Kale
| Kale | |
|---|---|
 Curly kale, one of the many varieties of kale | |
| Species | Brassica oleracea |
| Cultivar group | Acephala Group |
| Origin | Unknown, but before the Middle Ages |
| Cultivar group members | Many, and some are known by other names. |
Kale (English: IPA: /keɪl/) or leaf cabbage is a group of vegetable cultivars within the plant species Brassica oleracea. They have green or purple leaves, in which the central leaves do not form a head (as opposed to headed cabbages). Kales are considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most domesticated forms of Brassica oleracea.[1]
Etymology
Kale bears semblance to "kail", a variant of "cawul" derived from Scotland and northern England for various kinds of cabbage.[2]
Origins
Until the end of the Middle Ages, kale was one of the most common green vegetables in Europe. Curly-leaved varieties of cabbage already existed along with flat-leaved varieties in Greece in the fourth century BC. These forms, which were referred to by the Romans as Sabellian kale, are considered to be the ancestors of modern kales. Russian kale was introduced into Canada (and then into the U.S.) by Russian traders in the 19th century.
During World War II, the cultivation of kale in the U.K. was encouraged by the Dig for Victory campaign. The vegetable was easy to grow and provided important nutrients to supplement those missing from a normal diet because of rationing.[3]
Description
Some varieties can reach a height of six or seven feet; others are compact and symmetrical and of good quality for eating. Many, however, are coarse and indigestible. Most kale are either annuals or biennials. Seeds resemble those of cabbage in size, form, and color.
Cultivars
One may differentiate between varieties according to the low, intermediate, or high length of the stem, with varying leaf types. The leaf colours range from light green through green, dark green, and violet-green, to violet-brown.
Classification by leaf type:
- Curly-leaved (Scots kale; blue curled kale)
- Plain-leaved
- Rape kale
- Leaf and spear (a cross between curly-leaved and plain-leaved kale)
- Bumpy-leaved (black cabbage, better known by its Italian translation cavolo nero, and also known as Tuscan Cabbage, Tuscan Kale, lacinato and dinosaur kale)
Because kale can grow well into winter, one variety of Rape Kale is called Hungry Gap, named after the period in winter in traditional agriculture when little else could be harvested.
An extra-tall variety is known as Jersey kale or cow cabbage.[4]
Kai-lan or Chinese kale is a kale cultivar much used in Chinese cuisine; in English it is occasionally called just "kale".
In Portugal, the bumpy-leaved kale is called by its original Italian name, "cavolo nero", with the expression "couve rebela" also being used.
Cultivation
Kale is an annual plant grown from seed over wide germination temperatures.[5] It is hardy and grows well into winter.[5]
Decorative uses
Many varieties of kale and cabbage are grown mainly for their ornamental leaves, which are brilliant white, red, pink, lavender, blue or violet in the interior of the rosette. Ornamental kale is as edible as any other variety.[6]
Nutritional value
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 207 kJ (49 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8.8 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sugars | 2.3 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dietary fiber | 3.6 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.9 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4.3 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Water | 84.0 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[7] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[8] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 117 kJ (28 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5.63 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sugars | 1.25 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dietary fiber | 2 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.4 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1.9 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Water | 91.2 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[7] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[8] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In a 100 gram serving, raw kale provides 49 calories and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin K, vitamin B6, folate, and manganese (see table "Kale, raw"). Kale is a good source (10–19% DV) of thiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamin E and several dietary minerals, including iron, calcium, potassium, and phosphorus (see table "Kale, raw").
Boiling raw kale diminishes these nutrient contents, with the exception of vitamin K (see table "Kale, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt").[9]
Phytochemicals
Kale is a source of the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin (tables).[10]
As with broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables, kale contains glucosinolate compounds, such as glucoraphanin, contributing to formation of sulforaphane,[11] a compound under preliminary research for its potential to affect human health.[12] Boiling decreases the level of sulforaphane, whereas steaming, microwaving or stir frying does not result in significant loss.[9]
Culinary uses
Kale freezes well and tastes sweeter and more flavourful after being exposed to a frost.[13] Tender kale greens can provide an intense addition to salads, particularly when combined with other such strongly flavoured ingredients as dry-roasted peanuts, soy sauce-roasted almonds, red capsicum flakes, or a sesame-based dressing.[citation needed]
Regional culinary uses
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2016) |
Europe
In the Netherlands, curly kale is a traditional winter dish called "boerenkoolstamppot", a mix of curly kale and mashed potatoes, sometimes with fried bacon and served with rookworst ("smoked sausage").
In Italy, cavolo nero is an ingredient of the Tuscan soup ribollita. Kale (cavolo nero) is part of many dishes, such as "casseoula" (pork stew) and polenta (corn porridge).
A whole culture around kale has developed in northern Germany, especially around the towns of Bremen, Oldenburg, Osnabrück and Hannover and the region of Dithmarschen. There, most social clubs of any kind will have a Grünkohlessen or Kohlfahrt ("kale tour") sometime between October and February, visiting a country inn to consume kale stew, pinkel sausage, kassler, mettwurst and schnapps. Most communities in the area have a yearly kale festival which includes naming a "kale king" (or queen).
