Jump to content

List of royal consorts of Iran

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Shahbanu of Iran (Persia)
Imperial Arms of Shahbanu Farah of Iran
Last in role
Farah Pahlavi
21 December 1959 – 11 February 1979
Details
StyleShahbanu
Banbishn[1]
Formation678 BC
Abolition11 February 1979
ResidenceApadana
Tachara
Palace of Darius
Palace of Ardashir
Taq Kasra
Ālī Qāpū Palace
Hasht Behesht
Golestan Palace
Sa'dabad Palace
Niavaran Palace
AppointerShah or Ruler of Iran
Pretender(s)Yasmine Pahlavi

This is a list of royal consorts of rulers that held power over present-day Iran. The title Shahbanu was used for the female ruler or royal consort in certain dynasties, including the Sassanids and Pahlavis.[2] The list is from the establishment of the Medes around 678 BC until the deposition of the monarchy in 1979.

Median Dynasty (671–549 BC)

[edit]
Main article: Median dynasty
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Aryenis Astyages [3]

Teispid Kingdom (c.705–559 BC)

[edit]
Main articles: Teispids and Anshan (Persia)
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Mandana Cambyses I [4]

Achaemenid Empire (559–334/327 BC)

[edit]
Main articles: Achaemenid Empire and Achaemenid dynasty
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Cassandane Cyrus II [5]
Phaedymia Cambyses II [6]
Atossa Cambyses II (disputed)
Darius I 		also a sister of Cambyses II.[7]
Artystone Darius I [8]
Parmys [9]
Amestris Xerxes I [10]
Damaspia Artaxerxes I [11]
Parysatis Darius II [12]
Stateira Artaxerxes II [13]
Amestris also a daughter of Artaxerxes II.[14]
Atossa Artaxerxes III [15][16]
Stateira Darius III [17]

Macedonian Empire (336–306 BC)

[edit]
Main article: Macedonian Empire
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Roxana Alexander III [18]
Stateira [19]
Parysatis [20]
Eurydice Philip III [21]

Seleucid Empire (311–129 BC)

[edit]
Main articles: Seleucid Empire and Seleucid dynasty
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Apama Seleucus I Nicator [22]
Stratonice Seleucus I Nicator
Antiochus I Soter 		[23]
Laodice I Antiochus II Theos [24]
Berenice Syra [25]
Laodice II Seleucus II Callinicus [26]
Laodice III Antiochus III the Great [27]
Laodice IV Seleucus IV Philopator
Antiochus IV Epiphanes 		[28]
Laodice V Demetrius I Soter [29]
Cleopatra Thea Alexander Balas
Demetrius II Nicator
Antiochus VII Sidetes 		[30]
Rhodogune Demetrius II Nicator [31]

Parthian Empire (247 BC – AD 228)

[edit]
Main article: Parthian Empire
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Rinnu Mithridates I [32]
Ariazate Gotarzes I [33]
Laodice Orodes II [34]
Musa Phraates IV later a queen regnant in her own right.[35]

Sasanian Empire (224–651)

[edit]
Main articles: Sasanian Empire and Sasanian dynasty
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Denag Ardashir I also a sister of Ardashir I.[36]
Murrod [1]
Khwarranzem Ardashir I or
Shapur I 		[37]
Shapurdukhtak I Bahram II [1]
Shapurdukhtak II Narseh [1]
Ifra Hormizd Hormizd II [38]
Yazdan-Friy Shapur Shapur III [39]
Shushandukht Yazdegerd I [40]
Denag Yazdegerd II [1]
Sambice Kavad I also a sister of Kavad I.[41]
Maria Khosrow II [1]
Shirin [1]
Gordiya [1]
Borandokht Kavad II also a sister of Kavad II; later a queen regnant in her own right.[42][43]

Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)

[edit]
Main article: Umayyad Caliphate
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Maysun Mu'awiya I [44]
Umm Khalid Fakhita Yazid I
Fakhitah Marwan I
Atikah Abd al-Malik [45]
Umm al-Banin al-Walid I
Fatima Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
Umm Hakim Hisham [46]

Abbasid Caliphate (750–861)

