Neil Harbisson
Neil Harbisson | |
|---|---|
| File:Neil Harbisson Cyborg.jpg | |
| Born | 27 July 1982 |
| Nationality |  United Kingdom[1]
 Ireland[2] |
| Education | Dartington College of Arts, New York Institute of Photography |
| Known for | Transhumanism, Cyberarts, Avant-garde, Performance art. |
| Notable work | Sound Portraits, Cybernetic Paitings, Colour Scores, Capital Colours of Europe |
| Awards |
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Neil Harbisson (27 July 1982)[7] is a Catalan-raised, Northern Ireland-born contemporary artist, composer and cyborg activist best known for his self-extended ability to hear colours and to perceive colours outside the ability of human vision.[8] In 2004 he became the first person in the world to wear an eyeborg.[9] The inclusion of the eyeborg on his passport photo has been claimed by some to be official recognition of Harbisson as a cyborg.[10] Colour and the use of technology as an extension of the performer, and not as part of the performance, are the central themes in Harbisson's work. In 2010, he founded the Cyborg Foundation, an international organisation to help humans become cyborgs.[11]
Life and career
Early life
Neil Harbisson, the son of a Catalan mother and an Irish father, was born with achromatopsia, a condition that only allows him to see in black and white. He grew up in Mataró (Catalonia, Spain) where he studied music, dance and drama[12] at various schools.[13] He began to compose piano pieces at the age of 11.[14] At school, classmates thought he was just being lazy every time he asked one of them to pass the red paint in an art class, or pick out a blue pen. He dressed exclusively in black and white. "What was the point in wearing something I couldn't appreciate?" he asks.[15] At the age of 16 he started studying Fine Art at Institut Alexandre Satorras, where he was given special permission to use only black, white and grey colours in his works. Harbisson's early works are all in black and white.[16]
In May 2001, he gained media attention in Spain after climbing on a tree to save three trees from being cut in the centre of Mataró.[17] Harbisson lived on the tree for several days,[18] and was supported by over 3,000 people who signed a petition to maintain the trees.[19] After days of protest, the city hall announced the trees would not be cut.[20]
Harbisson moved to Ireland in September 2001 to finish his piano studies at Dublin's Waltons New School of Music. In 2002 he moved to England to study Music Composition at Dartington College of Arts.[21]
The Eyeborg
In October 2003 in his second year at Dartington College of Arts, Harbisson attended a lecture on cybernetics, particularly on sensory extensions via cybernetics, given by Adam Montandon, a Plymouth University student.[22] Neil found this of immense interest and at the end of the lecture he went up to Adam to explain his condition. From that moment they started working on the eyeborg project.[23]
The eyeborg works with a head mounted camera that picks up the colours directly in front of a person, and converts them in real-time into sound waves.[24] Neil memorised the frequencies related to each colour: high frequency hues are high-pitched, while low frequency hues sound bolder. In Vienna, they co-presented their Eyeborg project, one of more than 400 entries from 29 different countries, and won the Europrix Award in Content Tools and Interface Design (2004), as well as the Innovation Award (Submerge, Bristol 2004).
