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Monarchy in Manitoba

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King in Right of Manitoba
Provincial
Coat of arms of Manitoba
Incumbent
Charles III
King of Canada
since 8 September 2022
Details
StyleHis Majesty
First monarchVictoria
Formation15 July 1870

By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, Canada's monarchy operates in Manitoba as the core of the province's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy.[1] As such, the Crown within Manitoba's jurisdiction is referred to as the Crown in Right of Manitoba,[2] His Majesty in Right of Manitoba,[3] or the King in Right of Manitoba.[4] The Constitution Act, 1867, however, leaves many royal duties in Manitoba specifically assigned to the sovereign's viceroy, the lieutenant governor of Manitoba,[1] whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy.[5]

Constitutional role

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Main article: Monarchy in the Canadian provinces

The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions in Manitoba in the same way it does in all of Canada's other provinces, being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole.[6] It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the province's government.[7] The Canadian monarch—since 8 September 2022, King Charles III—is represented and his duties carried out by the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them, and the judges and justices of the peace.[5] The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power.[5][8][9] This arrangement began with the granting of royal assent to the 1870 Manitoba Act and continued an unbroken line of monarchical government extending back to the early 17th century.[1] However, though Manitoba has a separate government headed by the King, as a province, Manitoba is not itself a kingdom.[10]

Government House in Winnipeg is owned by the sovereign in his capacity as King in Right of Manitoba and used as an official residence by both the lieutenant governor and the sovereign.[11] The lieutenant governor and Canadian royalty also have use of the Lieutenant Governor's Reception Room in the Manitoba Legislative Building.

Royal associations

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Further information: Royal tours of Canada
(Clockwise from top) The railway station in Dauphin, the eponym of Louis, Dauphin of France; performers in the Royal Winnipeg Ballet, 2010; Prince of Wales Fort, named for Prince George, Prince of Wales (later King George II); Princess Margaret School, Winnipeg, named for Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon; the Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre, which received its royal prefix from Queen Elizabeth II in 2010; Victoria Beach, on Lake Winnipeg, named for Queen Victoria

Those in the Royal Family perform ceremonial duties when on a tour of the province; the royal persons do not receive any personal income for their service, only the costs associated with the exercise of these obligations are funded by both the Canadian and Manitoba Crowns in their respective councils.[12] Monuments around Manitoba mark some of those visits, while others honour a royal personage or event. Further, Manitoba's monarchical status is illustrated by royal names applied regions, communities, schools, and buildings,[13] many of which may also have a specific history with a member or members of the Royal Family. Associations also exist between the Crown and many private organizations within the province; these may have been founded by a Royal Charter, received a royal prefix, and/or been honoured with the patronage of a member of the Royal Family. Examples include the Court of King's Bench of Manitoba, the Royal Manitoba Winter Fair, which was under the patronage of Queen Elizabeth II,[14] and the Royal Lake of the Woods Yacht Club, which received its royal prefix from King George V in 1924. At the various levels of education within Alberta, there also exist a number of scholarships and academic awards either established by or named for royal persons.[15]

The main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign himself, his image (in portrait or effigy) thus being used to signify government authority.[16] A royal cypher or crown may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, without referring to any specific monarch. Additionally, though the monarch does not form a part of the constitutions of Manitoba's honours, they do stem from the Crown as the fount of honour, and so bear on the insignia symbols of the sovereign.

Winnipeg Arena portraits of Queen Elizabeth II

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See also: Monarchy of Canada § In media and popular culture

Three large portraits of Queen Elizabeth II were created for Winnipeg Arena. The first was in place upon the rink's opening in 1955; it watched over game three of the 1972 Summit Series between the Soviet and Canadian national ice hockey teams.

Twenty-one years later,[17] Lieutenant Governor William John McKeag commissioned billboard artist Gilbert Burch to create a new portrait,[18] which was 4.2 metres (13.8 feet) square.[17] It was not, however, considered a good likeness; Burch admitted as much, explaining he only had a tiny, poorly-lit photograph to work from.[17] This prompted the commissioning of the third painting, which was a gift from Lieutenant Governor Francis Lawrence Jobin in 1978.[17]

Also painted by Burch, using oil on plywood,[17] the final iteration, five by seven metres (16.4 by 23 feet) in size, depicts the Queen in the gown she wore for the 1977 opening of the federal parliament, with her insignia of the Sovereign of the Order of Canada and Sovereign of the Order of Military Merit and, on her head, the Grand Duchess Vladimir Tiara. After it was installed the following year, when the Winnipeg Jets, housed in Winnipeg Arena, became a National Hockey League team,[17] Jets players were known to try to hit the painting with pucks during practice.[19]

