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Hearne's results were not widely distributed. The first [[peer review|peer-reviewed]] article was published some years later by [[Stephen LaBerge]] at [[Stanford University]], who had independently developed a similar technique as part of his doctoral dissertation.<ref>Laberge, S. (1980). Lucid dreaming: An exploratory study of consciousness during sleep. (PhD thesis, Stanford University, 1980), (University Microfilms No. 80-24, 691)</ref> During the 1980s, further scientific evidence to confirm the existence of lucid dreaming was produced as lucid dreamers were able to demonstrate to researchers that they were consciously aware of being in a dream state (again, primarily using eye movement signals).<ref>LaBerge, Stephen (1990). in Bootzen, R.R., Kihlstrom, J.F. & Schacter, D.L., (Eds.): Lucid Dreaming: Psychophysiological Studies of Consciousness during REM Sleep Sleep and Cognition. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, pp. 109–126.</ref> Additionally, techniques were developed that have been experimentally proven to enhance the likelihood of achieving this state.<ref>LaBerge, Stephen; Levitan, Lynne (1995). "Validity Established of DreamLight Cues for Eliciting Lucid Dreaming". Dreaming 5 (3). International Association for the Study of Dreams.</ref> Research on techniques and effects of lucid dreaming continues at a number of universities and other centers, including LaBerge's Lucidity Institute.
Hearne's results were not widely distributed. The first [[peer review|peer-reviewed]] article was published some years later by [[Stephen LaBerge]] at [[Stanford University]], who had independently developed a similar technique as part of his doctoral dissertation.<ref>Laberge, S. (1980). Lucid dreaming: An exploratory study of consciousness during sleep. (PhD thesis, Stanford University, 1980), (University Microfilms No. 80-24, 691)</ref> During the 1980s, further scientific evidence to confirm the existence of lucid dreaming was produced as lucid dreamers were able to demonstrate to researchers that they were consciously aware of being in a dream state (again, primarily using eye movement signals).<ref>LaBerge, Stephen (1990). in Bootzen, R.R., Kihlstrom, J.F. & Schacter, D.L., (Eds.): Lucid Dreaming: Psychophysiological Studies of Consciousness during REM Sleep Sleep and Cognition. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, pp. 109–126.</ref> Additionally, techniques were developed that have been experimentally proven to enhance the likelihood of achieving this state.<ref>LaBerge, Stephen; Levitan, Lynne (1995). "Validity Established of DreamLight Cues for Eliciting Lucid Dreaming". Dreaming 5 (3). International Association for the Study of Dreams.</ref> Research on techniques and effects of lucid dreaming continues at a number of universities and other centers, including LaBerge's Lucidity Institute.
Dan was the first to dream


==Research and clinical applications==
==Research and clinical applications==

Revision as of 16:08, 31 August 2011

A lucid dream is a dream in which one is aware that one is dreaming. The term was coined by the Dutch psychiatrist and writer Frederik (Willem) van Eeden (1860–1932).[1] In a lucid dream, the dreamer can actively participate in and manipulate imaginary experiences in the dream environment.[2] Lucid dreams can seem real and vivid.[3]

A lucid dream can begin in one of two ways. A dream-initiated lucid dream (DILD) starts as a normal dream, and the dreamer eventually concludes it is a dream, while a wake-initiated lucid dream (WILD) occurs when the dreamer goes from a normal waking state directly into a dream state, with no apparent lapse in consciousness.

Lucid dreaming has been researched scientifically, and its existence is well established.[4][5]

Scientific history

The first book to recognize the scientific potential of lucid dreams was Celia Green's 1968 study Lucid Dreams.[6] Green analyzed the main characteristics of such dreams, reviewing previously published literature on the subject and incorporating new data from subjects of her own. She concluded they were a category of experience quite distinct from ordinary dreams, and predicted that they would turn out to be associated with rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep). Green was also the first to link lucid dreams to the phenomenon of false awakenings.

Philosopher Norman Malcolm's 1959 text Dreaming[7] had argued against the possibility of checking the accuracy of dream reports. However, the realization that eye movements performed in dreams may affect the dreamer's physical eyes provided a way to prove that actions agreed upon during waking life could be recalled and performed once lucid in a dream. The first evidence of this type was produced in the late 1970s by British parapsychologist Keith Hearne. A volunteer named Alan Worsley used eye movement to signal the onset of lucidity, which were recorded by a polysomnograph machine.