In 2007, while hitch-hiking around Europe, Harbisson met Peter Kese in Ljubljana, a software developer from Kranj, Slovenia. Kese offered to develop the eyeborg even further so that Harbisson could perceive colour saturation and not only colour hues. After a few weeks he had developed a new eyeborg model that allowed Harbisson to perceive up to 360 different hues through microtones and saturation through different volume levels.[25]
In 2009, Matias Lizana, a student from Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya developed the eyeborg into a chip as part of his final year project.[26] The chip allows users to have the device implanted and to hear colors that overstep the bounds of human perception such as infrared and ultraviolet.[27]
In May 2011 the device was broken by police who believed that Harbisson was filming them during a demonstration in Plaça de Catalunya, Barcelona.[28][29][30]
Cyborg Passport
In 2004, Harbisson was not allowed to renew his UK passport because his passport photo was rejected. The passport office would not allow Harbisson to appear with electronic equipment on his head. Harbisson wrote back to them insisting that the eyeborg should be considered part of his body as he had become a cyborg. Letters from his doctor, friends and his college were sent to the passport office to give him support. After weeks of correspondence Harbisson's prosthetic device was included.[31] Harbisson states that he became a cyborg when the union between his organism and cybernetics created new neuronal tissue in his brain that allowed him to perceive colour through a new sense: "It's not the union between the eyeborg and my head what converts me into a cyborg but the union between the software and my brain".[32]
Cyborg Foundation
In 2010, Neil Harbisson and Moon Ribas created the Cyborg Foundation, an international organization to help humans become cyborgs.[33] The foundation was created as a response to the growing amount of letters and emails received from people around the world interested in becoming a cyborg.[34] The foundation's main aims are to extend human senses and abilities by creating and applying cybernetic extensions to the body, to promote the use of cybernetics in cultural events and to defend cyborg rights.[35] In 2010, the foundation, based in Mataró (Barcelona), was the overall winner of the Cre@tic Awards, organized by Tecnocampus Mataró.[36]
In 2011, after Harbisson's visit to Ecuador, vice-president Lenin Moreno announced that his government would help promote the research and creation of eyeborgs in Ecuador in collaboration with the Cyborg Foundation.[37] In 2012, after lecturing at Escola Politécnica de Pernambuco in Recife,[38] the Cyborg Foundation signed a partnership to create new cybernetic extensions and eyeborgs with Universidade de Pernambuco (Brazil).[39]
Harbisson has donated eyeborgs to blind communities and has taught colour to blind children to help them develop the sense of colour.[40] He believes that eyeborgs and any other cybernetic extensions should be treated as body parts not as devices and therefore they should never be sold but donated.[41]
Public awareness
Harbisson has contributed significantly to the public awareness of colour and cyborgs by giving regular public lectures at schools, universities, conferences and LAN Parties sometimes to an audience of thousands.[43] He has taken part in science festivals and art festivals such as the British Science Festival,[44] TEDGlobal,[45] Festival ALT celebrated at MARCO, Museum of Contemporary Art of Vigo[46] and at the NeoTokyo Festival celebrated at Es Baluard, Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Palma (Majorca).[47]
On July 21, 2011, he became a Trending topic on Twitter[48] after giving his lecture to an estimated audience of 7,000 people at Campus Party Mexico.[49]
He has appeared in numerous television documentary programmes on transhumanism, cyborgs and colour such as Daily Planet by Discovery Channel,[50] Explorations, Repor, Documentos TV,[51] Redes; in specific documentaries about his life such as Sentir Colors, Cyborgs and Stem Cells, La importància dels colors and has guested on a number of chat shows including Richard & Judy, Buenafuente,[52] Els Matins and Fantástico.[53]
Harbisson has also taken part in radio programmes such as Studio 360 by New York's Public Radio International,[54] Outlook by the BBC World Service,[55] La Ventana by Cadena SER,[56] Earth Beat by Radio Netherlands Worldwide,[57] and has appeared in a number of newspapers and magazines such as The New York Times,[58] The New Scientist,[59] Wired,[60] The Scientist,[61]The Red Bulletin,[62] Modern Painters,[63] ¡Hola!,[64] and Muy Interesante[65] among others.
Sonochromatism
Harbisson uses the terms sonochromatism or sonochromatopsia (Latin: sono-, sound + Greek: chromat-, colour + Greek: -opsia, visual condition) to define his new condition. He explains that achromatopsia can no longer define his condition because achromatopsics can not perceive nor distinguish colours. He also explains that synesthesia does not define his condition accurately because the relation between colour and sound varies depending on each person, whereas sonochromatopsia is an extra sense that relates colour to sound objectively and equally to everyone.[66]
Harbisson's Sonochromatic Scales
Harbisson's Sonochromatic Music Scale (2003) is a microtonal and logarithmic scale with 360 notes in an octave. Each note corresponds to a specific degree of the color wheel. The scale was introduced to the first eyeborg in 2004.[67]
Harbisson's Pure Sonochromatic Scale (2005) is a non-logarithmic scale based on the transposition of light frequencies to sound frequencies. The scale discards colour as being part of a colour wheel and ignores musical/logarithmic perception so it can overstep the limits of human perception.[68]
Works
Art
