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Template:Infobox Chinese-language singer and actor Template:Contains Chinese text Template:Chinese name Li Lianjie ([lì ljɛ̌ntɕjě]; born 26 April 1963),[1] better known by his English stage name Jet Li, is a Chinese film actor, film producer, martial artist, and wushu champion who was born in Beijing. He is a naturalized Singaporean citizen.[2]

After three years of intensive training with Wu Bin, Li won his first national championship for the Beijing Wushu Team. After retiring from Wushu at age 19, he went on to win great acclaim in China as an actor making his debut with the film Shaolin Temple (1982). He went on to star in many critically acclaimed martial arts epic films, most notably as the lead in director Zhang Yimou's 2002 Hero and the Once Upon A Time in China series, in which he portrayed folk hero Wong Fei-hung.

Li's first role in a Hollywood film was as a villain in Lethal Weapon 4 (1998), and his first leading role in a Hollywood film was as Han Sing in Romeo Must Die (2000). He has gone on to star in many Hollywood action films, including Kiss of the Dragon and Unleashed. He co-starred in The One (2001), The Forbidden Kingdom (2008) with Jackie Chan, all three of The Expendables films with Sylvester Stallone, and as the title character villain in The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (2008) opposite Brendan Fraser.

Early life and martial arts career

Li was born in Beijing, China, as the youngest of two boys and two girls. His father died when he was two years old, leaving the family struggling.[3]

Li was eight when his talent for wushu was noticed at a summer course at school, and he began his practice there.[4] Li participated in the sport of wushu in the non-sparring event. He began his wushu on the Beijing Wushu Team, an athletic group organised to perform martial arts forms during the All China Games. He was coached by renowned wushu coaches Li Junfeng and Wu Bin,[5] who made extra efforts to help the talented boy develop. Wu Bin even bought food for Li's family because they could not afford to buy meat, which was essential for the good physical condition of an athlete.[5] As a member of the team, he received wushu training and went on to win fifteen gold medals and one silver medal in Chinese wushu championships, where, despite his young age, he competed against adults.[6]

My winning first place caused quite a sensation, because I was so young. I was 12 years old, and the other two medallists were in their mid- to late twenties. During the awards ceremony, as I stood on the top step of the podium, I was still shorter than the 2nd and 3rd place medallists. It must have been quite a sight.

—Jet Li China's Internet Celebrity[7]

According to Li, once, as a child, when the Chinese National Wushu Team went to perform for President Richard Nixon in the United States, he was asked by Nixon to be his personal bodyguard. Li replied, "I don't want to protect any individual. When I grow up, I want to defend my one billion Chinese countrymen!"[8]

Li is a master of several styles of wushu, especially Changquan (Northern Longfist Style) and Fanziquan (Tumbling fist). He has also studied other arts including Baguazhang (Eight trigram palm), Taijiquan (Supreme ultimate fist), Xingyiquan (Shape intent fist), Zuiquan (Drunken fist), Yingzhaoquan (Eagle claw fist) and Tanglangquan (Praying mantis fist). He did not learn Nanquan (Southern fist), because his training focused only in the Northern Shaolin Styles. He has also studied some of wushu's main weapons, such as Sanjiegun (Three section staff), Gun, Dao (Broadsword), Jian (Straight sword) and many more.[9]

It is Jet Li's authentic martial arts prowess that enabled his rise to domestic and international fame.[10]

Acting career

Chinese films

Jet Li
Jet Li's hand print and autograph at the Avenue of Stars in Hong Kong.
Traditional Chinese李連杰
Simplified Chinese李连杰
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinLǐ Liánjié
Wade–GilesLi Lien-chieh
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingLei5 Lin4 Git6
IPA[le̬i lɪ̏ŋkìt]
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese李陽中
Simplified Chinese李阳中
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinLǐ Yángzhōng
Wade–GilesLi Yang-chung
IPA[lì jǎŋʈʂʊ́ŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationLee Yeung Chong
JyutpingLei5 Joeng4 Zung1
IPA[le̬i jœ̏ŋtsʊ́ŋ]