Hearne's results were not widely distributed. The first peer-reviewed article was published some years later by Stephen LaBerge at Stanford University, who had independently developed a similar technique as part of his doctoral dissertation.[8] During the 1980s, further scientific evidence to confirm the existence of lucid dreaming was produced as lucid dreamers were able to demonstrate to researchers that they were consciously aware of being in a dream state (again, primarily using eye movement signals).[9] Additionally, techniques were developed that have been experimentally proven to enhance the likelihood of achieving this state.[10] Research on techniques and effects of lucid dreaming continues at a number of universities and other centers, including LaBerge's Lucidity Institute. Dan was the first to dream

Research and clinical applications

Neurobiological model

Neuroscientist J. Allan Hobson has hypothesized what might be occurring in the brain while lucid. The first step to lucid dreaming is recognizing one is dreaming. This recognition might occur in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which is one of the few areas deactivated during REM sleep and where working memory occurs. Once this area is activated and the recognition of dreaming occurs, the dreamer must be cautious to let the dream continue but be conscious enough to remember that it is a dream. While maintaining this balance, the amygdala and parahippocampal cortex might be less intensely activated.[11] To continue the intensity of the dream hallucinations, it is expected the pons and the parieto-occipital junction stay active.[12]

Treatment for nightmares

It has been suggested that sufferers of nightmares could benefit from the ability to be aware they are indeed dreaming. A pilot study was performed in 2006 that showed that lucid dreaming treatment was successful in reducing nightmare frequency. This treatment consisted of exposure to the idea, mastery of the technique, and lucidity exercises. It was not clear what aspects of the treatment were responsible for the success of overcoming nightmares, though the treatment as a whole was successful.[13]

Australian psychologist Milan Colic has explored the application of principles from narrative therapy with clients' lucid dreams, to reduce the impact not only of nightmares during sleep, but also depression, self-mutilation, and other problems in waking life. Colic found that clients' preferred direction for their lives, as identified during therapeutic conversations, could lessen the distressing content of dreams, while understandings about life—and even characters—from lucid dreams could be invoked in "real" life with marked therapeutic benefits.[14]

Perception of time

In 1985, LaBerge performed a pilot study which showed that time perception while counting during a lucid dream is about the same as during waking. Lucid dreamers counted out ten seconds while dreaming, signaling the end of counting with a pre-arranged eye signal measured with electrooculogram recording.[15] LaBerge's results were confirmed by German researchers in 2004. The German study, by D. Erlacher and M. Schredl, also studied motor activity and found deep knee bends took 44% longer to perform while lucid dreaming.[16] However, a 1995 study in Germany indicated that lucid dreams can also have varied time spans, in which the dreamer can control the length. The study took place during sleep and upon awakening, and required the participants to record their dreams in a log and how long the dreams lasted[citation needed].

Awareness and reasoning

Düsum Khyenpa was a master-level practitioner of Tibetan lucid dream yoga.[17]

While dream control and dream awareness are correlated, neither requires the other—LaBerge has found dreams that exhibit one clearly without the capacity for the other; also, in some dreams where the dreamer is lucid and aware they could exercise control, they choose simply to observe.[2] In 1992, a study by Deirdre Barrett examined whether lucid dreams contained four "corollaries" of lucidity: knowing that one dreams, that objects will disappear after waking, that physical laws need not apply, and having clear memory of the waking world, and found less than a quarter of lucidity accounts exhibited all four. A related and reciprocal category of dreams that are lucid in terms of some of these four corollaries, but miss the realization that "I'm dreaming" were also reported. Scores on these corollaries and correctly identifying the experience as a dream increased with lucidity experience.[18] In a later study in Barrett's book, The Committee of Sleep,[19] she describes how some experienced lucid dreamers have learned to remember specific practical goals such as artists looking for inspiration seeking a show of their own work once they become lucid or computer programmers looking for a screen with their desired code. However, most of these dreamers had many experiences of failing to recall waking objectives before gaining this level of control.[19]

Near-death and out-of-body experiences

In a study of fourteen lucid dreamers performed in 1991, people who perform wake-initiated lucid dreams operation (WILD) reported experiences consistent with aspects of out-of-body experiences such as floating above their beds and the feeling of leaving their bodies.[20][unreliable source?] Due to the overlap between lucid dreams, near-death experiences, and out-of-body experiences, researchers say they believe a protocol could be developed to induce a lucid dream similar to a near-death experience in the laboratory.[21]