Harbisson's work is focused on the relationship between colour and sound, and on the relationship between humans and colour.[69] Harbisson's main works have been exhibited during the 54th Venice Biennale[70] at Venice's Giudecca 795 Contemporary Art Gallery,[71] at the Museumsquartier (Vienna), at the Bankside Gallery (London), at the Royal College of Art Gallery (London), at Centre d'Art Santa Mònica (Barcelona),[72] at Can Manyé (Alella),[73] and at Galeria Tramart (Barcelona).[74]
Sound Portraits are portraits of people that Harbisson creates by listening to the colours of faces. Each face creates a different micro tone chord depending on its colours. In order to create a sound portrait he needs to stand in front of the person and point his eyeborg at the different parts of the face, he then writes down the different notes on a special 360 lined manuscript paper. He explains that photographs can not be used to create these portraits as colours are not the same on pictures than live. Since 2005 he has created sound portraits of Prince Charles, Antoni Tàpies, Tracey Emin, Leonardo DiCaprio, Peter Brook, Al Gore, Sir Tim Berners-Lee, Macy Gray, Gael García Bernal,[75] Marina Abramovic, Dame Evelyn Glennie[76] and Woody Allen among others.[77]
The Human Colour Wheel is a color wheel based on the hue and light that Harbisson detected on human skins from 2004 to 2009.[78] Harbisson states that humans are not black or white; human skins range from very light to very dark shades of orange-red to orange-yellow.[79]
City Colours: In 2007 Harbisson started hitch-hiking around Europe to find the main colours of capital cities,[80] visiting more than 50 countries as well as traveling around Britain.[81] He scanned each capital until he was able represent each city with two main hues.[82] In Monaco, it was azure and salmon pink; in Bratislava it was yellow and turquoise; and in Andorra it was dark green and fuchsia.[83] Under the title Capital Colors of Europe Harbisson has exhibited the colours of each capital in several European galleries[84] including Spain, Andorra, UK, and Croatia.[85]
Colour Scores: the eyeborg not only allows him to hear colour but it also means that everyday sounds, such as ring tones or music, become associated with colours.[86] Colour Scores are a series of paintings where Harbisson transforms into colour the first 100 notes of well-known musical pieces.[87]
Music
The piano has been Neil's instrument since he was a small child. He gravitated towards it quite naturally, since he hated even the existence of colour. ‘It was a black and white instrument, perfect for me.’ It was inevitable that his first performed composition as a cyborg was a marriage of paint and music. In Piano Concerto No. 1, Neil literally painted a Steinway & Sons grand piano, using the colour frequencies to produce notes. With his next composition, the Pianoborg Concerto, the piano was 'prepared', by attaching a computer to the underside, the sensor of the eyeborg being positioned above the keys. When a colour was shown to the sensor, the computer picked up the frequency and relayed this to the piano, which then played the corresponding note. Neil said ‘The piano is playing the pianist, which is what I wanted to achieve'.[88]
Harbisson's first colour to voice performances were in collaboration with Icelandic singer and Amiina violinist María Huld Markan Sigfúsdóttir (wife of Sigur Rós keyboardist Kjartan Sveinsson), in their performances María used a computer and a microphone to sing the microtonal colour frequencies that Harbisson used while creating live paintings on stage.[89] Their first performances were in 2004 at Ariel Centre (Totnes, UK) and at Plymouth Guildhall (UK) in 2005.
Since 2008 Harbisson has been collaborating and performing with Catalan artist and musician Pau Riba with whom he shares the same interest in cyborgs[90] They first performed in 2008 at Sala Luz de Gas (Barcelona), followed by other performances in Barcelona,[91] Girona and Mataró.[92] One of their recent projects is Avigram (Avi- Latin: bird, -gram Greek: something written, drawn or recorded) a structure of 12 strings, one string for each semitone in an octave, installed on a roof of a farm. The installation is being recorded 24 hours a day and a melody is being created depending on which strings birds decide to rest on.[93]
Devised Theatre
Harbisson has collaborated extensively with Spanish choreographer Moon Ribas in a series of devised theatre and dance performances. Works such as Opus No.1, premiered at London's BAC Theatre in 2007, and The Sound of the Orange Tree, premiered at Barcelona's Antic Teatre in 2011, combine the use of cybernetics, colour and movement on stage and explore the relationship between colour and humans.[94] In 2010, Moon Ribas and Neil Harbisson's The Sound of the Orange Tree won the Stage Creation Award, awarded annually by IMAC Mataró[95] In 2011 they created a sonochromatic video-dance called Walking Colours which was first shown on TV in April 2012.[96]
Quotations
- “Life will be much more exciting when we stop creating applications for mobile phones and we start creating applications for our own body" (TEDGlobal, 2012)[97]
- "Technology is made by humans so if we modify our body with human creations we become more human."[98]
- "There are no white skins, and there are no black skins. Humans skins are of different shades of orange"[99]
- "It's not the union between my head and the electronic eye what makes me feel 'cyborg', it's the union between the software and my brain."[100]
- "If salads sounded like Justin Bieber, children would eat more vegetables".[101]
- "When you're a little weird, you aspire to be normal; when you're very weird, you aspire to be recognised for it."[102]
- "Our next step is to stop using technology as a tool and to start using it as part of our body"[103]
References
- ^ Neil's the first UK cyborg - official. It says so on his passport, Totnes Times, 1 December 2004.
