Palestinian genocide accusation

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The Palestinian genocide accusation refers to the controversy regarding a number of violent events targeting Palestinians. This includes the accusation that Israel incited or carried out some sort of genocide against the Palestinians (both in the past and in the present). Such accusations have been made repeatedly throughout the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and is often linked by its supporters to the conceptualization of Israel as a settler colonial state.[1][2]

The accusers base themselves in the events of Nakba, the Sabra and Shatila massacre, as well as more recent conflicts, including the Blockade of the Gaza Strip, the 2014 Gaza War and the 2023 Israel–Hamas war. In the latter conflict in particular, numerous international law and genocide scholars have raised concerns about the clear incitement to commit genocide and use of dehumanizing language by Israeli officials.[3] The characterization has been largely rejected by Israelis,[4][5] and contested by some scholars.

History

Nakba

Main article: Nakba

In 2010, historians Martin Shaw and Omer Bartov carried out a debate regarding whether the 1948 Nakba should be regarded as a genocide, with Shaw arguing that it could and with Bartov disagreeing.[6][7][8] The former Deputy Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Britain, Daud Abdullah, has stated that "Given the declared intent of the Zionist leaders, this wholesale destruction and depopulation of Palestinian villages fit[s] easily with the definition of genocide as cited in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide."[9]

Sabra and Shatila massacre

Main article: Sabra and Shatila massacre

On 16 December 1982, the United Nations General Assembly condemned the Sabra and Shatila massacre and declared it to be an act of genocide.[10] The voting record[11][12][13] on section D of Resolution 37/123 was: yes: 123; no: 0; abstentions: 22; non-voting: 12.

The delegate for Canada stated: "The term genocide cannot, in our view, be applied to this particular inhuman act".[13] The delegate of Singapore – voting 'yes' – added: "My delegation regrets the use of the term 'an act of genocide' ... [as] the term 'genocide' is used to mean acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group." Canada and Singapore questioned whether the General Assembly was competent to determine whether such an event would constitute genocide.[13] The Soviet Union, by contrast, asserted that: "The word for what Israel is doing on Lebanese soil is genocide. Its purpose is to destroy the Palestinians as a nation."[14] The Nicaragua delegate asserted: "It is difficult to believe that a people that suffered so much from the Nazi policy of extermination in the middle of the twentieth century would use the same fascist, genocidal arguments and methods against other peoples."[14]

The United States commented that "While the criminality of the massacre was beyond question, it was a serious and reckless misuse of language to label this tragedy genocide as defined in the 1948 Convention".[13]

William Schabas, director of the Irish Centre for Human Rights at the National University of Ireland,[15] stated: "the term genocide ... had obviously been chosen to embarrass Israel rather than out of any concern with legal precision".[13]

The independent commission headed by Seán MacBride looking into reported violations of International Law by Israel, however, did find that the concept of genocide applied to the case as it was the intention of those behind the massacre "the deliberate destruction of the national and cultural rights and identity of the Palestinian people".[16] Individual Jews throughout the world also denounced the massacre as genocide.[17]

Blockade of Gaza

Main article: Blockade of the Gaza Strip

In 2007, Israel imposed a blockade – supported by Egypt – on the movement of goods and people in and out of the Gaza Strip. Israeli New Historian Ilan Pappé has argued that genocide "is the only appropriate way to describe what the Israeli army is doing in the Gaza Strip".[18][4] In an article written in 2023 in the International Journal of Human Rights, Mohammed Nijim voiced his belief “that Israeli policies that were enacted after the introduction of the Blockade of the Gaza Strip amount[ed] to slow-motion genocide".[19]

2014 Gaza War

Main article: 2014 Gaza War

The 2014 Gaza War, also referred to as Operation Protective Edge, was a military operation launched by Israel on 8 July 2014 in the Gaza Strip. Al-Haq, a Palestinian Human Rights organization, concluded in a report that serious violations of international law were committed in the course of the 2014 Israeli offensive against Gaza. The organization, along with other Palestinian human rights organizations the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights, Al Mezan Center for Human Rights and Addameer, submitted a legal file to the International Criminal Court encouraging it to begin an investigation and prosecution into the crimes against humanity and war crimes committed during the course of Israel’s 2014 Gaza offensive. The crime of genocide was referenced as an Israeli crime by these groups.[20] Additionally, dozens of Holocaust survivors, along with hundreds of descendants of Holocaust survivors and victims, accused Israel of “genocide” for the deaths of more than 2,000 Palestinians in Gaza during the 2014 Gaza War.[20]