[edit]
Main articles: Abbasid Caliphate and Abbasid dynasty
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Umm Salama Al-Saffah [47]
Arwa Al-Mansur [48]
Fatimah [49]
Rayta Al-Mahdi [50]
Al-Khayzuran [51]
Lubabah Al-Hadi
Zubaidah Harun al-Rashid [52]
Umm Muhammad [53]
Abbasa [54]: 328 [55]
Lubana Al-Amin [56]
Umm Isa Al-Ma'mun [57]
Buran [58]
Faridah Al-Mutawakkil [59]

Buyid Kingdom (934–1062)

[edit]
Main article: Buyid dynasty
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Sayyida Shirin Fakhr al-Dawla [60]

Seljuk Empire (1029–1194)

[edit]
Main article: Seljuk Empire
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Altun Jan Khatun Tughril [61]
Terken Khatun Malik-Shah I [62]
Zubayda Khatun [63]

Khwarazmian Empire (1153–1220)

[edit]
Main article: Khwarazmian Empire
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Terken Khatun Il-Arslan
Terken Khatun Ala al-Din Tekish [64]

Mongol Empire (1153–1220)

[edit]
Main article: Mongol Empire
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Börte Genghis Khan [65]
Khulan Khatun [66]
Yesugen [67]
Yesui [67]
Ibaqa Beki [67]
Sorghaghtani Beki Tolui [68]
Möge Khatun Ögedei Khan [69]
Töregene Khatun [70]
Oghul Qaimish Güyük Khan [71]

Ilkhanate (1256–1357)

[edit]
Main article: Ilkhanate
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Doquz Khatun Hulagu Khan [72]
Buluqhan Khatun Abaqa Khan
Arghun Khan 		[73]
Kököchin Ghazan [74]
Uljay Qutlugh Khatun Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan [73]
Baghdad Khatun [75]
Dilshad Khatun [76]

Jalayirid Sultanate (1335–1432)

[edit]
Main article: Jalayirid Sultanate
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Dilshad Khatun Hasan Buzurg [76]

Timurid Empire (1370–1467)

[edit]
Main article: Timurid Empire
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Saray Mulk Khanum Timur [77]
Gawhar Shad Shah Rukh [78]

Aq Quyunlu (1375–1497)

[edit]
Main article: Aq Qoyunlu
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Despina Khatun Uzun Hasan [79]
Aynışah Sultan Ahmad Beg [80]

Safavid Empire (1501–1736)

[edit]
Main articles: Safavid Iran and Safavid dynasty
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Tajlu Khanum Ismail I [81]
Behruzeh Khanum [82]
Sultanum Begum Tahmasp I [83]
Sultan-Agha Khanum [84]
Khayr al-Nisa Begum Mohammad Khodabanda [85]
Yakhan Begum Abbas I [86]
Marta [87]
Tamar Amilakhori [88]
Anna Khanum Safi [89]
Nakihat Khanum Abbas II [90]

Afsharid Empire (1736–1796)

[edit]
Main articles: Afsharid Iran and Afsharid dynasty
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Razia Begum Nader Shah [91]

Qajar Empire (1794–1925)

[edit]
Main articles: Qajar Iran and Qajar dynasty
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Maryam Khanom Agha Mohammad Khan
Fath-Ali Shah 		[92]
Taj ol-Dowleh Fath-Ali Shah [93]
Golbadan Baji [94]
Aghabeyim agha Javanshir [95]
Begum Khanum
Badr Jahan Khanom
Malek Jahan Khanom Mohammad Shah [96]
Galin Khanom Naser al-Din Shah [97]
Taj al-Dawlah [97]
Shokouh al-Saltaneh [97]
Jeyran [98]
Anis al-Dawla [99]
Amina Aqdas [100]
Khazen al-Dawlah [101]
Munir al-Saltaneh [97]
Fatemeh Sultan Baghbanbashi [97]
Taj ol-Molouk Mozaffar ad-Din Shah [102]
Malekeh Jahan Mohammad Ali Shah [103]
Badr al-Molouk Ahmad Shah [104]

Pahlavi Empire (1925–1979)