Cultural history

Michael Willmann (1630–1706), "the Dream of Jacob"
Hypnos and Thanatos, Sleep and His Half-Brother Death, an 1874 painting by John William Waterhouse

Even though it has only come to the attention of the general public in the last few decades, lucid dreaming is not a modern discovery. A letter written by St. Augustine of Hippo in 415 AD refers to lucid dreaming.[22] In the 8th century, Tibetan Buddhists and Bonpo were practicing a form of Dream Yoga held to maintain full waking consciousness while in the dream state.[23] This system is extensively discussed and explained in the book Dream Yoga and the Practice of Natural Light.[24] One of the important messages of the book is the distinction between the Dzogchen meditation of Awareness and Dream Yoga. The Dzogchen Awareness meditation has also been referred to by the terms Rigpa Awareness, Contemplation, and Presence. Awareness during the sleep and dream states is associated with the Dzogchen practice of natural light. This practice only achieves lucid dreams as a secondary effect—in contrast to Dream Yoga, which aims primarily at lucid dreaming. According to Buddhist teachers, the experience of lucidity helps us understand the unreality of phenomena, which would otherwise be overwhelming during dream or the death experience.

An early recorded lucid dreamer was the philosopher and physician Sir Thomas Browne (1605–1682). Browne was fascinated by the world of dreams and described his own ability to lucid dream in his Religio Medici: "...yet in one dream I can compose a whole Comedy, behold the action, apprehend the jests and laugh my self awake at the conceits thereof".[25] Similarly, Samuel Pepys in his diary entry for 15 August 1665 records a dream "that I had my Lady Castlemayne in my arms and was admitted to use all the dalliance I desired with her, and then dreamt that this could not be awake, but that it was only a dream". Marquis d'Hervey de Saint-Denys argued that it is possible for anyone to learn to dream consciously. In 1867, he published his book Les Rêves et les moyens de les diriger; observations pratiques ("Dreams and How to Guide them; Practical Observations"), in which he documented more than twenty years of his own research into dreams.

The term lucid dreaming was coined by Dutch author and psychiatrist Frederik van Eeden in his 1913 article "A Study of Dreams".[26] This paper was highly anecdotal and not embraced by the scientific community. Some consider this a misnomer because it means much more than just "clear or vivid" dreaming.[27] The alternative term conscious dreaming avoids this confusion. However, the term lucid was used by van Eeden in its sense of "having insight", as in the phrase a lucid interval applied to someone in temporary remission from a psychosis, rather than as a reference to the perceptual quality of the experience, which may or may not be clear and vivid.

In the 1950s, the Senoi hunter-gatherers of Malaysia were reported to make extensive use of lucid dreaming to ensure mental health, although later studies refuted these claims.[28]

Induction methods

Many people report having experienced a lucid dream during their lives, often in childhood. According to Armstrong-Hickey, children seem to have lucid dreams more easily than adults and this ability could decrease with age.[29][unreliable source?] Lucid dreaming is however a learnable skill, though achieving lucid dreams on a regular basis can be difficult.[30] Over time, several techniques have been developed to achieve a lucid dreaming state intentionally. The following are common factors that influence lucid dreaming and techniques that people use to help achieve a lucid dream:

Dream recall

Dream recall is the ability to remember dreams. Good dream recall is often described as the first step towards lucid dreaming. Better recall increases awareness of dreams in general; with limited dream recall, any lucid dreams one has can be forgotten entirely. To improve dream recall, some people keep a dream journal, writing down or recording dreams. Some record their dreams upon awakening, some take notes which they work out later.[31] It is important to record the dreams as quickly as possible as there is a strong tendency to forget what one has dreamt.[32] For best recall, the waking dreamer should keep eyes closed while trying to remember the dream, and one's dream journal should be recorded in the present tense.[31] Dream recall can also be improved by staying still after waking up.[32] Autosuggestion may also help improve dream recall,[33] for instance by repeating (in thoughts or out loud) "I shall remember my dreams" before falling asleep. Stephen LaBerge recommends remembering at least one dream per night before attempting any induction methods. However, lucid dreamers who are lacking in strong dream recall can assist the process by forcing themselves awake when they feel the lucid dream coming to a close in order to record the dream while fresh in memory.