When the Jets left the city for Phoenix, Arizona, in 1996, the portrait remained in the arena for another three years, thereafter being purchased by Syd Davy, President of the Royal Commonwealth Society,[18] and then Vancouver-based singer-songwriter Tim Lawson, who put it in storage in Whitby, Ontario.[18] The present owner, Ron D'Errico, has willed it to Brent Fitz; though, D'Errico would like to see it installed at the Canada Life Centre, where the Jets now play;[20] the corporate ownership has not been receptive.[17] It was put on display outside the Canada Life Centre when Winnipeg hosted the 2016 Heritage Classic[17] and at Polo Park mall, near where Winnipeg Arena used to stand, as a form of tribute following the death of Elizabeth II in 2022.[21]

History

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Main article: History of monarchy in Canada

Rupert's Land to Confederation

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King Charles II in 1675

King Charles II in 1670 founded the Hudson's Bay Company by a royal charter[22] that applied to the entire Hudson's Bay drainage basin, including the entirety of what is today Manitoba.[23] The King gave governorship of the company to his cousin, Prince Rupert of the Rhine, and the territory came to be known as Rupert's Land.

When, in 1869, the newly confederated Canada sought to buy Rupert's Land from the United Kingdom,[24] the Anglo-Métis and francophone Métis who comprised the Red River Colony,[25] became concerned that their way of life would be threatened by increased Canadian migration, including possible confiscation of their farmland, to which they had only a tenuous right of occupancy.[26] Louis Riel emerged as a Métis leader who asserted he and the Métis were loyal subjects of Queen Victoria,[27] the then-reigning monarch of the UK and, consequently, Canada. (The Red River Colony's provisional government celebrated Victoria's birthday with a show of skill at the militia's drill.[28][29]) However, tensions within the Métis community and with the Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories' Canadian government-appointed designate, William McDougal, led to the Red River Rebellion, in which Fort Garry was taken by Riel.

The Queen's Canadian representative, Governor General the Lord Lisgar, was advised by his Prime Minister, John A. Macdonald, to proclaim, on 6 December, an amnesty for all in the Red River area who would lay down their arms.[30][31] Though the offer was ignored, negotiations between Riel's provisional government and the Canadian Cabinet continued and, on 12 May 1870, Lisgar granted royal assent to the Canadian parliament's Manitoba Act, 1870, creating an area around Winnipeg as the province of Manitoba.[32]

In the aftermath of the Red River Rebellion, Lisgar's viceregal successor, the Earl of Dufferin, prevented the execution of Ambroise Lépine, a supporter of Riel who had executed Thomas Scott. Although Scott had been the son a tenant on Dufferin's estate in Northern Ireland, Dufferin heeded appeals from francophones in Quebec who were sympathetic to the Métis and reduced Lépine's sentence to two years in jail.[33]

20th century

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In 1912,[34] parts were put in the jurisdiction of the Crown in Right of Manitoba, to form the province's current borders.

King George VI and Queen Elizabethh in Winnipeg, 1939
Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal (Manitoba)

Princess Anne and her elder brother, Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, presided over the celebrations of the centennial of Manitoba's entry into Confederation in 1970.[35][36]