Curly kale is used in Denmark and southwestern Sweden (Scania, Halland and Blekinge) to make (grøn-)langkål (Danish) or långkål (Swedish), an obligatory dish on the julbord in the region, and is commonly served together with the Christmas ham (Sweden). The leaves of the kale are separated from the stem, and then boiled with stock. The result is drained and pressed to remove the remaining liquid. The kale can now be frozen for up to 6–8 months if needed. To make langkål, finely chop the (defrosted) kale and fry it with cream, pepper, and syrup (or sugar) for sweetening. In Sweden, it is also commonly eaten as a soup, with a base of ham broth and the addition of onion and pork sausages.
A traditional Portuguese soup, caldo verde, combines pureed potatoes, diced kale, olive oil, broth, and, generally, sliced cooked spicy sausage.
In Montenegro, collards, kale, locally known as rashtan, is a favorite vegetable. It is particularly popular in the winter, cooked with smoked mutton (kastradina) and potatoes.
In Scotland, kale provided such a base for a traditional diet that the word in dialect Scots is synonymous with food. To be "off one's kail" is to feel too ill to eat.
In Ireland, kale is mixed with mashed potatoes to make the traditional dish colcannon. It is popular on Halloween when it may be served with sausages.
In Turkey, especially in Eastern Black Sea region, kale soup (karalahana çorbası), kale sarma, kale kavurma (sauté), and kale turşu are common dishes.
Asia
A variety of kale, kai-lan, is a popular vegetable in China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, where it is commonly combined with beef dishes. In Japan, kale juice (known as aojiru) is a popular dietary supplement.
Other
In Brazil, it is a side dish for a common stew called feijoada.
Various kale types are also eaten throughout southeastern Africa, where they are typically boiled with coconut milk and ground peanuts and served with rice or boiled cornmeal.
In the Southern United States, kale is often served braised, either alone or mixed with other greens, such as collard, mustard, or turnip. It is also used in salads. Flavored kale chips have also been produced as a potato chip substitute.
Literature
The Kailyard school of Scottish writers, which included J. M. Barrie (creator of Peter Pan), consisted of authors who wrote about traditional rural Scottish life (kailyard = kale field). In Cuthbertson's book Autumn in Kyle and the charm of Cunninghame, he states that Kilmaurs in East Ayrshire was famous for its kale, which was an important foodstuff. A story is told in which a neighbouring village offered to pay a generous price for some kale seeds, an offer too good to turn down. The locals agreed; however a gentle roasting on a shovel over a coal fire ensured that the seeds never germinated.[14]
Gallery
-
Curly-leaf kale -
Red Russian kale -
Making kale chips in Illinois
See also
- Bowen's Kale
- Crambe maritima - Sea Kale
References
- ^ Tomar, BS. VK Science – Biology. FK Publications. p. 149. ISBN 978-81-88597-06-2.
- ^ "Kale". Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ "World War Two vegetable comes back as 'superfood'". Daily Mail. London. 3 October 2007.
- ^ Bailey, L. H., (1912, republished in 1975). Jersey kale Photo. In Cyclopedia of American Agriculture: Vol. II--crops. Macmillan Publishing, New York. pp. 389–90. ISBN 0-405-06762-3.
- ^ a b "Growing guide for kale". Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 2006. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^ Larkcom, Joy (1 June 2003). The Organic Salad Garden. frances lincoln ltd. pp. 30–32. ISBN 978-0-7112-2204-5. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
- ^ a b United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
- ^ a b National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
- ^ a b Nugrahedi, P. Y.; Verkerk, R; Widianarko, B; Dekker, M (2015). "A mechanistic perspective on process-induced changes in glucosinolate content in Brassica vegetables: A review". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 55 (6): 823–38. doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.688076. PMID 24915330.
- ^ "Variation in Carotenoid Content of Kale and Other Vegetables: A Review of Pre- and Post-harvest Effects". J Agric Food Chem. 63 (Oct 28): 9677–82. 2015. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03691. PMID 26477753.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ "Variation of glucosinolates in vegetable crops of Brassica oleracea". J Agric Food Chem. 47 (4): 1541–8. 1999. doi:10.1021/jf980985s. PMID 10564014.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Houghton, C. A.; Fassett, R. G.; Coombes, J. S. (2013). "Sulforaphane: Translational research from laboratory bench to clinic". Nutrition Reviews. 71 (11): 709–26. doi:10.1111/nure.12060. PMID 24147970.
- ^ Watson, Benjamin (1996). Taylor's Guide to Heirloom Vegetables. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 200. ISBN 0-395-70818-4.
- ^ Cuthbertson, David Cuningham (1945). Autumn in Kyle and the Charm of Cunninghame. London: Jenkins. Page 186
External links
- Marrow-Stem Kale – Plants For a Future database
- PROTAbase on Brassica oleracea (leaf cabbage)