The fame gained by his sports winnings led to a career as a martial arts film star, beginning in mainland China and then continuing into Hong Kong. Li acquired his screen name in 1982 in the Philippines when a publicity company thought his real name was too hard to pronounce. They likened his career to an aircraft, which likewise "takes-off" as quickly, so they placed the name Jet Li on the movie posters. Soon everybody was calling him by this new name, which was also based on the nickname, "Jet," given to him as a young student, due to his speed and grace when training with the Beijing Wushu team. He made his debut with the 1982 film Shaolin Temple. Some of his more famous Chinese films include:

Li starred in the 1995 film High Risk, where Jet Li plays a Captain who becomes disillusioned after his wife is murdered by crime lords. Along the way, he pairs up with a wacky sell-out actor, Frankie (played by Jacky Cheung), and proceeds to engage in a series of violent battles in a high-rise building. The setting is similar to that of Die Hard and both their Chinese film titles. This movie is notable in that director Wong Jing had such a terrible experience working with Jackie Chan in Jing's previous film City Hunter that he chose to make Cheung's character a biting satire of Chan. Jet Li would later publicly apologise to Chan for taking part in it.

Li had two wuxia feature films released in 2011, The Sorcerer and the White Snake and Flying Swords of Dragon Gate; the latter was helmed by Tsui Hark.

To promote tai chi, in 2012 Jet Li starred in a film titled Tai Chi and co-produced the movie with Chen Kuo-Fu. Li portrayed Tai Chi master Yang Lu-ch'an.[11][12]

American films

In 1998, he made his American film debut in Lethal Weapon 4 which also marked the first time he had ever played a villain in a film. He agreed to do Lethal Weapon 4 after the producer Joel Silver promised to give him the leading role in his next film, Romeo Must Die (2000), alongside late singer Aaliyah. The film became a box office hit. Though Li spoke very little English at the time of production, his performance as Chinese mafia hitman Wah Sing Ku was praised.[citation needed]

Li turned down Chow Yun-fat's role in Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) because he promised his wife that he would not make any films during her pregnancy.[13] He also turned down the role of Seraph in The Matrix trilogy, based on his belief that the role was not one which required his skills and that the films were iconic and stunning enough without adding his name to the cast list.

In 2001, he appeared in two more Hollywood films: The One, which was the first of his films with Jason Statham, and Kiss of the Dragon opposite Bridget Fonda which did moderately well at the box office. In July 2001, Li agreed to produce and star in an action film with Jackie Chan which was to be released in 2002 or 2003, but no further news of their collaboration surfaced until 2006. In 2002, the period martial arts epic film Hero was released in the Chinese market. This film was both a commercial and critical success and became the highest-grossing motion picture in Chinese film history at the time.[14] In 2003 he reunited with producer Joel Silver for the action thriller film Cradle 2 the Grave where he starred alongside rapper DMX and fellow martial artist Mark Dacascos. In 2004, Li lent his likeness, voice and provided motion capture work for the video game Jet Li: Rise to Honor.

Li took on a more serious role in the 2005 film, Unleashed (a.k.a. Danny the Dog), where he portrayed an adult with the mentality of a child who has been raised like an animal. Although his martial arts skills were used extensively, it was a somber film with more depth than had been previously seen in Li's films, and co-starred dramatic actors Bob Hoskins and Morgan Freeman.

In 2006, the martial arts film epic Fearless, was released worldwide. Although he will continue to make martial arts films, Fearless is his last wushu epic.[citation needed] In Fearless, he played Huo Yuanjia, the real-life founder of Chin Woo Athletic Association, who reportedly defeated foreign boxers and Japanese martial artists in publicised events at a time when China's power was seen as eroding. Together with the film Fist of Legend, Li has portrayed both Chen Jun, the student and avenger of Huo Yuanjia (a.k.a. Fok Yun Gap), as well as Huo Yuanjia himself. Fearless was released on 26 January 2006 in Hong Kong, followed by a 22 September 2006 release in the United States where it reached second place in its first weekend.