Wake-initiated lucid dreams (WILD)

Wake-initiated lucid dreams occur when "the sleeper enters REM sleep with unbroken self-awareness directly from the waking state".[34][35] There are many techniques aimed at entering a WILD. The key to these techniques is recognizing the hypnagogic stage, which is in between being awake and being asleep. If a person is successful in staying aware during this stage, that person will eventually enter a dream while lucid.

There are key times when this technique has a higher rate of success. While success at normal bedtime after having been awake all day is difficult, it is relatively easy after sleeping for 3–7 hours or in the afternoon during a nap. Techniques for inducing WILDs abound. Dreamers may count, envision themselves climbing or descending stairs, chant to themselves, control their breathing, count their breaths to keep their thoughts from drifting, concentrate on relaxing their body from their toes to their head, or allow images to flow through their "mind's eye" and envision themselves jumping into the image to maintain concentration and keep their mind awake, while still being calm enough to let their bodies sleep.

During the actual transition into a dream, dreamers are likely to experience sleep paralysis, including rapid vibrations,[20] a sequence of loud sounds, and a feeling of twirling into another state of body awareness, of "drifting off into another dimension", like passing from water into air. A notable sensation is also "seeing" gradual sharpening and becoming "real" of images or scenes they are thinking of and trying to visualize. This in contrast to the indefinite sensations felt when imagining something during waking.

Reality testing

Reality testing (or reality checking) is a common method used by people to determine whether or not they are dreaming. It involves performing an action and observing if the results are consistent with results expected when awake. By practicing these tests during waking life, one may eventually decide to perform such a test while dreaming, which may fail and let the dreamer realize they are dreaming.[36]

  • Looking at text or one's digital watch (remembering the words or the time), looking away, and looking back. The text or time will probably have changed randomly and radically at the second glance or contain strange letters and characters. (Analog watches do not usually change in dreams, while text and digital watches have a great tendency to do so.)[37][unreliable source?] A digital watch or clock may feature strange characters or the numbers all out of order.
  • Flipping a light switch. Light levels rarely change as a result of the switch flipping in dreams.[38]
  • Looking into a mirror; in dreams, reflections from a mirror often appear to be blurred, distorted, incorrect, or frightening.[38]
  • Looking at the ground beneath one's feet or at one's hands. If one does this within a dream the difference in appearance of the ground or one's hands from the normal waking state is often enough to alert the conscious to the dream state.[39]
  • Holding one's nose and mouth closed while attempting to inhale. If dreaming, one will find themselves breathing and aware.[citation needed]

Prolongation

One problem faced by people wishing to experience lucid dreams is awakening prematurely. This premature awakening can be frustrating after investing considerable time into achieving lucidity in the first place. Stephen LaBerge proposed two ways to prolong a lucid dream. The first technique is spinning one's dream body. He proposed that when spinning, the dreamer is engaging parts of the brain that may also be involved in REM activity, helping to prolong REM sleep. The second technique is rubbing one's hands. The intention is to engage the dreamer's brain in producing the sensation of rubbing hands, preventing the dreamer becoming aware of the sensation of lying in bed. LaBerge tested his hypothesis by asking 34 volunteers to either spin, rub their hands, or do nothing. Results showed 90% of dreams were prolonged by hand rubbing and 96% prolonged by spinning. Only 33% of lucid dreams were prolonged with taking no action.[40]

Other variations on this theme have been proposed by lucid dream enthusiasts, the common basis for all these techniques is to focus on and/or increase one's tactile or sensory engagement with the dream world.

Other associated phenomena

Rapid eye movement (REM)

REM Sleep. EEG highlighted by red box. Eye movements highlighted by red line.
Main article: Rapid eye movement sleep

When a person is dreaming, the eyes move rapidly up and down and vibrate. Scientific research has found that these eye movements may correspond to the direction the dreamer "looks" at in the dreamscape. This has enabled trained lucid dreamers to communicate with researchers while dreaming by using eye movement signals.[15]

False awakening

In a false awakening, one dreams of having awoken. The room the dreamer falsely awakens in is often similar to the room he/she fell asleep in. If the person was lucid, they often believe that they are no longer dreaming and begin their morning routine. The dreamer remains naive to the dream either until they realize they haven't actually woken up or until they really do wake up.