[edit]
Main articles: Pahlavi Iran and Pahlavi dynasty
Portrait Name Monarch Notes
Tadj ol-Molouk Reza Shah [105]
Turan Amirsoleimani [106]
Esmat Dowlatshahi [107]
Fawzia bint Fuad Mohammad Reza Shah [108]
Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary [109]
Farah Diba [110]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Brosius, Maria (1 January 2000). "Women i. In Pre-Islamic Persia". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  2. ^ Sciolino, Elaine (3 October 2000). Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran. Simon and Schuster. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-7432-1453-7.
  3. ^ Schmitt, Rüdiger (1987). "ASTYAGES". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  4. ^ Schmitt, Rüdiger (1 January 2000). "Mandana". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  5. ^ Dandamayev, Muhammad (15 December 1990). "Cassandane". Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol.V, Fasc. 1. p. 62.
  6. ^ Histories of Herodotus, Book 3, 3.69
  7. ^ Schmitt, Rüdiger (15 December 1987). "Atossa". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 1. pp. 13–14.
  8. ^ Brosius, M. (1998): Woman in Ancient Persia, p. 60, 62.
  9. ^ Brosius, Maria (18 April 2006). The Persians. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-134-35984-4.
  10. ^ Longman III, Tremper; Enns, Peter (11 May 2010). Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. InterVarsity Press. p. 827. ISBN 978-0-8308-6738-7.
  11. ^ Schmitt, Rüdiger (15 December 1993). "Damaspia". Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 6. p. 626.
  12. ^ "Parysatis I (fl. 440–385 BCE)". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  13. ^ Badian, Ernst (16 November 2015). "Stateira". Encyclopædia Iranica.
  14. ^ Schmitt, Rüdiger (15 December 1989). "Amestris". Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 9. pp. 935–936.
  15. ^ Dent, Susie (2012), "Atossa", Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable, Chambers Harrap Publishers, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199990009.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-999000-9, retrieved 16 February 2022
  16. ^ Howatson, M. C. (1 January 2011), Howatson, M. C. (ed.), "Ato'ssa", The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199548545.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-954854-5, retrieved 16 February 2022
  17. ^ Daryaee, Touraj (18 August 2016), "Persian Empire", in McNeill, William H (ed.), Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History, Berkshire Publishing Group, doi:10.1093/acref/9780190622718.001.0001, ISBN 978-1-933782-65-2, retrieved 16 February 2022
  18. ^ de Mauriac, Henry M. (1949). "Alexander the Great and the Politics of "Homonoia"". Journal of the History of Ideas. 10 (1): 111. doi:10.2307/2707202. ISSN 0022-5037. JSTOR 2707202.
  19. ^ Anson, Edward M. (14 July 2014). Alexander's Heirs: The Age of the Successors. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-1-4443-3962-8.
  20. ^ O'Brien, John Maxwell (2001), Alexander the Great: The Invisible Enemy - A Biography, New York: Routledge, p. 197, ISBN 0-415-10617-6
  21. ^ Photius, ibid.; Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca, xviii. 39
  22. ^ Macurdy, Grace Harriet (1985). Hellenistic Queens. Chicago: Ares Publishers. p. 78. ISBN 0-89005-542-4.
  23. ^ Strabo, Geography, xiv. 2; Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, s.v. "Stratoniceia"
  24. ^ Bromiley, International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A-D p.144
  25. ^ Bennett, Chris. "Berenice Phernophorus". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  26. ^ Alten, Elif (2017). "Revolt of Achaeus Against Antiochus III the Great and the Siege of Sardis, Based on Classical Textual, Epigraphic and Numismatic Evidence". In Laflı, Ergün; Kan Şahin, Gülseren (eds.). Archaeology and History of Lydia from the Early Lydian Period to Late Antiquity (8th century B.C.-6th century A.D.). An international Symposium May 17-18, 2017 / Izmir, Turkey. Abstracts Booklet. Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea, Acta Congressus Communis Omnium Gentium Smyrnae. Vol. IV. The Research Center for the Archaeology of Western Anatolia – EKVAM. p. 27. OCLC 6848755244.