I stepped into the martial arts movie market when I was only 16. I think I have proved my ability in this field and it won't make sense for me to continue for another five or 10 years. Huo Yuanjia is a conclusion to my life as a martial arts star.[15]

Li has stated in an interview with the Shenzhen Daily newspaper that this will be his last martial arts epic, which is also stated in the film's television promotions. However, he plans to continue his film career in other genres. Specifically, he plans to continue acting in epic action and martial arts films dealing more with religious and philosophical issues.[citation needed]

Li's 2007 Hollywood film, War, was released in August of that year, and re-teamed him with actor Jason Statham, who previously starred with him in The One, and action choreographer Corey Yuen. War raked in a disappointing $23 million at the box office, becoming one of Li's lowest grossers in America; however, it was a hit on video, accumulating nearly $52 million in rental revenue, more than doubling its box office take.[16] With the exception of Romeo Must Die and the worldwide release of Hero, most of Li's American films have been only modest hits like Kiss of the Dragon, The One, Unleashed, Cradle 2 the Grave, and the worldwide release of Fearless.

He has a very good control of the strength of every fist and kick. In the past, he used too much strength, those that get hit would be in great pain. He's the archetype of power. [...] Yes, he's still the best.

—Yuen Woo-ping martial arts choreographer[17]

In late 2007, Li returned again to China to participate in the China/Hong Kong co-production of the period war film The Warlords with Andy Lau and Takeshi Kaneshiro. This film with its focus on dramatics rather than martial arts netted Li the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actor.

Li and fellow martial arts veteran Jackie Chan finally appeared together onscreen for the first time in The Forbidden Kingdom, which began filming in May 2007 and was released to critical and commercial success on 18 April 2008. The film was based on the legend of the Monkey King from the Chinese folk novel Journey to the West.[18][19] Li also starred as the lead villain in the fantasy action film The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor with actors Brendan Fraser, Isabella Leong and Michelle Yeoh.[20]

After a one-year hiatus from filmmaking, Jet Li returned to acting in 2010, portraying a mercenary in the film The Expendables, teaming up with action stars Sylvester Stallone, Jason Statham, Dolph Lundgren, Mickey Rourke, Eric Roberts, Steve Austin, Terry Crews, and Randy Couture. It was the third time he had teamed up with Statham. In 2012, he reprised his role briefly in the sequel The Expendables 2 and returned for the third film The Expendables 3 in 2014. Li was initially stated to be appearing with Vin Diesel in xXx: The Return of Xander Cage, but according to a Facebook post by Diesel, Li has been replaced by Donnie Yen.[21][22][23]

Personal life

Jet Li (right) with Mark Zuckerberg

Li is a practitioner of Tibetan Buddhism.[24] His master is Lho Kunsang.[25]

In 1987, Li married Beijing Wushu Team member and Kids from Shaolin co-star Huang Qiuyan,[26] with whom he has two daughters, Si and Taimi.[27] They divorced in 1990. Since 1999, he has been married to Nina Li Chi (born Li Zhi), a Shanghai-born, Hong Kong-based actress. He has two daughters with her also, Jane (born 2000) and Jada (born 2003).[28]

Li was in the Maldives when a tsunami hit during the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Although it was widely reported at the time that he had died during the disaster,[29] he only suffered a minor foot injury, caused by a piece of floating furniture, while he was guiding his 4-year-old daughter Jane and the nanny holding his 1-year-old daughter Jada to safety. The four of them were by the pool and slightly above the beach when the wave came ashore.[30]