- ^ Colourblind artist wants cyborg eye in his Irish passport, Belfast Telegraph, 15 May 2012.
- ^ "Europrix Multimedia Awards 2004"
- ^ Becas Phonos IUA (Institut Universitari d'Audiovisuals, Universitat Pompeu Fabra [1]
- ^ "Temporada del Monumental", Capgròs, 27 August 2010.
- ^ Martinez, Lluis "La Fundació Cyborg s'endú el primer premi dels Cre@tic", El Punt, 20 November 2010.
- ^ Registre El Maresme Issue 224, Summer 1982
- ^ Bannister, Matthew. Outlook,BBC World Service, 23 Jan 2012.
- ^ *Wade, Greg. "Seeing things in a different light", BBC, 19 January 2005.
- ^ *Brooks, Richard. "Colour-blind artist learns to paint by hearing", The Sunday Times, 24 February 2008.
- Miah, Andy / Rich, Emma. The medicalization of cyberspace, Routledge (New York, 2008). p.130 ISBN 978-0-415-37622-8
- Tibballs, Geoff. Ripley's Believe it or not! p.61 (USA 2006) ISBN 978-1-893951-12-9
- "Painting by ear" Modern Painters, The International Contemporary Art Magazine pp.70-73. New York, June 2008
- Gordon, Bryony. "Eyes opened to sound of socks", The Daily Telegraph, 12 January 2005.
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- ^ Alfredo M. Ronchi: Eculture: Cultural Content in the Digital Age. Springer (New York, 2009). p.319 ISBN 978-3-540-75273-8
- ^ Harbisson, Neil. "Painting by ear" Modern Painters, The International Contemporary Art Magazine pp.70-73. New York, June 2008.
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- ^ Twitter / @NeilHarbisson: Secret police have just br ...
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- ^ Lins, Letícia "Homem-ciborgue desenvolve projeto no Brasil", O Globo, 2 May 2012]]
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- ^ Europa Press "La música electrónica se cuela entre el arte moderno", El Mundo, 11 September 2011.
- ^ Trending Topic Twitter
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- ^ Buenafuente, Andreu "La vida en blanco y negro", Buenafuente, La Sexta, 27 May 2010]]
- ^ "Homem identifica cores através dos sons", Fantástico, Rede Globo, 5 February 2012
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- ^ Redaccion "Los colores tambien se escuchan", Muy Interesante, 31 January 2012]]
- ^ Cáceres, Marta. "Yo Robot", Repor Televisión Española, 21 October 2009.
- ^ [2] Modern Painters, The International Contemporary Art Magazine pp 70-73 (New York, June 2008)
- ^ [3] Modern Painters, The International Contemporary Art Magazine pp 70-73 (New York, June 2008)
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- ^ Tramullas, Gemma. "Pau Riba invita a disfrutar de un orgasmo folclórico", El Periódico, 27 September 2009.
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- ^ "Tres artistes locals i Pau Riba creen una instal·lació a les Cinc Sènies", Capgròs, 22 Abril 2010.
- ^ Serra, Laura "No hi ha blancs ni negres, tots som taronges", Diari Ara, 19 January 2011
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- ^ Capanema, Rafael "Na Campus Party, artista ciborgue conta como usa olho para ouvir cores", Folha, 8 February 2012
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- ^ Isaza, Julián. Noguera, Natalia "Cómo la tecnología nos ha cambiado la vida", El Tiempo, 5 August 2011
External links
