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Ninian Stephen

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The Right Honourable
Sir Ninian Stephen
KG, AK, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, QC
20th Governor-General of Australia
In office
29 July 1982 – 16 February 1989
MonarchElizabeth II
Prime MinisterMalcolm Fraser (1982–83)
Bob Hawke (1983–89)
Preceded bySir Zelman Cowen
Succeeded byBill Hayden
Justice of the High Court of Australia
In office
1 March 1972 – 11 May 1982
Nominated byWilliam McMahon
Preceded bySir Victor Windeyer
Succeeded bySir William Deane
Judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria
In office
30 June 1970 – 29 February 1972
Personal details
Born (1923-06-15) 15 June 1923 (age 101)
Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England
SpouseValerie Sinclair (1949–present)
Children5
ProfessionBarrister, judge
Military service
AllegianceAustralia
Branch/serviceAustralian Army
Years of service1942–1946
RankLieutenant
Battles/warsSecond World War

Sir Ninian Martin Stephen KG, AK, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, QC (born 15 June 1923) is an Australian jurist, who served as a Justice in the High Court of Australia before being appointed the 20th Governor-General of Australia.[1]

Early life and education

Stephen was born on 15 June 1923 in Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England.[2] He was less than a year old when his father, Frederick, who had been a motorcycle courier in World War I, died, leaving him to be raised by his mother Barbara.

Stephen attended St Paul's School, West Kensington, London, from Spring Term 1937 to March 1938.[3] He emigrated to Australia as a child.[citation needed]

Stephen was educated at Scotch College and the University of Melbourne, but his studies were interrupted by World War II, in which he served as a corporal in the Australian Army, 3rd Water Transport Group (Royal Engineers), in New Guinea and Borneo, rising to the rank of lieutenant before discharge in 1946.

Stephen completed his legal studies in 1950 and was called to the Victorian Bar in 1952.

Career

By the 1960s, Stephen was one of Australia's leading constitutional and commercial lawyers. He was made a Queen's Counsel in 1966.[1]

Judicial career

On 30 June 1970, Stephen was appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria, which is the highest ranking court in the Australian State of Victoria. He held this position until 29 February 1972, relinquishing it to take up his appointment as a Justice of the High Court of Australia.[1]

Although Stephen was appointed by a Liberal government, he proved not to be a traditional conservative upholder of states' rights. He joined the "moderate centre" of the court, between the arch-conservatism of Sir Garfield Barwick and the radicalism of Lionel Murphy. In 1982 he was part of the majority that decided on a broad interpretation of the "external affairs power" of the Australian Constitution in the Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen case.

Governor-General

In March 1982, on the advice of the Prime Minister, Malcolm Fraser, Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia appointed Stephen as Governor-General.[1] He was sworn in on 29 July 1982, on the retirement of Sir Zelman Cowen. When Fraser was defeated by the Labor Party under Bob Hawke in 1983, Stephen had no difficulty working with a Labor government. In 1987, on Hawke's advice, the Queen extended Stephen's term by 18 months as a mark of personal respect and also to allow Bill Hayden (to whom Hawke had promised the position) to leave politics at a time of his choosing. Stephen is the only governor-general to have approved two double dissolutions – in 1983 (Malcolm Fraser) and 1987 (Bob Hawke).

Later work

In 1989, Stephen became the first Australian Ambassador for the Environment[1] and, in his three-year term, was particularly energetic in working for a ban of mining in Antarctica. In 1991 he undertook a difficult task when he was appointed chairman of the second strand of the Northern Ireland peace talks. From 1991 to 1995, he was a judge ad hoc of the International Court of Justice in the case East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995.[4] From 1993 to 1997, he was a judge on the international tribunals investigating war crimes in Yugoslavia and Rwanda. He has also been chairman of the Citizenship Council since 1998.[citation needed] In 1994, he acted as a special envoy of the UN Secretary General to resolve political conflicts in Bangladesh.[citation needed]

Stephen has since moved back into the legal field, becoming president of an arbitral tribunal constituted under Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), charged with the adjudication of an investment dispute between Mondev, a Canadian investor, and the United States of America.[5]