2023 Israel–Hamas war

Main article: 2023 Israel–Hamas war
See also: Israeli war crimes § 2023 Israel–Hamas war

The 2023 Israel–Hamas war began when Hamas attacked Israel on 7 October 2023, killing 1,400 Israelis, most of whom were civilians; this led to an Israeli counteroffensive.[21][22] Israel formally declared war on Hamas a day later. Some Palestinians immediately expressed concern that this violence would be used to justify genocide by Israel against Palestinians.[23][24][25] On 15 October, TWAILR published a statement signed by over 800 legal scholars expressing "alarm about the possibility of the crime of genocide being perpetrated by Israeli forces against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip".[26]

Forcible population transfer

Further information: 2023 evacuation of northern Gaza
See also: October 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip

Israel's evacuation order was characterized as a forcible population transfer by Jan Egeland, the Norwegian former diplomat involved with the Oslo Accord.[27] A "forcible transfer" is the forced relocation of a civilian population as part of an organized offense against it and is considered a crime against humanity by the International Criminal Court.[28] In an interview with the BBC, Egeland stated, "There are hundreds of thousands of people fleeing for their life — [that is] not something that should be called an evacuation. It is a forcible transfer of people from all of northern Gaza, which according to the Geneva convention is a war crime."[27] UN Special rapporteur Francesca Albanese warned of a mass ethnic cleansing in Gaza.[29] Raz Segal, an Israeli historian and director of the Holocaust and Genocide Studies program at Stockton University, termed it a "textbook case of genocide."[30] A leaked policy paper from the Israeli Ministry of Intelligence suggested a permanent expulsion of the population of Gaza into Egypt, which has been described as an endorsement of ethnic cleansing.[31]

Legal discourse

There has been a longstanding legal discourse on whether a case can be made that Israel has violated the Genocide Convention, with American human rights lawyer Francis Boyle, the professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, first suggesting that such a case should be brought to bear in 1998.[18][32][33]

Concepts of genocide

The term genocide was coined in 1944 by a Jewish Polish legal scholar, Raphael Lemkin, who explained that for him “the term does not necessarily signify mass killings”.[20]

More often [genocide] refers to a coordinated plan aimed at destruction of the essential foundations of the life of national groups so that these groups wither and die like plants that have suffered a blight. The end may be accomplished by the forced disintegration of political and social institutions, of the culture of the people, of their language, their national feelings and their religion. It may be accomplished by wiping out all basis of personal security, liberty, health and dignity. When these means fail the machine gun can always be utilized as a last resort. Genocide is directed against a national group as an entity and the attack on individuals is only secondary to the annihilation of the national group to which they belong.[20]

It has been claimed by many analysts[who?] that Israel has violated various acts of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, including: killing members of the group, causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group and deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part.[20] Haifa Rashed and Damien Short have voiced their belief that Lemkin's original concept of genocide can be used to analyze "the historical and continuing, cultural and physical, destructive social and political relations involved in the Israel/Palestine conflict".[34] In a separate publication, Rashed, Short, and John Docker argued that the conflict did not receive enough attention in the field of genocide studies.[35] Historian Lawrence Davidson, in his book about cultural genocide, included a chapter about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[36]

In the context of the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel, the Israeli counterattacks, and the imposed complete blockade, which included the denial of water and food to the civilian population, Israeli historian Raz Segal described it as a "textbook case of genocide" and connected it to the Nakba, the expulsion of Palestinians during the establishment of Israel in 1948.[37]

Michael Sfard, an Israeli human rights lawyer who argued on behalf of Yesh Din that Israel is committing the crime of apartheid, wrote in 2020 that Israel's policy against the Palestinians "doesn’t even begin to meet the threshold of what genocide is" and that the accusation "cheapens the very important and grave concept of genocide".[38][39]

British historian Simon Sebag Montefiore, arguing that the Israeli occupation of the West Bank was "harsh, unjust, and oppressive", and that over 100 Palestinians were killed by Israeli settlers in both 2022 and 2023, stated that he did not consider it to be a genocide.[40]

Discourse on the 2023 Israel–Hamas war

On 17 October, 10 days after the start of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, 880 scholars signed a public statement saying: "As scholars and practitioners of international law, conflict studies, and genocide studies, we are compelled to sound the alarm about the possibility of the crime of genocide being perpetrated by Israeli forces against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip."[41][42]

The statement called on UN bodies, including the UN Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect, as well as the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court to "immediately intervene, to carry out the necessary investigations, and invoke the necessary warning procedures to protect the Palestinian population from genocide."[41]

