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Ogonek

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For the periodical, see Ogoniok.

Template:Letters with ogonek

The ogonek (Polish: [ɔˈɡɔnɛk], "little tail", the diminutive of ogon; Lithuanian: nosinė, "nasal") is a diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the Latin alphabet used in several European languages, and directly under a vowel in several Native American languages.

An ogonek can also be attached to the top of a vowel in Old Norse-Icelandic to show length or vowel affection.[1] For example, o᷎ represents i-mutated ø.

Ogonek

Use

Example in Polish:

Wół go pyta: „Panie chrząszczu,
Po co pan tak brzęczy w gąszczu?“
— Jan Brzechwa, Chrząszcz

Example in Cayuga:

[Ęyǫgwędę́hte[citation needed]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) — we will become poor

Example in Dogrib:

[dǫ sǫǫ̀łįį] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) — native people

Example in Lithuanian:

Lydėdami gęstančią žarą vėlai
Pakilo į dangų margi sakalai
— Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas, Margi sakalai

Example in Elfdalian:

"Ja, eð war įe plåg að gęslkallum, dar eð war slaik uondlostjyner i gęslun."
— Vikar Margit Andersdotter, I fäbodlivet i gamla tider.

Example in Western Apache: lęk'e' created

Values

Nasalization

The use of the ogonek to indicate nasality is common in the transcription of the indigenous languages of the Americas. This usage originated in the orthographies created by Christian missionaries to transcribe these languages. Later, the practice was continued by Americanist anthropologists and linguists who still follow this convention in phonetic transcription to the present day (see Americanist phonetic notation).

The ogonek is also used in academic transliteration of Old Church Slavonic. In Polish, Old Church Slavonic, Navajo, Western Apache, Chiricahua, Tłįch Yatiì, Slavey, Dëne Sųłiné and Elfdalian it indicates that the vowel is nasalized. Even if ę is nasalized e in Polish, ą is nasalized o, not a because of a vowel shift in which "ą", originally a long nasal "a", turned into a short nasal "o" when the vowel quantity distinction disappeared.

Length

In Lithuanian, the nosinė (literally, "nasal") mark originally indicated vowel nasalization but around the end of the 17th century, nasal vowels gradually evolved into corresponding long non-nasal vowels in most dialects. Thus, the mark is now de facto an indicator of vowel length (the length of etymologically non-nasal vowels is marked differently in writing). The mark also is useful for distinguishing different grammatical forms that would otherwise have the same written form even if they are pronounced differently.

Openness

In Rheinische Dokumenta, it marks vowels that are more open than those denoted by their base letters Ää, Oo, Öö. In two cases, it can be combined with umlaut marks.

Similar diacritics

E caudata and o caudata

The E caudata (ę), a symbol similar to an e with ogonek, evolved from a ligature of a and e in medieval scripts, in Latin and Irish palaeography. The O caudata of Old Norse[5] (letter ǫ, with ǫ́)[6][7] is used to write the open-mid back rounded vowel, /ɔ/. Medieval Nordic manuscripts show this "hook" in both directions, in combination with several vowels.[8] Despite this distinction, the term "ogonek" is sometimes used in discussions of typesetting and encoding Norse texts, as o caudata is typographically identical to o with ogonek.

Cedilla and comma

The ogonek is functionally equivalent to the cedilla and comma diacritics. If two of these three are used within the same orthography their respective use is restricted to certain classes of letters, i.e. usually the ogonek is used with vowels whereas the cedilla is applied to consonants. In handwritten text the marks may even look the same.

Typographical notes

Difference between the correct placement of the ogonek in European languages (left) and Native American languages (right)

The ogonek should be almost the same size as a descender (in larger type sizes may be relatively quite shorter) and should not be confused with the cedilla or comma diacritic marks used in other languages.

When used for Native American languages, the ogonek should be placed directly under the letter rather than to the side as is the norm for European languages. European-style placement is acceptable when no other alternatives are available[citation needed].

Encoding

Character information
Preview ˛ ̨ ᷎
Unicode name OGONEK COMBINING OGONEK COMBINING OGONEK ABOVE
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 731 U+02DB 808 U+0328 7630 U+1DCE
UTF-8 203 155 CB 9B 204 168 CC A8 225 183 142 E1 B7 8E
Numeric character reference ˛ ˛ ̨ ̨ ᷎ ᷎
Named character reference ˛


Character information
Preview Ą ą Ę ę
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH OGONEK LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH OGONEK LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 260 U+0104 261 U+0105 280 U+0118 281 U+0119
UTF-8 196 132 C4 84 196 133 C4 85 196 152 C4 98 196 153 C4 99
Numeric character reference Ą Ą ą ą Ę Ę ę ę
Named character reference Ą ą Ę ę
ISO 8859-2 / ISO 8859-4 202 CA 234 EA
ISO 8859-10 221 DD 253 FD


Character information
Preview Į į Ǫ ǫ
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH OGONEK LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH OGONEK LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH OGONEK LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH OGONEK
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 302 U+012E 303 U+012F 490 U+01EA 491 U+01EB
UTF-8 196 174 C4 AE 196 175 C4 AF 199 170 C7 AA 199 171 C7 AB
Numeric character reference Į Į į į Ǫ Ǫ ǫ ǫ
Named character reference Į į


Character information
Preview Ǭ ǭ Ų ų
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH OGONEK
AND MACRON 		LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH OGONEK
AND MACRON 		LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH OGONEK LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH OGONEK
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 492 U+01EC 493 U+01ED 370 U+0172 371 U+0173
UTF-8 199 172 C7 AC 199 173 C7 AD 197 178 C5 B2 197 179 C5 B3
Numeric character reference Ǭ Ǭ ǭ ǭ Ų Ų ų ų
Named character reference Ų ų

LaTeX2e

In LaTeX2e, macro \k will typeset a letter with ogonek, if it is supported by the font encoding, e.g. \k{a} will typeset ą. (The default LaTeX OT1 encoding does not support it, but the newer T1 one does. It may be enabled by saying \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} in the preamble.)

However, \k{e} rather places the diacritic "right-aligned" with the carrying e (ę), suitably for Polish, while \textogonekcentered horizontally centers the diacritic with respect to the carrier, suitably for Native American Languages as well as for e caudata and o caudata. So \textogonekcentered{e} better fits the latter purposes. Actually, \k{o} (for ǫ) is defined to result in \textogonekcentered{o}, and \k{O} is defined to result in \textogonekcentered{O}.[9]

The package TIPA, activated by using the command "\usepackage{tipa}", offers a different way: "\textpolhook{a}" will produce ą.

References

  1. ^ "N3027: Proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. 2006-01-30.
  2. ^ "Gwich'in alphabet" (PDF)., Yukon Native Language Centre
  3. ^ "Hoocąk Waaziija Haci Language Division". Mauston, Wisconsin: Ho-Chunk Nation. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
  4. ^ "N3077: Response to UTC/US contribution N3037R (Feedback on N3027 Proposal to add medievalist characters)" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. 2006-03-31.
  5. ^ For this traditional and correct name, see e.g. Einar Haugen (ed. and trans.), First Grammatical Treatise, 2nd edition, Longman, 1972.
  6. ^ "Non-European and historic Latin". Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
  7. ^ Sebastian Kempgen (2006). "Unicode 4.1 and Slavic Philology Problems and Perspectives (I)" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  8. ^ "Characters with a combining hook above". Medieval Unicode Font Initiative. 2003-02-05. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  9. ^ See t1enc.def in LaTeX2e distributions.
Look up ogonek in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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