Titles, styles and honours

Stephen was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) on 20 April 1972 "for distinguished services to the Law"[6] and sworn of the Privy Council in 1979. As Governor-General he was made a Knight of the Order of Australia (AK), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) and Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO). In 1994 Queen Elizabeth II appointed him a Knight of the Garter (KG), being the most recent Australian to be granted a knighthood in the personal gift of the monarch of Australia. He therefore has the unusual distinction of holding five separate knighthoods and joined Lord Casey and Sir Paul Hasluck as one of the few Australian Knights of the Garter. In 1983 he was named a Commandeur of the French Légion d'honneur.[7][8][9]

Stephen delivered the first Sir Ninian Stephen Lecture at the University of Newcastle's law school in 1993, giving his name to this lecture series.[citation needed]

A detailed scholarly biography of Stephen, Fortunate Voyager by Philip Ayres, was released in September 2013.[10] Drawing upon it, Ayres has also summarised Stephen's career at the Victorian Bar.[11]

Titles

  • Ninian Stephen (1923–1966)
  • Ninian Stephen QC (1966–1970)
  • The Hon. Ninian Stephen QC (1970–1972)
  • The Hon. Sir Ninian Stephen KBE, QC (1972–1979)
  • The Rt. Hon. Sir Ninian Stephen KBE, QC (1979–1982)
  • His Excellency the Rt. Hon. Sir Ninian Stephen AK GCMG GCVO KBE QC (1982–1989)
  • The Rt. Hon. Sir Ninian Stephen AK, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, QC (1989–1994)
  • The Rt. Hon. Sir Ninian Stephen KG, AK, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, QC (since 1994)

Honours

Orders
Medals
Foreign honours

Appointments

Personal

Private life

Stephen married Valerie Sinclair in 1949 and they have five daughters. One of the daughters, Mary, was married to Peter Hayes QC.

Stephen and his wife are patrons of the Australian Inland Botanic Gardens.[13]

Arms

Coat of arms of Ninian Stephen
Notes
Knight since 1972
Crest
An Australian King-Parrot proper upon a branch of Golden Wattle also proper.
Torse
Mantling Argent and Azure.
Escutcheon
Argent a fess Azure charged with six ermine spots Or, between three Thistle stalks Vert blossomed Purpure between two Golden Wattle branches Vert blossomed Or, 2,1.
Orders
The Order of the Garter circlet
The neck badge of a knight of the Order of Australia.[14][15][16][17]
Symbolism
The Golden Wattle is Australia's floral emblem.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k High Court of Australia (2010). "About the Justices". Retrieved 7 May 2011. Sir Ninian Stephen (born 1923). A Justice 1972–82. Joined Victorian Bar 1952 (QC 1966). Served with AIF, World War II. Judge Supreme Court of Victoria 1970–72. Governor-General of Australia1982–89. Australian Ambassador for the Environment 1989–92. Chairman, Second Strand Nthn Ireland Peace Talks 1992. Judge International Tribunals for former Yugoslavia and Rwanda since 1993. PC (1979).
  2. ^ STEPHEN, NINIAN MARTIN, WW2 Nominal Roll.
  3. ^ Confirmed in St Paul's School Registers, pub. 1990.
  4. ^ East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 90.
  5. ^ Mondev International Ltd. v. United States of America, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/99/2
  6. ^ "No. 45652". The London Gazette. 21 April 1972.
  7. ^ Philip Ayres. Fortunate Voyager: The Worlds of Ninian Stephen. Retrieved 19 July 2014
  8. ^ ABC Editorial Policies: About the Authors, p. 5. Retrieved 19 July 2014
  9. ^ Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, Dialogue 22, 2/2003, p. 11. Retrieved 19 July 2014
  10. ^ Ayres, Philip (2013). Fortunate Voyager: The Worlds of Ninian Stephen. Carlton: Megunyah/Melbourne University Publishing. ISBN 9780522862089.
  11. ^ Ayres, Philip (Winter 2014). "Ninian Stephens at the Victorian Bar". Victorian Bar News. The Victorian Bar Inc. pp. 30–34. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Portraits of Australians". http://www.heidesmith.com/Portraits_Noted_Australians_One.html. Retrieved 1 February 2012. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  13. ^ "A community project". wentworth.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  14. ^ Banner of arms image, College of St George website. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  15. ^ Banner of arms image. Arms shown over the crest (A parrot), a blue fess, tincture according to the torse. College of St George website. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  16. ^ Crest image, Heraldic Sculptor. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  17. ^ Order of Australia insignia. The Order of Australia Association. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
Government offices
Preceded by Governor-General of Australia
1982–1989 		Succeeded by
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