  27. ^ G. Ramsey, “The Queen and the City: Royal Female Intervention and Patronage in Hellenistic Civic Communities,” Gender & History, Vol 23, No. 3, 2011: 517.
  28. ^ "Laodice IV". Livius. 4 January 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  29. ^ "Laodice V - Livius". Livius.org. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  30. ^ Cleopatra Thea by Chris Bennett
  31. ^ Assar, A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period, 165-91 BCE, 2006. pg 88-112.
  32. ^ J. Oelsner, “Recht im hellenistischen Babylon,” in Legal Documents of the Hellenistic World, ed. M. J. Geller and H. Maehler, London, 1995, pp. 106–148.
  33. ^ Assar, Gholamreza F. (2006). "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 91-55 BC". Parthica. Incontri di Culture Nel Mondo Antico. 8: Papers Presented to David Sellwood. Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali: 67, 74. ISBN 978-8-881-47453-0. ISSN 1128-6342.
  34. ^ Sherwin-White, Susan Mary. "Laodice". Who's Who in the Classical World. Oxford Reference. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  35. ^ Strugnell, Emma (2008). "Thea Musa, Roman Queen of Parthia". Iranica Antiqua. 43: 275–298. doi:10.2143/IA.43.0.2024051. ISSN 1783-1482.
  36. ^ Gignoux, Philippe (1994). "Dēnag". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/3: Dehqān I–Deylam, John of. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 282. ISBN 978-1-56859-021-9.
  37. ^ Sundermann, W. (1988). "BĀNBIŠN". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/7: Banān–Bardesanes. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 678–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-119-2.
  38. ^ Daryaee, Touraj (2009). "Šāpur II". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  39. ^ Muzio, Ciro Lo (2008). "Remarks on the Paintings from the Buddhist Monastery of Fayaz Tepe (Southern Uzbekistan)". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 22: 201.
  40. ^ Gross, S. (2021). "The Curious Case of the Jewish Sasanian Queen Šīšīnduxt: Exilarchal Propaganda and Zoroastrians in Tenth- to Eleventh-Century Baghdad". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 141 (2): 365–380. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.141.2.0365. S2CID 241531954.
  41. ^ Martindale, John R., ed. (1980). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume II, AD 395–527. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-20159-4.
  42. ^ Chaumont, Marie Louise (15 December 1989). "Bōrān". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4. p. 366.
  43. ^ Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. V. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 404. ISBN 978-0-7914-4355-2.
  44. ^ Sharon, Moshe (2013). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Volume Five: H-I. Leiden and Boston: Brill. p. 286. ISBN 978-90-04-25097-0.
  45. ^ Ahmed, Asad Q. (2010). The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies. Oxford: University of Oxford Linacre College Unit for Prosopographical Research. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-900934-13-8.
  46. ^ Kilpatrick, Hilary (2003). Making the Great Book of Songs: Compilation and the Author's Craft in Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣbahānī's Kitāb al-Aghānī. London: Routledge. pp. 72, 82. ISBN 9780700717019. OCLC 50810677.
  47. ^ Elad, Amikam (2016). The Rebellion of Muḥammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya in 145/762: Ṭālibīs and Early ʿAbbāsīs in Conflict. Leiden: Brill. p. 289. ISBN 978-90-04-22989-1.
  48. ^ Abbott, Nabia (1946). Two Queens of Baghdad: Mother and Wife of Hārūn Al Rashīd. University of Chicago Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-86356-031-6.
  49. ^ Al-Tabari; Hugh Kennedy (1990). The History of al-Tabari Vol. 29: Al-Mansur and al-Mahdi A.D. 763-786/A.H. 146-169. SUNY series in Near Eastern Studies. State University of New York Press. pp. 148–49.
  50. ^ Abbott, Nabia (1946). Two Queens of Baghdad: Mother and Wife of Hārūn Al Rashīd. University of Chicago Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-86356-031-6.
  51. ^ Mernissi, Fatima; Mary Jo Lakeland (2003). The forgotten queens of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-579868-5.