In 2009, Li, who previously had US citizenship after years working in the United States, renounced his US citizenship.[2][31] He was thought to have taken up Singaporean citizenship, although Singaporean authorities did not initially provide any confirmation of this.[32] On 28 July 2009, the chairman of One Foundation (the Charity fund of Jet Li) announced that Jet Li had indeed become a Singaporean citizen.[2] He was said to have chosen Singapore for its education system for his two daughters.[2]

In 2009, Li launched his own fitness program that he named "Wuji".[33] The programme consists of elements of martial arts, yoga and pilates; Adidas launched a special clothing line for it that bears the initials of "JL".[34][35]

In 2013, Li revealed that he suffers from hyperthyroidism and has been dealing with the issue for the past three years. Since his heart rate can hit 130~140 at normal, Li takes medication to control his heart rate and has been advised not to do any sort of exercise.[36][37]

In his free time he likes to play badminton and table tennis, ride his bicycle, read and meditate. He collects rare Tibetan beads. He says he is never bored in his free time.[38][39]

Views on life and martial arts

I never say to myself I'm the best fighter in the world. If someone learns martial arts solely to pick fights on the street, to lean on it as a keystone weapon in conflicts, to use it to bully and intimidate others – then that person, in my opinion, cannot be considered a true martial artist.

—Jet Li[40]

Li as a Buddhist believes that the difficulties of everyday life can be overcome with the help of religious philosophies.[41] He thinks that fame is not something he can control; therefore, he does not care about it.[42]

According to Li, everything he has ever wanted to tell the world can be found in three of his films: the message of Hero is that the suffering of one person can never be as significant as the suffering of a nation; Unleashed shows that violence is never a solution; and Fearless tells that the biggest enemy of a person is himself. Li thinks that the greatest weapon is a smile and the largest power is love.[43]

About Wushu, Li said that he believes the essence of martial arts is not power or speed but inner harmony, and considers it a sad development that today's Wushu championships place greater emphasis on form than on the essence of being a martial artist. He believes Wushu now lacks individuality and competitors move like machines, whereas according to his views Wushu should not be considered a race where the fastest athlete wins. He would like to see Wushu as a form of art, where artists have a distinctive style. Li blames the new competition rules that, according to him, place limitations on martial artists.[44]

Li believes that Wushu is not primarily for self-defense and instead of trying to play the hero people should think about peaceful resolutions of conflicts and call the police if necessary: "A gun outdoes years of martial arts training in a split second. Like I've said many times before, it is important to differentiate between movies and reality. The hero in movies may be able to knock the gun off his opponent and save the day, but in real life – probably that is not the case."[45] He has also stated that he has never had to use his martial arts skills in a real life fight and he does not wish to, either.[40]

Philanthropy

Li has been a "philanthropic ambassador" of the Red Cross Society of China since January 2006. He contributed 500,000 yuan (US$62,500) of box office revenues from his film Fearless to the Red Cross' psychological sunshine project, which promotes mental health.[46]

In April 2007, touched by his life-shaking experience in the Maldives when he was close to dying during the 2004 tsunami, Li formed his own non-profit foundation called The One Foundation.[47][48] The One Foundation supports international disaster relief efforts in conjunction with the Red Cross as well as other efforts, including mental health awareness and suicide prevention. Since the starting of the foundation, Li has been involved with recovery efforts in seven disasters, including the 2008 Sichuan earthquake[30] and Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan.[49] In the 2013 Lushan earthquake in Ya'an, Sichuan, Li and other members of the entertainment sector were the first to appeal for donations of money, goods and materials to help the victims of the disaster.[50][51] Wu Jing was a One Foundation volunteer and helped in the effort.[52]

Li discussed his commitment to philanthropy in an interview with the December 2009 issue of Alliance magazine, stating that "grassroots non-government organizations can help the government in its blind spots. Government relief is not always detail-oriented. Grassroots NGOs can't be as big as a government effort, but they need to be flexible and independent."[53]