21st century

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In 2022, Manitoba instituted a provincial Platinum Jubilee medal to mark the Queen's seventy years on the Canadian throne; the first time in Canada's history that a royal occasion was commemorated on provincial medals.[37]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Victoria (12 May 1870), Manitoba Act, 1870, 6, Westminster: Queen's Printer, retrieved 16 June 2009
  2. ^ Elizabeth II (9 June 2005), The Manitoba Centennial Centre Corporation Act, 1, Winnipeg: Queen's Printer for Manitoba, retrieved 1 July 2009
  3. ^ Elizabeth II (21 March 2002), Manitoba Claim Settlements Implementation Act, 2.b, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved 1 July 2009
  4. ^ Department of Canadian Heritage (2009), Canada-Manitoba Agreement on French Language Services (PDF), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 2, retrieved 1 July 2009
  5. ^ a b c MacLeod, Kevin S. (2008), A Crown of Maples (PDF) (1 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 16, ISBN 978-0-662-46012-1, retrieved 21 June 2009
  6. ^ Cox, Noel (September 2002). "Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence". Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law. 9 (3). Perth: Murdoch University: 12. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  7. ^ Privy Council Office (2008), Accountable Government: A Guide for Ministers and Ministers of State – 2008, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 49, ISBN 978-1-100-11096-7, archived from the original on 18 March 2010, retrieved 17 May 2009
  8. ^ Roberts, Edward (2009). "Ensuring Constitutional Wisdom During Unconventional Times" (PDF). Canadian Parliamentary Review. 23 (1). Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association: 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
  9. ^ MacLeod 2008, p. 20.
  10. ^ Forsey, Eugene (31 December 1974), "Crown and Cabinet", in Forsey, Eugene (ed.), Freedom and Order: Collected Essays, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Ltd., ISBN 978-0-7710-9773-7
  11. ^ MacLeod 2008, p. XIV.
  12. ^ Palmer, Sean; Aimers, John (2002), The Cost of Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: $1.10 per Canadian (2 ed.), Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada, archived from the original on 19 June 2008, retrieved 15 May 2009
  13. ^ Kirbyson, Geoff (2 June 2008), "Prince Edward begins Winnipeg visit", Vancouver Sun, archived from the original on 9 May 2012, retrieved 2 July 2009
  14. ^ "Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba > Our History". The Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
  15. ^ Department of Canadian Heritage. "2010 Royal Tour > Itinerary for 2010 Royal Tour of Canada". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
  16. ^ MacKinnon, Frank (1976), The Crown in Canada, Calgary: Glenbow-Alberta Institute, p. 69, ISBN 978-0-7712-1016-7
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h the winnipeg arena's royal quandary: if the queen herself walked in, would she know who it was?, Puckstruck, 22 April 2018, retrieved 25 March 2023
  18. ^ a b c Queen portrait that hung in old Winnipeg Jets arena coming home, CBC News, 26 February 2015, retrieved 25 March 2023
  19. ^ Lambert, Steve (9 September 2022), Plans underway to display massive painting of Queen Elizabeth from old Winnipeg Arena, Global News, retrieved 25 March 2023
  20. ^ McKendrick, Devon (9 September 2022), Winnipeg Arena's famed Queen Elizabeth II portrait returning to public view, CTV News, retrieved 25 March 2023
  21. ^ Unger, Danton (16 September 2022), Iconic portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on display at Winnipeg mall, CTV News, retrieved 25 March 2023
  22. ^ Royal Charter of the Hudson's Bay Companyp, Hudson's Bay Company, retrieved 3 January 2017
  23. ^ Natural Resouces Canada (1985), The National Atlas of Canada (5th ed.), Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from the original on 4 March 2011, retrieved 24 November 2010
  24. ^ Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory Order . 23 June 1870 – via Wikisource.
  25. ^ Hargrave, Joseph James (1871), Red River, Montreal: Printed for the author by J. Lovell, p. 182, OCLC 5035707
  26. ^ Richot, Noël-Joseph, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, archived from the original on 23 April 2021, retrieved 20 May 2015
  27. ^ Riel, Louis, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, archived from the original on 12 December 2017, retrieved 7 December 2017
  28. ^ Red River Métis Genealogies, Red River Responders: Patriotes/Military/Settlement Guard 1869–1870, Mothers of the Resistance 1869-1870, retrieved 13 March 2024
  29. ^ "The Queen's Birth-Day", New Nation, p. 2, 27 May 1870
  30. ^ Library and Archives Canada (26 March 2015), Manitoba (1870), Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from the original on 2 June 2015, retrieved 10 May 2015
  31. ^ Martin, Joseph E. (2017). "Titans". Canada's History. 97 (5): 47–53. ISSN 1920-9894.
  32. ^ Manitoba Act, 1870 . 12 May 1870 – via Wikisource.
  33. ^ Harris, Carolyn (22 September 2017), "Lord Dufferin", The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, retrieved 13 March 2024
  34. ^ Manitoba Boundaries Extension Act, 1912, Solon, archived from the original on 11 November 2020, retrieved 3 October 2023
  35. ^ Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba. "History > Government House > The Royal Bedroom". Queen's Printer for Manitoba. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
  36. ^ Harris, Caroline (18 October 2013). "Princess Anne's visit strengthens bond with Kingston". Kingston Whig-Standard. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  37. ^ "Manitoba Government Announces Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal". Manitoba. 28 April 2022.
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