Sleep paralysis

During REM sleep the body paralyzes itself as a protection mechanism to prevent the movements that occur in the dream from causing the physical body to move. However, this mechanism can be triggered before, during, or after normal sleep while the brain awakens. This can lead to a state where the awakened sleeper feels paralyzed. Hypnagogic hallucination may occur in this state, especially auditory ones. Effects of sleep paralysis include heaviness or inability to move the muscles, rushing or pulsating noises, and brief hypnogogic or hypnopompic imagery. Experiencing sleep paralysis is a necessary part of WILD, in which dreamers essentially detach their "dream" body from the paralyzed one.

Out-of-body experience

An out-of-body experience (OBE or sometimes OOBE) is an experience that typically involves a sensation of floating outside of one's body and, in some cases, perceiving one's physical body from a place outside one's body (autoscopy). About one in ten people think they have had an out-of-body experience at some time in their lives.[41] Scientists are learning about the phenomenon.[42]

Techniques to induce OBEs (with the intention of achieving astral projection) and lucid dreams from waking cover such similar ground that common misinterpretation of one as the other (or even equivalence) can be hypothesized.[43][unreliable source?]

Despite these similarities, EEG studies do not suggest an equivalence between OBEs and lucid dreams. Lucidity is strongly associated with stage 1 REM sleep but OBEs are far less consistent, producing EEG traces that can variously resemble stage 3 sleep, a waking, eyes-closed state or other uncategorized states.[44]

Rarity

"We are asleep. Our life is a dream. But we wake up, sometimes, just enough to know that we are dreaming."
— Ludwig Wittgenstein[45]
Zhuangzi dreaming of a butterfly

During most dreams, sleepers are not aware that they are dreaming. The reason for this has not been determined, and does not appear to have an obvious answer. There have been attempts by various fields of psychology to provide an explanation. For example, some proponents of depth psychology suggest that mental processes inhibit the critical evaluation of reality within dreams.[46]

Certain physiology studies suggest that "seeing is believing" to the brain during any mental state. If the brain perceives something with great clarity or intensity, it will believe that it is real, even when asleep.[47] Dream consciousness is similar to that of a hallucinating awake subject. Dreams or hallucinatory images triggered by the brain stem are considered to be real, even if fantastic.[48] The impulse to accept the experience as real is so strong the dreamer will often invent a memory or a story to cover up an incongruous or unrealistic event in the dream. "That man has two heads!" is not usually followed with "I must be dreaming!" but with something like "Yes, I read in the paper about these famous Siamese twins." Other times there will be an explanation that, in the dream, makes sense and seems very logical. However, when the dreamer awakens, he/she will realize that it is rather far-fetched or even complete gibberish.[49]

Developmental psychology suggests that the dream world is not bizarre at all when viewed developmentally, since we were dreaming as children before we learned all of the physical and social laws that train the mind to a "reality". Fluid imaginative constructions may have preceded the more rigid, logical waking rules and continue on as a "standard" lifeworld alongside the acquired, waking life world. Dreaming and waking consciousness differ only in their respective level of expectations, the waking "I" expecting a stricter set of "reality rules" as the child matures. The experience of "waking up" normally establishes the boundary between the two lifeworlds and cues the consciousness to adopt waking "I" expectations. At times, however, this cue is false—a false awakening. The waking "I" (with its level of expectations) is activated even though the experience is still hallucinatory. Incongruous images or illogical events during this type of dream can result in lucidity as the dream is being judged by waking "standards".[50][unreliable source?]