On 19 October 2023, amid the 2023 Hamas–Israel war, 100 civil society organizations and six genocide scholars sent a letter to Karim Khan, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, calling on him to issue arrest warrants to Israeli officials for cases already before the prosecutor; to investigate the new crimes committed in the Palestinian territories, including incitement to genocide, since 7 October; to issue a preventative statement against war crimes; and to remind all states of their obligations under international law. The letter noted that Israeli officials, in their statements, had indicated "clear intent to commit war crimes, crimes against humanity and incitement to commit genocide, using dehumanizing language to describe Palestinians." The six specialist genocide scholars that signed the document were Raz Segal, Barry Trachtenberg, Robert McNeil, Damien Short, Taner Akçam and Victoria Sanford.[43]

The same day, lawyers at the Center for Constitutional Rights stated that Israel's tactics were "calculated to destroy the Palestinian population in Gaza", and warned the Biden administration that “U.S. officials can be held responsible for their failure to prevent Israel’s unfolding genocide, as well as for their complicity, by encouraging it and materially supporting it."[44] On 1 November, the Defence for Children International accused the United States of complicity with Israel's "crime of genocide."[45] On 2 November, a group of UN special rapporteurs stated, "We remain convinced that the Palestinian people are at grave risk of genocide."[46]

Public discourse

Both Israel and Palestine frequently accuse the other of planning a scheme of genocide.[47] Most Israelis reject the characterization of genocide, and some say that such accusations are antisemitic.[48][better source needed]

In an opinion survey of American Jews, commissioned by the Jewish Electorate Institute following the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, 22% agreed that "Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinians."[49]

Eric Levitz, in a 13 October piece in the The Intelligencer, argued that administrations of the United States, such as the Biden administration, have given tacit approval to Israeli war crimes and genocide in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.[50]

Ramzy Baroud, in a 23 October piece in Arab News, paralleled the dehumanization and genocidal intent in Israeli-US-Western media with the language used in Rwanda ahead of the Rwandan genocide. He referenced the similarity between the refrain by the Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) in Rwanda that Tutsis “are cockroaches. We will kill you” and a 1983 quote from former Israeli army chief of staff Rafael Eitan that Arabs are like “drugged cockroaches in a bottle.”[51] In the 2023 conflict, he noted the similar sentiment expressed in comments such as that of by Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant: “We are fighting human animals and we will act accordingly,” and Ariel Kallner, a Knesset member for Likud, who said of the 2023 war: “Right now, one goal: Nakba. A Nakba that will overshadow the Nakba of 1948.”[51] Chris McGreal, a reporter from The Guardian who won an Amnesty International Media Award for his coverage of the Rwandan genocide,[52] also described the rhetoric against Palestinians as being "eerily familiar" to the rhetoric used against Tutsis.[53]

Political discourse

Iranian foreign minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian on 13 October labelled the siege and the cutting off of essentials as "seeking a genocide of all people in Gaza".[54] On 15 October, Pakistani foreign minister Jalil Abbas Jilani directly called Israel's airstrikes and blockade on Gaza a genocide.[55] Reuters reported on 28 October that the President of Palestine, Mahmoud Abbas, described the Gazan conflict as a "war of genocide and massacres committed by the Israeli occupation forces".[21]

Israel's Ambassador to the Philippines, Ilan Fluss, denied that there was a genocide against Palestinians, reported Manila Bulletin on 23 October; according to Fluss, Israel's attacks are aimed at Hamas members, with Israel "taking all measures to avoid having civilians affected", including "informing civilians even before attacks: keep away from Hamas' infrastructure".[22]

Palestinian-American US congresswoman Rashida Tlaib pleaded for a cease-fire at a rally on 18 October, saying: "We are literally still watching people commit genocide and killing a vast majority just like this, and we still stand by and say nothing."[56] Her remarks at the rally led the Republican caucus within congress to draw up a resolution, sponsored by Marjorie Taylor Greene, to censure Tlaib.[56]

Craig Mokhiber, a director in the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, resigned over what he called the "text-book case of genocide" in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war. He criticized the OHCHR, the US and Western media for their positions on the conflict and noted: "Once again, we are seeing a genocide unfolding before our eyes, and the Organization that we serve appears powerless to stop it."[57]

A day after Columbia withdrew its ambassador from Israel, Colombian President Gustavo Petro posted on X (translated from Spanish): “It's called Genocide, they do it to remove the Palestinian people from Gaza and take it over. The head of the state who carries out this genocide is a criminal against humanity. Their allies cannot talk about democracy.”[58]

