James Baker

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This article is about the politician. For other uses, see James Baker (disambiguation) and James Addison Baker.
James Baker
16th White House Chief of Staff
In office
August 24, 1992 – January 20, 1993
PresidentGeorge H.W. Bush
Preceded bySamuel Skinner
Succeeded byThomas F. "Mack" McLarty
61st United States Secretary of State
In office
January 20, 1989 – August 23, 1992
PresidentGeorge H.W. Bush
Preceded byGeorge P. Shultz
Succeeded byLawrence Eagleburger
67th United States Secretary of the Treasury
In office
February 4, 1985 – August 17, 1988
PresidentRonald Reagan
Preceded byDonald Regan
Succeeded byNicholas F. Brady
10th White House Chief of Staff
In office
January 20, 1981 – February 3, 1985
PresidentRonald Reagan
Preceded byJack Watson
Succeeded byDonald T. Regan
Personal details
Born (1930-04-28) April 28, 1930 (age 94)
Houston, Texas
Political partyRepublican
Spouse(s)Mary Stuart McHenry
(1953-1970; her death)
Susan Garrett Baker
(1973-present)
Alma materPrinceton University
University of Texas-Austin
ProfessionLawyer/Politician
Signature
Military service
Branch/serviceUnited States Marine Corps
Years of service1952-1954 (active)
RankCaptain
Baker's signature as used on American currency

James Addison Baker, III (born April 28, 1930) is an American attorney, politician, political administrator, and political advisor.

He served as the Chief of Staff in President Ronald Reagan's first administration and in the final year of the administration of President George H. W. Bush. Baker also served as Secretary of the Treasury from 1985-1988 in the second Reagan administration, and Secretary of State in the George H. W. Bush administration. He is also the namesake of the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University in Houston, Texas.

Early life and education

James Addison Baker was born in Houston, Texas at 1216 Bissonnet,[1] to James A. Baker, Jr. (1892–1973) and Ethel Bonner (born Means) Baker (August 6, 1894–April 26, 1991). His father was a partner of Houston law firm Baker Botts. Baker has a sister, Bonner Baker Moffitt.[2]

Baker attended The Hill School, a boarding school in Pottstown, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Princeton University in 1952. Afterwards, he earned a J.D. (1957) from The University of Texas at Austin and began to practice law in Texas.[3]

Baker served in the United States Marine Corps (1952–1954), attaining the rank of First Lieutenant and later rising to Captain in the United States Marine Corps Reserve.

From 1957 to 1969, and then from 1973 to 1975 he practiced law at the law firm of Andrews & Kurth.

Early political career

Baker's first wife, the former Mary Stuart McHenry, was active in the Republican Party, working on the Congressional campaigns of George H. W. Bush. Originally Baker had been a Democrat, although he had been too busy trying to succeed in a competitive law firm to worry about politics and he considered himself apolitical. His wife's influence and enthusiasm led Baker to both politics as a career and the Republican Party. He was a regular tennis partner with Bush at the Houston Country Club in the late 1950s. When Bush decided to run for the U.S. Senate in 1969, he supported Baker's decision to run for the Congressional seat he was vacating. However, Baker changed his mind about running when his wife was diagnosed with cancer. She died of breast cancer in February 1970.

Bush then encouraged Baker to become active in politics to deal with the grief, something Bush had done when his daughter, Pauline Robinson (1949–1953), died of leukemia. Baker became chairman of Bush's Senate campaign in Harris County. Though Bush lost to Lloyd Bentsen in the election, Baker continued in politics, becoming the Finance Chairman of the Republican Party in 1971. The following year, he was selected as the Gulf Coast Regional Chairman for the Richard Nixon presidential campaign. In 1973 and 1974, Baker returned to the full time practice of law at Andrews & Kurth.[4][5]

He served as Undersecretary of Commerce under President Gerald Ford in 1975 and ran Ford's unsuccessful re-election campaign in 1976. In 1978, Baker ran unsuccessfully to become Attorney General of Texas, losing the election to future Governor Mark White.

Reagan administration

After serving as George H.W. Bush's campaign manager in the 1980 Republican primaries, Baker was named White House Chief of Staff by President Ronald Reagan in 1981. He served in that capacity until 1985. Baker is seen as wielding a high degree of influence over the successes and failures of the first Reagan administration, particularly in domestic policy.

