies between about 0.9 and 3 meters (3.0 and 9.8 ft) at the coast of China. Tides are higher at the Korean Peninsula, typically ranging between 4 and 8 meters (13 and 26 ft) and reaching the maximum in spring. The tidal system rotates in a counterclockwise direction. The speed of the tidal current is generally less than 1.6 km/h (0.99 mph) in the middle of the sea, but may increase to more than 5.6 km/h (3.5 mph) near the coasts.[4] The fastest tides reaching 20 km/h (12 mph) occur in the Myeongnyang Strait between Jindo Island and the Korean Peninsula.[9]

The tide-related sea level variations result in a land pass 2.9 km (1.8 mi) long and 10–40 meters (33–131 ft) wide opening for approximately an hour between Jindo and Modo islands. The event occurs about twice a year, at the beginning of May and in the middle of June. It had long been celebrated in a local festival called "Jindo Sea Parting Festival", but was largely unknown to the outside world until 1975, when the French ambassador Pierre Randi described the phenomenon in a French newspaper.[10][11][12]

Flora and fauna

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See also: Wildlife of China
Migration paths and resting grounds of bar-tailed godwit at the Yellow Sea.[13]

The sea is rich in seaweed (predominantly kelp, Laminaria japonica), cephalopods, crustaceans, shellfish, clams, and especially in blue-green algae which bloom in summer and contribute to the water color (see image above). For example, the seaweed production in the area was as high as 1.5 million tonnes in 1979 for China alone. The abundance of all these plant and animal species increases toward the south and indicates a high sea productivity, accounting for the diversity of fish species and high fish yield from the sea.[14] Several species of goby new to science have been discovered recently[when?] in the Yellow Sea.[15]

The southern part of the Yellow Sea, including the entire west coast of Korea, contains a 10 km-wide (6.2 mi) belt of intertidal mudflats, which has the total area of 2,850 km2 (1,100 sq mi) and is maintained by 4–10 m (13–33 ft). Those flats consist of highly productive sediments with a rich benthic fauna and are of great importance for migratory waders and shorebirds.[16] Surveys show that the area is the single most important site for migratory birds on northward migration in the entire East Asian – Australasian Flyway, with more than 35 species occurring in internationally significant numbers. Two million birds, at minimum, pass through at the time, and about half that number use it on southward migration.[17][18] About 300,000 migrating birds were transiting annually only through the Saemangeum tidal flat area. This estuary was however dammed by South Korea in 1991–2006 that resulted in drying off the land.[19] Land reclamation also took 65% of the intertidal area (of China, North Korea and South Korea) between the 1950s and 2002,[20] and as of 2005 there were plans to reclaim a further 45%.[21]

Populations of oceanic megafauna, such as marine mammals, sea turtles, and larger fish, have decreased in modern times, not only due to pollution but also due to hunting. Japanese industrial whaling[22] and illegal mass operations by the Soviet Union with support from Japan[23] have been major drivers of population decline. Species that reside in the area today include spotted seals, and cetaceans such as minke whales, killer whales,[24] false killer whales, and finless porpoises, but nonetheless all the remnants of species listed could be in very small numbers. Historically, large whales were very abundant either for summering and wintering in the Yellow and Bohai Seas. For example, a unique population of resident fin whales and gray whales[25] were historically presented,[26] or possibly hosted some North Pacific right whales[27][28] and Humpback whales (3 whales including a cow calf pair was observed at Changhai County in 2015[29][30]) year-round other than migrating individuals, and many other migratory species such as Baird's beaked whales.[31] Even blue whales, Japanese sea lions, dugongs (in southern regions only),[32] and leatherback turtles used to breed or migrate into Yellow and Bohai seas.[33]

Spotted seals are the only resident species of seal in the Yellow Sea. A sanctuary for these seals is situated at Baengnyeongdo, which is also known for its finless porpoises.[34] Great white sharks have also been known to prey on seals in the area.[35]

Economy

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A map of population density around the Yellow Sea in East Asia (1994)[36]

The coasts of the Yellow Sea are very densely populated, at approximately 250 inhabitants per square kilometer (650/sq mi).[36] The sea waters had been used for fishing by the Chinese, Korean and Japanese ships for centuries. Especially rich in fish are the bottom layers. About 200 fish species are exploited commercially, especially sea bream, croakers, lizard fishes, prawns, cutlassfish, horse mackerel, squid, eel, filefish, Pacific herring, chub mackerel, flounder[37] and jellyfish.[38] The intensity of fishing has been gradually increasing for China and Korea and decreasing for Japan. For example, the production volumes for China rose from 619,000 tonnes in 1985 to 1,984,400 tonnes in 1996.[39] All species are overfished, however, and while the total catchments are rising, the fish population is continuously declining for most species.[4][40]