Notable people

Scientists
Lucid dreamers

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Frederik van Eeden (1913). "A study of Dreams". Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research. 26.
  2. ^ a b Kahan, T., & LaBerge, S. (1994). Lucid dreaming as metacognition: Implications for cognitive science. Consciousness and Cognition 3, 246-264.
  3. ^ Lucid Dreaming FAQ LaBerge, S. & Levitan, L. (2004). Version 2.3
  4. ^ Watanabe Tsuneo (March 2003). "Lucid Dreaming: Its Experimental Proof and Psychological Conditions". Journal of International Society of Life Information Science. 21 (1). Japan: 159–162. The occurrence of lucid dreaming (dreaming while being conscious that one is dreaming) has been verified for four selected subjects who signaled that they knew they were dreaming. The signals consisted of particular dream actions having observable concomitants and were performed in accordance with a pre-sleep agreement.
  5. ^ LaBerge, Stephen (1990). Bootzen, R.R., Kihlstrom, J.F. & Schacter, D.L., (Eds.) (ed.). Lucid Dreaming: Psychophysiological Studies of Consciousness during REM Sleep Sleep and Cognition. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. pp. 109–126. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  6. ^ Green, C., Lucid Dreams, London: Hamish Hamilton.
  7. ^ Malcolm, N., Dreaming, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1959.
  8. ^ Laberge, S. (1980). Lucid dreaming: An exploratory study of consciousness during sleep. (PhD thesis, Stanford University, 1980), (University Microfilms No. 80-24, 691)
  9. ^ LaBerge, Stephen (1990). in Bootzen, R.R., Kihlstrom, J.F. & Schacter, D.L., (Eds.): Lucid Dreaming: Psychophysiological Studies of Consciousness during REM Sleep Sleep and Cognition. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, pp. 109–126.
  10. ^ LaBerge, Stephen; Levitan, Lynne (1995). "Validity Established of DreamLight Cues for Eliciting Lucid Dreaming". Dreaming 5 (3). International Association for the Study of Dreams.
  11. ^ Muzur A, Pace-Schott EF (November 2002). "The prefrontal cortex in sleep" (PDF). Trends Cogn Sci. 1, 2(11) (11): 475–481. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01992-7. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Hobson, J. Allan (2001). The Dream Drugstore: Chemically Altered States of Consciousness. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 96–98. ISBN 978-0262582209.
  13. ^ Spoormaker,-Victor-I; van-den-Bout,-Jan (October 2006). "Lucid Dreaming Treatment for Nightmares: A Pilot Study". Psychotherapy-and-Psychosomatics. 75 (6): 389–394. doi:10.1159/000095446. PMID 17053341. Conclusions: LDT seems effective in reducing nightmare frequency, although the primary therapeutic component (i.e. exposure, mastery, or lucidity) remains unclear.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Colic, M. (2007). "Kanna's lucid dreams and the use of narrative practices to explore their meaning." The International Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work (4): 19–26.
  15. ^ a b LaBerge, S. (2000). "Lucid dreaming: Evidence and methodology". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 23 (6): 962–3. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00574020.
  16. ^ Erlacher, D. (2004). "Required time for motor activities in lucid dreams" (Scholar search). Perceptual and Motor Skills. 99 (3 Pt 2): 1239–1242. doi:10.2466/PMS.99.7.1239-1242. PMID 15739850. {{cite journal}}: External link in |format= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Karma Triyana Dharmachakra Lineage History, The first Karmapa Düsum Khyenpa. Source: Kagyu.org (accessed: February 20, 2010)
  18. ^ Barrett, Deirdre. Just how lucid are lucid dreams? Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams, Vol 2(4) 221-228, Dec 1992
  19. ^ a b Barrett, Deirdre. The Committee of Sleep: How Artists, Scientists, and Athletes Use their Dreams for Creative Problem Solving ... and How You Can, Too. Hardback Random House, 2001, Paperback Oneroi Press, 2010.
  20. ^ a b Lynne Levitan (1991). "Other Worlds: Out-of-Body Experiences and Lucid Dreams". Nightlight. 3 (2–3). The Lucidity Institute. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Green, J. Timothy (1995). "Lucid dreams as one method of replicating components of the near-death experience in a laboratory setting". Journal-of-Near-Death-Studies. 14: 49–. A large phenomenological overlap among lucid dreams, out-of-body experiences, and near-death experiences suggests the possibility of developing a methodology of replicating components of the near-death experience using newly developed methods of inducing lucid dreams. Reports on the literature of both spontaneous and induced near-death-experience-like episodes during lucid dreams suggest a possible protocol.