Baker managed the president's 1984 re-election campaign in which Reagan won with a record 525 electoral votes total (of 538 possible), and received 58.8% of the popular vote to Walter Mondale's 40.6%.[6] In the new administration Baker "switched roles" with Secretary of the Treasury Donald Regan, who replaced Baker as Chief of Staff. While serving as Treasury Secretary, he organized the Plaza Accord of September 1985 and the Baker Plan to target international debt. He tapped Richard Darman as his Deputy Secretary of the Treasury. Darman would continue in the next administration as the Director of the Office of Management and Budget.

During the Reagan administration, Baker also served on the Economic Policy Council, where he played an instrumental role in achieving the passage of the administration's tax and budget reform legislation package in 1981.

Baker served on Reagan's National Security Council, and remained Treasury Secretary through 1988, during which time he also served as campaign chairman for Bush's successful presidential bid.

Bush administration

See also: George H.W. Bush § Foreign policy

President George H.W. Bush appointed Baker Secretary of State in 1989. Baker served in this role through 1992.[7] From 1992 to 1993, he served as Bush's White House Chief of Staff, the same position that he had held from 1981 to 1985 during the first Reagan administration.[8]

On January 9, 1991, during the Geneva Peace Conference with Tariq Aziz in Geneva, Baker as Secretary of State declared that "If there is any user of (chemical or biological weapons), our objectives won't just be the liberation of Kuwait, but the elimination of the current Iraqi regime...."[9] Baker later acknowledged that the intent of this statement was to threaten a retaliatory nuclear strike on Iraq,[10] and the Iraqis received his message[11] Baker helped to construct the 34-nation alliance that fought alongside the United States in the Gulf War.[citation needed]

He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1991.

Baker arriving in Kuwait, 1991
"The Troika" (from left to right) Chief of Staff James Baker, Counsellor to the President Ed Meese, Deputy Chief of Staff Michael Deaver at the White House, December 2, 1981.

Post-cabinet career

1993–2000

In 1993 Baker became the founding chair of the James A. Baker III Institute of Public Policy at Rice University in Houston, Texas.

In 1995, Baker published his memoirs of service as Secretary of State in a book entitled The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992 (ISBN 0-399-14087-5).

In March 1997, Baker became the Personal Envoy of the UN Secretary-General for Western Sahara.[12] In June 2004 he resigned from this position, frustrated over the lack of progress in reaching a complete settlement acceptable to both the government of Morocco and the pro-independence Polisario Front. He left behind the Baker II plan, accepted as a suitable basis of negotiations by the Polisario and unanimously endorsed by the Security Council, but rejected by Morocco.

In addition to the numerous recognitions received by Baker, he was presented with the prestigious Woodrow Wilson Award for public service on September 13, 2000 in Washington, D.C..

2000–present

Baker served as chief legal adviser for George W. Bush during the 2000 election campaign and oversaw the Florida recount. A 2008 film Recount was made about the days following the election. During the making of the film Baker was interviewed. Baker was portrayed in the film by British actor Tom Wilkinson.

State of Denial, a book by investigative reporter Bob Woodward, says that White House Chief of Staff, Andrew Card, urged President Bush to replace Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with Baker following the 2004 election. However, another G. H. W. Bush Administration veteran, Robert Gates, was appointed instead, and only after the 2006 elections.

Iraq

In December 2003, President George W. Bush appointed Baker as his special envoy to ask various foreign creditor nations to forgive or restructure the approximately $100 billion in international debts owed by the Iraq government which had been incurred during the tenure of Saddam Hussein.[13]

On March 15, 2006, Congress announced the formation of the Iraq Study Group, a high-level panel of prominent former officials charged by members of Congress with taking a fresh look at America's policy on Iraq. Baker was the Republican co-chair along with Democratic Representative Lee H. Hamilton, to advise Congress on Iraq.[14] Baker also advised George W. Bush on Iraq.[15]

The Iraq Study Group examined a number of ideas, including one that would create a new power-sharing arrangement in Iraq that would give more autonomy to regional factions.[16] On October 9, 2006, the Washington Post quoted co-chairman Baker as saying "our commission believes that there are alternatives between the stated alternatives, the ones that are out there in the political debate, of 'stay the course' and 'cut and run'".

Other advisory positions

Baker has formal involvement with the country of Azerbaijan as he serves on the Honorary Council of Advisers for the U.S. Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce.[17][18]

Until 2005 he was senior counsel to the Carlyle Group and is currently a senior partner at the law firm of Baker Botts.

