Istakhr

Istakhr
Stakhr (Middle Persian); Estakhr Template:Fa icon;
	Columns in Istakhr
	Shown within Iran
Region	Fars Province
Coordinates	29°58′51″N 52°54′34″E / 29.98083°N 52.90944°E
Type	Imperial City
History
Founded	Achaemenid era
Periods	Classical antiquity to Late Middle Ages

Istakhr (Middle Persian: Stakhr, Template:Lang-fa Estakhr) was an ancient city located in southern Iran, in Fars province, five kilometers north of Persepolis. It was a prosperous city under the Sasanian Empire and briefly served as its capital from 224 to 226 CE.

History

Istakhr first appears in history as an Achaemenid city.^{[citation needed]} It gained its importance not only from its close association with Persepolis: it also commanded the western end of an ancient caravan-route that ran from the Indus Valley via Kandahar and Drangiana to Persia.^[1]

The city temporarily became the capital of the Sasanian Empire during the reign of Ardashir I (r. 224–242) before the capital was moved to Ctesiphon, in Mesopotamia. During the Sasanian period (224–651) the royal treasury of the empire, known as ganj ī šāhīgān, is said to have been in Istakhr. In 915–916, al-Masudi himself saw in a house at Istakhr owned by a Persian noble, "the large and very fine manuscript" of a work copied in 731 from original documents in the royal treasury.^[2]

Massacre by Arabs

The city was conquered by the Muslim Arab in 649CE. Two years later in 651 CE, the residents of Istakhr revolted. After the suppression of the revolt, 150,000 civilians were massacred in Istakhr by the victorious Arab forces as a reprisal for rebelling.^[3]

Post-Arab conquests

In 659 CE, caliph Ali sent Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan to suppress a Persian rebellion in Istakhr. Ziyad succeeded at this and stayed on as governor. For a while, Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya (the designated leader of a Kaysanites Shia sub-sect) established himself at Istakhr from where he ruled for a few years over Fars and other parts of Persia, including Ahvaz, Jibal, Isfahan and Kerman from 744 to 748 until fleeing to Khurasan from the advancing Umayyad forces.

During the last years of the reign of the Buyid ruler Abu Kalijar (r. 1024–1048), the hatred of his vizier, Dhu'l-Sa'adat, towards the dehqan of Istakhr made him send a group of soldiers under the Qutlumish, who sacked Istakhr, turning the city into a small village with no more than a hundred settlers, thus bringing its history to an end.

Gallery

References

^ Hill (2009), p. 242.
^ Boyce, Mary (1998). "Estakr, ii. as a Zoroastrian religious centre". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. Vol. 8. pp. 643–6. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
^ Two Centuries of Silence. p. 72.

Sources

Hill, John E. (2009). Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE. BookSurge. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
Bivar, A. D. H.; Boyce, Mary (1998). "EṢṬAḴR". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 6. pp. 643–646. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

External links

History & Archaeology of Istakhr

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[1] Hill (2009), p. 242.

[2] Boyce, Mary (1998). "Estakr, ii. as a Zoroastrian religious centre". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. Vol. 8. pp. 643–6. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |volume= has extra text (help)

[3] Two Centuries of Silence. p. 72.

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