  52. ^ al-Tabari, Muhammad Ibn Yarir (1989). The History of al-Tabari Vol. 30: The 'Abbasid Caliphate in Equilibrium: The Caliphates of Musa al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid A.D. 785-809/A.H. 169-193. Bibliotheca Persica. Translated by C. E. Bosworth. State University of New York Press. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-88706-564-4.
  53. ^ Al-Tabari; Hugh Kennedy (1990). The History of al-Tabari Vol. 29: Al-Mansur and al-Mahdi A.D. 763-786/A.H. 146-169. SUNY series in Near Eastern Studies. State University of New York Press. pp. 148–49.
  54. ^ Madelung, Wilferd (2000). "Abūʾl ʿAmayṭar the Sufyānī". Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. 24: 327–343.
  55. ^ al-Tabari & Bosworth 1989, p. 326.
  56. ^ Classical Poems by Arab Women: A Bilingual Anthology, ed. and trans. by Abdullah al-Udhari (London: Saqi Books, 1999), p. 120; ISBN 086356-047-4.
  57. ^ Rekaya, M. (1991). "al-Maʾmūn". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 331. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.
  58. ^ Ibn al-Sāʿī (2017). Consorts of the Caliphs: Women and the Court of Baghdad. Introduction by Julia Bray, Foreword by Marina Warner. New York: New York University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-4798-0477-1.
  59. ^ Ibn al-Sāʿī 2017, p. 53.
  60. ^ Busse, Heribert (1975). "Iran under the Buyids". In Frye, Richard N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 293. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
  61. ^ Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen (1954). The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 6. Brill. p. 482. ISBN 978-9-004-08112-3.
  62. ^ Mernissi, Fatima; Mary Jo Lakeland (2003). The forgotten queens of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-579868-5.
  63. ^ İslâm Ansiklopedisi, volume: 24, page: 93
  64. ^ Bosworth, C. Edmund (6 March 2009). "Terken Ḵātun". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  65. ^ Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991). Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 164–165. ISBN 0-631-16785-4.
  66. ^ Weatherford, Jack (2010). The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How the Daughters of Genghis Khan Rescued His Empire. New York, NY: Broadway Paperbacks. p. 28. ISBN 978-0307407160.
  67. ^ a b c Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018). Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–4. ISBN 978-1-108-42489-9.
  68. ^ C.P. Atwood Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p. 512
  69. ^ McClynn, Frank (14 July 2015). Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy. Hachette Books. p. 117. ISBN 978-0306823961.
  70. ^ The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253–55, p. 62
  71. ^ James D. Ryan, "Mongol Khatuns" Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: an Encyclopedia, ed. John Block Frieman and Kristen Mossler Figg (Garland, 2000), p. 407.
  72. ^ Runciman, Steven (1987). A History of the Crusades. Cambridge University Press. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-521-34770-9.
  73. ^ a b Charles, Melville. "BOLOḠĀN KĀTŪN: Boloḡān Ḵātūn "Moʿaẓẓama"". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  74. ^ Geraldine Barnes; Gabrielle Singleton, eds. (11 December 2008). Travel and Travellers from Bede to Dampier. Cambridge Scholars. pp. 148–149. ISBN 9781443802321.
  75. ^ Charles, Melville; Zaryab, Abbas. "CHOBANIDS". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  76. ^ a b Ghiyās̲ al-Dīn ibn Humām al-Dīn Khvānd Mīr (1994). Habibü's-siyer: Moğol ve Türk hâkimiyeti. Harvard University. p. 125.
  77. ^ Veit, Veronika, ed. (2007). The role of women in the Altaic world : Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 149. ISBN 9783447055376.
  78. ^ Manz, Beatrice Forbes (2002). "Gowhar-šād āḡā". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  79. ^ Bierbrier, M.L. (1997). "The Descendants of Theodora Comnena of Trebizond". The Genealogist. 11 (2). Picton Press: 233.
  80. ^ Fodor, Pál (2019). "Wolf on the Border: Yahyapaşaoğlu Bali Bey (?-1527)". In Fodor, Pál; Kovács, Nándor Erik; Péri, Benedek (eds.). Şerefe. Studies in Honour of Prof. Géza Dávid on His Seventieth Birthday. Budapest: Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. p. 59.