In September 2010, Jet Li was appointed by the International Red Cross as the first Good Will Ambassador. He posted online, saying: "Today I signed a deal with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies – IFRC – to become the FIRST goodwill ambassador in the history of this humanitarian organization. I am very honored! At the same time, I will not pause to celebrate, but instead keep pushing forward and do my best to help the world! Thank you all once again for your support and belief in me!"[54]

It was also announced in September 2010, when Li was attending his wax unveiling ceremony in Hong Kong Madame Tussauds, that Li would be meeting Bill Gates and Warren Buffett to talk about charity work.[55] "Three days ago, I received an email from Gates, hoping I could make time because he and Buffett hoped I could go for a 30-minute chat before the dinner about the future we face as human beings, so I will go," Li said.[56]

Taiji Zen

Jet Li founded Taiji Zen in 2011, along with co-founder Executive chairman Jack Ma. Taiji Zen is a lifestyle company with the mission of spreading "Health and Happiness for All" through a balance of physical wellness and mental fitness. Taiji Zen combined the martial art of Taijiquan (a.k.a. T'ai Chi Chuan) with mindfulness based practices such as meditation. It packaged these art forms into several different classes and online programs.[57]

Filmography

Main article: Jet Li filmography

Considering US box office statistics, the most successful Jet Li film as of August 2010 is Lethal Weapon 4, which grossed over 130 million dollars domestically, while the second is The Expendables with over 103 million dollars.[58] Hero is the third most successful foreign language film in the US,[59] and one of the best critically acclaimed Li movies.[60] Fearless is the seventh most successful foreign language film of all time in the US.[59] From a critical point of view, the best acclaimed Li movie is Fist of Legend (Rotten Tomatoes: 100%) and the worst is War (Rotten Tomatoes: 12%).[60]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Biography.com". Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d "Xinhuanet.com". News.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  3. ^ Li, Jet. "Let's start at the beginning". Essays. JetLi.com. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
  4. ^ Li, Jet. "Life Essay: Part 2". Essays. JetLi.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b "Jet Li Biography". TalkTalk. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
  6. ^ Li, Jet. "Life Essay: Part 9". Essays. JetLi.com. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
  7. ^ China's Internet Celebrity: Furong Jiejie in Celebrity in China. Books.google.com.au. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  8. ^ "LIFE ESSAY: PART 7". Jetli.com. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  9. ^ "Wushu-ography". Jetli.com. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  10. ^ Jet Li: "Wushu Master" in Sport and Film in Celebrity in China. Books.google.com.au. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  11. ^ "Jet Li to star in new tai-chi movie". Asia Pacific Arts. 23 February 2011.
  12. ^ "'Tai Chi' releases concept poster". china.org.cn. 20 May 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  13. ^ Burr, Martha. "Kiss of the Dragon." Kung Fu Magazine June 2001 KungFuMagazine.com, 13 February 2007
  14. ^ "Special Screening of Historic Movie "Hero" at the Library Promotes Cultural Understanding". Library of Congress.
  15. ^ Jet Li – Biography
  16. ^ "War Rental Revenue". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  17. ^ "Yuen Wo Ping interview". The Bund. 6 May 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  18. ^ "Shooting Begins". Jackiechan.com. 1 May 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  19. ^ Forbidden Kingdom Facts Archived 2012-08-07 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Chung, Philip W. (1 August 2008). "Jet Li and Michelle Yeoh: From ‘Tai Chi Master’ to ‘The Mummy’". AsianWeek. Retrieved on 4 August 2008.
  21. ^ Brown, Todd (1 January 2016). "Tony Jaa, Jet Li and Deepika Padukone Join Vin Diesel In XXX: THE RETURN OF XANDER CAGE". Twitch.