Navigation is another traditional activity in the Yellow Sea. The main Chinese ports are Dalian, Tianjin, Qingdao and Qinhuangdao. The major South Korean ports on the Yellow Sea are Incheon, Gunsan and Mokpo, and that for North Korea is Nampho, the outport of Pyongyang. The Bohai Train Ferry provides a shortcut between the Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong.[4] A major naval accident occurred on 24 November 1999 at Yantai, Shandong, China when the 9,000-ton Chinese ferry Dashun caught fire and capsized in rough seas. About 300 people were killed, making it the worst maritime incident in China.[41]

Oil exploration has been successful in the Chinese and North Korean portions of the sea, with the proven and estimated reserves of about 9 and 20 billion tonnes, respectively.[42] However, the study and exploration of the sea is somewhat hindered by insufficient sharing of information between the involved countries. China initiated collaborations with foreign oil companies in 1979, but this initiative declined later.[4]

A major oil spill occurred on 16 July 2010 when a pipeline exploded at the north-east port of Dalian, causing a wide-scale fire and spreading about 1,500 tonnes of oil over the sea area of 430 km2 (170 sq mi). The port had been closed and fishing suspended until the end of August. Eight hundred fishing boats and 40 specialized vessels were mobilized to relieve the environmental damage.[43]

State of the environment

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Envisat image, 2006

The Yellow Sea is considered among the most degraded marine areas on earth.[44] Loss of natural coastal habitats due to land reclamation has resulted in the destruction of more than 60% of tidal wetlands around the Yellow Sea coastline in approximately 50 years.[20] Rapid coastal development for agriculture, aquaculture and industrial development are considered the primary drivers of coastal destruction in the region.[20] This degree of loss of area, widespread pollution, algal blooms and declines of invertebrate and vertebrate fauna have resulted in the classification of this ecosystem as endangered.[45]

In addition to land reclamation, the Yellow Sea ecosystem is facing several other serious environmental problems. Pollution is widespread[46] and deterioration of pelagic and benthic habitat quality has occurred, and harmful algal blooms frequently occur.[47] Invasion of introduced species are having a detrimental effect on the Yellow Sea environment. There are 25 intentionally introduced species and 9 unintentionally introduced species in the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem.[44] Declines of biodiversity, fisheries and ecosystem services in the Yellow Sea are widespread.[44]

The tidal flats of the Yellow Sea are considered endangered.[45]