  81. ^ Savory, Roger M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (15 December 1998). "Esmāʿīl i Ṣafawī". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 6. pp. 628–636.
  82. ^ Newman, Andrew J. (2008). Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. I.B. Tauris. pp. 1–281. ISBN 9780857716613.
  83. ^ Ghereghlou, Kioumars (22 February 2016). "Esmāʿil II". Encyclopædia Iranica.
  84. ^ Parsadust, Manuchehr (2009). "PARIḴĀN ḴĀNOM". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  85. ^ Nashat, Guity; Beck, Lois (2003). Women in Iran from the Rise of Islam to 1800. University of Illinois Press. pp. 1–253. ISBN 978-0-252-07121-8.
  86. ^ Kasheff, Manouchehr (2001). "GĪLĀN v. History under the Safavids". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 6. pp. 635–642.
  87. ^ Butler, John Anthony (2012). Sir Thomas Herbert: Travels in Africa, Persia, and Asia the Great, by Sir Anthony Herbert, Bart. ACMRS Publications. p. 403. ISBN 978-0866984751.
  88. ^ Floor, Willem; Herzig, Edmund, eds. (2012). "Exploitation of the Frontier". Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. I.B. Tauris. p. 483. ISBN 978-1780769905.
  89. ^ Matthee, Rudi (2012). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan. I.B.Tauris. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-845-11745-0.
  90. ^ Matthee, Rudi (30 November 2011). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-85772-094-8.
  91. ^ Michael Axworthy, Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant
  92. ^ "Maryam Khanom". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  93. ^ "Tavus Khanom". Institute for Iranian contemporary historical studies (in Persian). Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  94. ^ Nashat, Guity (2004). "Marriage in the Qajar Period". In Beck, Lois; Nashat, Guity (eds.). Women in Iran from 1800 to the Islamic Republic. University of Illinois Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0252071898.
  95. ^ "Ağabəyim ağa Cavanşir". Adam.az. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
  96. ^ Newton, Michael (17 April 2014). Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-1-61069-286-1.
  97. ^ a b c d e Mo'ayeri, Dustali (1982). Some notes from private life of Nasser al-Din Shah. Tehran: Nashr-e Tarikh-e Iran.
  98. ^ Azad, Hassan (1999). Gosheh hai az Tarikh Egtemai-e Iran: Posht Pardeh Haram [Corners of Iran's social history: behind the scenes of the harem] (in Persian). p. 356. ISBN 9789646614000. Nasser al-Din Shah had given her the title of Forough al-Saltanah, which at that time officially meant mistress. And Jeyran was the first to receive this title
  99. ^ Mahdavi, Shireen (1 June 2009), "Anīs al-Dawla", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three, Brill, doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_22741, retrieved 16 February 2022
  100. ^ G. Nashat, "Amīna Aqdas," Encyclopædia Iranica, I/9, pp. 954-955, accessed on 30 December 2012.
  101. ^ Amanat, Abbas (1997). Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1845118280.
  102. ^ William Cleveland, A History of the Modern Middle East, 5th edition, Westview, 2012, p. 100.
  103. ^ "Malekeh Jahan". Institute for Iranian contemporary historical studies. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  104. ^ Sheikholeslami, Mohammad Javad. Ahmad shah Qajar.
  105. ^ "Diminutive Iranian princess dubbed the 'Black Panther' loved luxury". The Sydney Morning Herald. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  106. ^ Buchan, James (15 October 2013). Days of God: The Revolution in Iran and Its Consequences. Simon and Schuster. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4165-9777-3.
  107. ^ "The Marble Palace: One of The Historic Buildings, Royal Residences in Iran - Tourism news". Tasnim News Agency. 14 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  108. ^ "The Slow Disappearance of Queen Fawzia". The New York Times. 21 December 2013. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  109. ^ Meylan, Vincent (13 April 2017). "The precious jewels of Iran's 'sad-eyed' princess". CNN. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  110. ^ "Iranian Personalities: Empress Farah Pahlavi (Diba)". Iran Chamber Society. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_royal_consorts_of_Iran&oldid=1264133630"