  22. ^ . Facebook. 12 February 2016 https://www.facebook.com/VinDiesel/photos/a.101465923312.101581.89562268312/10154038717698313/?type=3&permPage=1. Retrieved 17 February 2016. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  23. ^ "Donnie Yen Takes Over Jet Li's XXX: The Return of Xander Cage Role". 12 February 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  24. ^ "How did you come to follow Tibetan Buddhism?". Jetli.com. 21 May 2001. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  25. ^ "Jet's teacher". Jetli.com. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  26. ^ "WONG CHAU YIN". Hkcinemagic.com. 2 March 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  27. ^ "Jet Li's daughter dances at Lau concert". Shenzen Daily. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
  28. ^ "Jet Li". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  29. ^ "Jet Li Reported Missing". Blogcritics.org. 28 December 2004. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  30. ^ a b "My Turn: The Tsunami That Changed My Life.", Newsweek.com 6 October 2008
  31. ^ Internal Revenue Service (30 April 2009). "Quarterly Publication of Individuals, Who Have Chosen To Expatriate, as Required by Section 6039G". Federal Register.
  32. ^ "Chinese star Jet Li 'takes Singapore citizenship'". Channelnewsasia.com. 17 June 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  33. ^ "Jet Li Promotes 'Wuji' Exercise". crienglish.com. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  34. ^ Gan, Tian (26 June 2009). "The Glory of Wu Ji". China Daily.
  35. ^ "Wuji" (in Chinese). adidas.com. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  36. ^ "Jet Li reveals recent weight gain is due to overactive thyroid". Mail Online. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  37. ^ "李连杰淘宝买中式大褂自曝患上甲亢身体发福". news.163.com. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  38. ^ Li, Jet. "How did you start collecting beads?". Questions. jetli.com. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  39. ^ Li, Jet. "What do you do to handle boredom or every-day monotony? Do you have hobies?". Questions. Jetli.com. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  40. ^ a b Li, Jet. "Have you ever had a fight in real life?". Questions. jetli.com. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  41. ^ Li, Jet. "Are you really strong in real life?". jetli.com. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  42. ^ Li, Jet. "What do you think about fame?". Questions. Jetli.com. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  43. ^ "The Liberation of Jet Li". Time Magazine. 2 December 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  44. ^ Li, Jet. "Wushu, Past and Present". Essays. jetli.com. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  45. ^ Li, Jet. "The definition of Wushu – Part 2". Essays. Jetli.com. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  46. ^ "Jet Li Becomes 'Philanthropic Ambassador' of Red Cross." Xinhua News Agency. 23 January 2006. China.org.cn
  47. ^ "Interview with Jet Li". CNN. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  48. ^ "The One Foundation". Onefoundation.cn. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  49. ^ "Chinese mainland to hold television fundraiser for Taiwan typhoon relief". xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  50. ^ "The One Foundation". Onefoundation.cn. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  51. ^ [1]
  52. ^ "Wu Jing Gives a Helping Hand in Sichuan". Wu-Jing.org. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  53. ^ "Interview – Jet Li |". Alliancemagazine.org. 1 December 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  54. ^ "International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies". alivenotdead.com. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  55. ^ [2]
  56. ^ "China film star Jet Li to meet Gates, Buffett". Google. 21 September 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  57. ^ "What is Taiji Zen?". Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  58. ^ "Jet Li". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  59. ^ a b "Foreign Language". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
  60. ^ a b "Jet Li". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 August 2010.

Further reading

  • Ducker, Chris, and Stuart Cutler. The HKS Guide to Jet Li. London: Hong Kong Superstars, 2000.
  • Marx, Christy. Jet Li. Martial Arts Masters. Rosen Publishing Group, 2002. ISBN 0-8239-3519-1.
  • Parish, James Robert. Jet Li: A Biography. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2002. ISBN 1-56025-376-2.
  • Farquhar, M.(2010) ‘Jet Li: "Wushu Master" in Sport and Film’ in Jeffreys, Elaine. & Edwards, Louise (eds.), Celebrity in China, Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong pp. 103–124. ISBN 962-209-088-5
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