World Justice Project

James Baker serves as an Honorary Chair for the World Justice Project. The World Justice Project works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.

Personal life

Baker met his first wife, the former Mary Stuart McHenry, of Dayton, Ohio, while on spring break in Bermuda with the Princeton University rugby team. They married in 1953. Mary Stuart Baker (Mary Stuart was her full first name) died of breast cancer in February 1970.[5]

In 1973, Baker and Susan Garrett Winston, a close friend of Mary Stuart's, were married. 1973.[5] They have six sons and two daughters.

On June 15, 2002, Virginia Graeme Baker, the 7-year-old granddaughter of Baker, daughter of Nancy and James Baker IV, was the victim of suction-pump entrapment in an in-ground spa.[19] To promote greater safety in pools and spas, Nancy Baker gave testimony to the Consumer Product Safety Commission,[20] and James Baker helped form an advocacy group,[21] which led to the Virginia Graeme Baker Pool And Spa Safety Act (15 USC 8001).[22]


Further reading

Works by

  • 1995: - The Politics of Diplomacy. with Thomas M DeFrank. - New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. - ISBN 9780399140877
  • 2006: - 'Work Hard, Study... And Keep Out of Politics!': Adventures and Lessons from an Unexpected Public Life. with Steve Fiffer. - New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. - ISBN 9780399153778

Works about

  • Bryce, Robert, (2004). - Cronies: Oil, the Bushes, and the Rise of Texas, America's Superstate. - New York: Perseus Books Group. - ISBN 9781586481889

Notes

  1. ^ City of Houston: Procedures for Historic District Designation. - City of Houston. - (Adobe Acrobat *.PDF document). - Retrieved: 2008-07-11
  2. ^ "Mother of Secretary of State Baker dies here at 96". - Houston Chronicle. - April 26, 1991. - Retrieved: 2008-07-11
  3. ^ James A. Baker, 3rd, Current Biography, March 2007. Retrieved December 25, 2007. "Like his father, Jim Baker, as he prefers to be known, attended the Hill School, a college prep school in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, then enrolled at Princeton University."
  4. ^ Newhouse, John. - "Profiles: The Tactician". - The New Yorker. - May 7, 1990. - pp.50-82. - Retrieved 2008-07-11
  5. ^ a b c "Biography of James Baker". - Princeton University Library. - (Adobe Acrobat *.PDF document). - Retrieved: 2008-07-11 [dead link]
  6. ^ 1984 National Results - U.S. Election Atlas
  7. ^ NNDB profile.
  8. ^ NNDB, "White House Chief of Staff" list.
  9. ^ Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh, The Gulf conflict: diplomacy and war in the new world order (New Jersey, 1993), 257.
  10. ^ Plague war: Interviews: James Baker. - Frontline. - PBS. - 1995
  11. ^ 2000. - "Sadam's Toxic Arsenal". - Planning the Unthinkable. - ISBN 0801437768
  12. ^ "U.N. ENVOY: Asking Baker to resolve dispute is good choice". - Houston Chronicle. - March 20, 1997
  13. ^ King, John. “Bush appoints Baker envoy on Iraqi debt”, “CNN.com”, December 3, 2003, retrieved August 11, 2009.
  14. ^ Paley, Amit R. - "U.S. and Iraqi Forces Clash With Sadr Militia in South". - Washington Post. - October 9, 2006
  15. ^ "Baker surfaces as key adviser to Bush on Iraq". - Insight Magazine. - September 12, 2006
  16. ^ Sanger, David E. - "G.O.P.'s Baker Hints Iraq Plan Needs Change". - New York Times. - October 9, 2006
  17. ^ Honorary Council of Advisers
  18. ^ U.S. Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce
  19. ^ Dumas, Bob. - "Troubled Waters" - Pool & Spa News. - October 2003
  20. ^ Chow, Shern-Min. - "Former Secretary of state pushes for hot tub safety standards". - Vac-Alert. - June 29, 2007
  21. ^ Press Releases: "Former Secretary of State James Baker speaks in support of legislation intended to prevent accidental drowning". - Safe Kids Worldwide. - May 2, 2006
  22. ^ "Virginia Graeme Baker Pool And Spa Safety Act". - Consumer Product Safety Commission. - | at - Vac-Alert. - (Adobe Acrobat *.PDF document)

External links

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Political offices
Preceded by White House Chief of Staff
1981–1985 		Succeeded by
Preceded by White House Chief of Staff
1992–1993 		Succeeded by
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