Location of Korean Peace Zones

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On 1 November 2018, officials from South Korea's Ministry of National Defense confirmed that "peace zones" had been established by the North and South Korean militaries in the Yellow Sea area that touches the North and South Korean demarcation line.[48] A buffer zone was also created in the Yellow Sea's Northern Limit Line (NLL).[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Limits of Oceans and Seas" (PDF) (3rd ed.). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  2. ^ Sediments and Phytoplankton bloom near the Mouth of the Yangtze, East China Sea Archived 30 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine, NASA, 2002
  3. ^ a b c d Yellow Sea, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Yellow Sea, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
  5. ^ "A yellow sea". WWF.
  6. ^ Niu, Yaoling; Tang, Jie (2016). "Origin of the Yellow Sea: an insight" (PDF). Science Bulletin. 61 (14): 1076–1080. Bibcode:2016SciBu..61.1076N. doi:10.1007/s11434-016-1113-z. S2CID 132284722.
  7. ^ "The Seas of Korea". Korean Literature Now (in Korean). Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  8. ^ Sand storm over Yellow Sea, nasa.gov
  9. ^ M. J. King, et al. Twinning of Jindo Grand Bridge, Republic of Korea in Current and future trends in bridge design, construction and maintenance 2: safety, economy, sustainability and aesthetics; proceedings of the international conference organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers and held in Hong Kong on 25–26 April 2001 ISBN 0-7277-3091-6 pp. 175, 177
  10. ^ The Moses Miracle Of Jindo Island Archived 27 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine, 17 July 2010
  11. ^ Майские фестивали в Чолладо – от "чуда Моисея" до боя быков Archived 31 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  12. ^ Jindo Mysterious Sea Road Archived 3 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Jindo County
  13. ^ Bar-tailed Godwit Updates Archived 20 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine, USGS
  14. ^ Chikuni, pp. 8, 16, 19
  15. ^ esa. "Earth from Space: The Yellow Sea of China".
  16. ^ Maurice L. Schwartz (2005) Encyclopedia of coastal science, ISBN 1-4020-1903-3 p. 60
  17. ^ Barter, M.A. (2002). Shorebirds of the Yellow Sea – importance, threats and conservation status. Wetlands International Global Series Vol. 9. International Wader Studies Vol. 12. Canberra ISBN 90-5882-009-2
  18. ^ Barter, M.A. (2005). Yellow Sea – driven priorities for Australian shorebird researchers. pp. 158–160 in: "Status and Conservation of Shorebirds in the East Asian – Australasian Flyway". Proceedings of the Australasian Shorebird Conference, 13–15 December 2003, Canberra, Australia. International Wader Studies 17. Sydney.
  19. ^ Saemangeum and the Saemangeum Shorebird Monitoring Program (SSMP) 2006–2008, Birds Korea
  20. ^ a b c Murray, Nicholas J.; Clemens, Robert S.; Phinn, Stuart R.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Fuller, Richard A. (2014). "Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea" (PDF). Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 12 (5): 267–72. doi:10.1890/130260.
  21. ^ David Lindenmayer, Mark Burgman, Mark A. Burgman (2005) Practical conservation biology, ISBN 0-643-09089-4 p. 172
  22. ^ Weller, D.; et al. (2023). "The western gray whale: a review of past exploitation, current status and potential threats". J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 4 (1): 7–12. doi:10.47536/jcrm.v4i1.861. S2CID 35795229. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  23. ^ Berzin A.; Ivashchenko V.Y.; Clapham J.P.; Brownell L. R.Jr. (2008). "The Truth About Soviet Whaling: A Memoir". DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  24. ^ "Distribution of Whales and Dolphins in Korean Waters Based on a Sighting Survey from 2000 to 2010" (PDF). ocean.kisti.re.kr. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  25. ^ "A Gray Area: On the Matter of Gray Whales in the Western North Pacific (PDF Download Available)". ResearchGate.
  26. ^ Mizroach A.S.. Rice W.D.. Zwiefelhoffer D.. Waite J.. Perryman L.W.. 2009. Distribution and movements of fin whales in the North Pacific Ocean. on The Wiley Online Library. Retrieved on 3 January. 2015
  27. ^ "我国沿海鲸类（–）– – 须鲸篇（下）_科学公园_传送门". chuansong.me.
  28. ^ Monsarrat Sophie (2016). "A spatially explicit estimate of the prewhaling abundance of the endangered North Atlantic right whale". Conservation Biology. 30 (4): 783–791. doi:10.1111/cobi.12664. PMID 26632250. S2CID 3795740.
  29. ^ "长海又现鲸鱼 这回是好几条". Archived from the original on 9 June 2016.
  30. ^ 大连长海又见鲸鱼 – 家亲！三条！四条 Archived 2 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ Huogen W.; Yu W. (1998). "A Baird's Beaked Whale From the East China Sea". Fisheries Science, 1998-05: CNKI – The China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
  32. ^ "Yellow Sea | WWF". Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  33. ^ Mr.Z. Charlie. 2008. 我国的渤海里有没有鲸鱼 on Sogou – Wenwen. Retrieved on 3 January. 2015
  34. ^ "백령도 어부들의 친구 쇠돌고래".
  35. ^ "백상아리, 백령도서 물범 공격장면 국내 첫 포착 – 민중의소리". www.vop.co.kr.
  36. ^ a b Population Density Archived 22 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine, NASA, 1994
  37. ^ Chikuni, p. 25
  38. ^ AFP, Agence France-Presse (22 November 2016). "China's jellyfish-hauling mules a dying breed". www.atimes.com. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  39. ^ Fishing Industry Archived 27 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine, noaa.gov
  40. ^ Chikuni, pp. 37, 47, 55
  41. ^ Ferry sinks in Yellow Sea, killing hundreds, 24 November 1999
  42. ^ China found new large oil field in the Yellow Sea, News.ru, 3 May 2007 (in Russian)
  43. ^ China's worst-ever oil spill threatens wildlife as volunteers assist in clean-up, Guardian, 21 July 2010
  44. ^ a b c UNDP/GEF. (2007) The Yellow Sea: Analysis of Environmental Status and Trends. p. 408, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
  45. ^ a b Murray, Nicholas J.; Ma, Zhijun; Fuller, Richard A. (2015). "Tidal flats of the Yellow Sea: A review of ecosystem status and anthropogenic threats" (PDF). Austral Ecology. 40 (4): 472–481. doi:10.1111/aec.12211. ISSN 1442-9985.
  46. ^ Liang Bin (2019). "Report on Marine Environmental Status and Trends of the Yellow Sea" (PDF).
  47. ^ "China's largest algal bloom turns the Yellow Sea green". The Guardian.
  48. ^ "Koreas halt all 'hostile' military acts near border". November 2018.

Bibliography

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