  22. ^ "Letter from St. Augustine of Hippo". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
  23. ^ (March 2005). The Best Sleep Posture for Lucid Dreaming: A Revised Experiment Testing a Method of Tibetan Dream Yoga. The Lucidity Institute.
  24. ^ Dream Yoga and the Practice of Natural Light, 2nd edition, Snowlion Publications; authored by Chogyal Namkhai Norbu, an eminent Tibetan Lama, and his student Michael Katz, a Psychologist and lucid dream trainer.
  25. ^ Religio Medici, part 2:11. Text available at Uchicago.edu
  26. ^ Frederik van Eeden (1913). "A study of Dreams". Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research. 26.
  27. ^ Blackmore, Susan (1991). "Lucid Dreaming: Awake in Your Sleep?". Skeptical Inquirer. 15: 362–370.[dead link] Scholar search
  28. ^ G. William Domhoff (2003). Senoi Dream Theory: Myth, Scientific Method, and the Dreamwork Movement. Retrieved July 10, 2006.
  29. ^ Armstrong-Hickey D. (1998). A Validation of Lucid Dreaming in School Age Children, Lucidity Letter, 7(2), 35-38
  30. ^ LaBerge, Stephen, (1980). Lucid dreaming as a learnable skill: A case study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 51, 1039-1042.
  31. ^ a b Webb, Craig (1995). "Dream Recall Techniques: Remember more Dreams". The DREAMS Foundation.
  32. ^ a b Stephen LaBerge (1989). "How to Remember Your Dreams". Nightlight. 1 (1). The Lucidity Institute.
  33. ^ "The frequency of overall dream recall as well as lucidity can be greatly increased by auto-suggestion techniques…" in Sleep and Dreaming. Scientific Advances and Reconsiderations. Cambridge University Press. 2003. p. 10. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) ; "Autosuggestion is the royal road to dream recall." in Frenkel, Richard E. (1971). "Remembering dreams through autosuggestion: Relationship of menstruation and ovulation to the autosuggestion dream recall cycle". Behavioral Neuropsychiatry. 3(3-4): 2–11. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  34. ^ Stephen LaBerge (1995). "Validity Established of Dreamlight Cues for Eliciting Lucid Dreaming". Dreaming. 5 (3). The Lucidity Institute: 159–168. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ LaBerge, Stephen, Lucid Dreaming, Barrett, Deirdre and Namara, Patrick, The New Science of Dreaming Volume 2, Praeger Publishers, 2007, ISBN 978-0-275-99046-6
  36. ^ The classical test —"Pinch me, I think I'm dreaming!"— is not reliable as a reality test: pinching one's self in a dream may produce pain but is unlikely to induce lucidity (Stephen LaBerge (1991). Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming. New York: Ballantine Books. Chapter Tips on state testing, p. 43).
  37. ^ Reality testing, Lucid Dreaming FAQ at The Lucidity Institute. (October 2006)
  38. ^ a b Lynne Levitan, Stephen LaBerge (Summer 1993). "The Light and Mirror Experiment". Nightlight. 5 (10). The Lucidity Institute.
  39. ^ H. von Moers-Messmer, "Traume mit der gleichzeitigen Erkenntnis des Traumzustandes," Archiv Fuer Psychologie 102 (1938): 291-318.
  40. ^ Stephen LaBerge (1995). "Prolonging Lucid Dreams". NightLight. 7 (3–4). The Lucidity Institute.
  41. ^ First Out-of-body Experience Induced In Laboratory Setting. ScienceDaily (August 24, 2007)
  42. ^ Out-of-body or all in the mind? BBC news (2005).
  43. ^ "Mastering astral projection: 90-day guide to out-of-body experience", Robert Bruce & Brian Mercer, p. 415. ISBN 0-7387-0467-9
  44. ^ Out-Of-Body Experiences as Lucid Dreams: A Critique D. Scott Rogo, JFK University
  45. ^ Wittgenstein - Engelmann: Briefe, Begegnungen, Erinnerungen, (Innsbruck 2006), Paul Engelmann, Ludwig Wittgenstein
  46. ^ Sparrow, Gregory Scott (1976). Lucid Dreaming: Dawning of the Clear Light. A.R.E Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 87604-086-5. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)
  47. ^ LaBerge, Stephen (2004). Lucid Dreaming: A Concise Guide to awakening in Your Dreams and in Your Life. Sounds True. p. 15. ISBN 1-59179-150-2.
  48. ^ Jouvet, Michel (1999). The Paradox of Sleep: The Story of Dreaming. MIT Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-262-10080-0.
  49. ^ McLeester, Ed (1976). Welcome to the Magic Theater: A Handbook for Exploring Dreams. Food for Thought. p. 99. OCLC 76-29541. {{cite book}}: Check |oclc= value (help)
  50. ^ Oldis, Daniel (1974). Lucid Dreams, Dreams and Sleep. USD Press. pp. 173–178, 191. ISBN 978-1-60303-496-8.

Further reading

External links

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Lucid Dreaming

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