See also

References

  1. ^ Short, Haifa Rashed, Damien (2014). [chapterhttps://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315539942-3/genocide-settler-colonialism-lemkin-inspired-genocide-perspective-aid-understanding-palestinian-situation-haifa-rashed-damien-short "Genocide and settler colonialism: can a Lemkin-inspired genocide perspective aid our understanding of the Palestinian situation?"]. In Hynes, Patricia; Lamb, Michele; Short, Damien; Waites, Matthew (eds.). New Directions in the Sociology of Human Rights. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315539942. ISBN 978-1-315-53994-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Short, Damien (2016). Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-84813-546-8.
  3. ^ "Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza". Third World Approaches to International Law Review. 17 October 2023. Statements of Israeli officials since 7 October 2023 suggest that beyond the killings and restriction of basic conditions for life perpetrated against Palestinians in Gaza, there are also indications that the ongoing and imminent Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip are being conducted with potentially genocidal intent. Language used by Israeli political and military figures appears to reproduce rhetoric and tropes associated with genocide and incitement to genocide. Dehumanising descriptions of Palestinians have been prevalent. Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant declared on 9 October that "we are fighting human animals and we act accordingly". He subsequently announced that Israel was moving to "a full-scale response" and that he had "removed every restriction" on Israeli forces, as well as stating: "Gaza won't return to what it was before. We will eliminate everything." On 10 October, the head of the Israeli army's Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT), Maj. Gen. Ghassan Alian, addressed a message directly to Gaza residents: "Human animals must be treated as such. There will be no electricity and no water, there will only be destruction. You wanted hell, you will get hell". The same day, Israeli army spokesperson Daniel Hagari acknowledged the wanton and intentionally destructive nature of Israel's bombing campaign in Gaza: "The emphasis is on damage and not on accuracy."
  4. ^ a b Pappe, Ilan (2010). "Genocide in Gaza". The Plight of the Palestinians: A Long History of Destruction. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 201–205. doi:10.1057/9780230107922_26. ISBN 978-0-230-10792-2.
  5. ^ Polya, Gideon (2010). "Ongoing Palestinian Genocide". The Plight of the Palestinians: A Long History of Destruction. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 39–42. doi:10.1057/9780230107922_3. ISBN 978-0-230-10792-2.
  6. ^ Shaw, Martin; Bartov, Omer (2010). "The question of genocide in Palestine, 1948: an exchange between Martin Shaw and Omer Bartov". Journal of Genocide Research. 12 (3–4): 243–259. doi:10.1080/14623528.2010.529698. S2CID 71620701.
  7. ^ Martin, Shaw (2010). "Palestine in an International Historical Perspective on Genocide". Holy Land Studies. 9 (1): 1–24. doi:10.3366/hls.2010.0001.
  8. ^ Shaw, Martin (2013). "Palestine and Genocide: An International Historical Perspective Revisited". Holy Land Studies. 12 (1): 1–7. doi:10.3366/hls.2013.0056.
  9. ^ Abdullah, Daud (2019). "A century of cultural genocide in Palestine". Cultural Genocide. Routledge. pp. 227–245. doi:10.4324/9781351214100-10. ISBN 978-1-351-21410-0. S2CID 199268671.
  10. ^ U.N. General Assembly, Resolution 37/123, adopted between 16 and 20 December 1982. Archived 29 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  11. ^ Voting Summary U.N. General Assembly Resolution 37/123D. Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  12. ^ Leo Kuper, "Theoretical Issues Relating to Genocide: Uses and Abuses", in George J. Andreopoulos, Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8122-1616-4, p. 37.
  13. ^ a b c d e William Schabas, Genocide in International Law. The Crimes of Crimes, p. 455
  14. ^ a b William Schabas, Genocide in International Law. The Crimes of Crimes, p. 454
  15. ^ Professor William A. Schabas Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine website of the Irish Centre for Human Rights at the National University of Ireland
  16. ^ William Schabas (2000). Genocide in International Law. University Press, Cambridge. p. 235. ISBN 0521782627.
  17. ^ Hirst, David (2010). Beware of small states. Nation Books. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-571-23741-8.
  18. ^ a b Lendman, Steve (2010). "Israel's Slow-Motion Genocide in Occupied Palestine". The Plight of the Palestinians. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 29–38. doi:10.1057/9780230107922_2. ISBN 978-1-349-28656-0. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  19. ^ Nijim, Mohammed (2023). "Genocide in Palestine: Gaza as a case study". The International Journal of Human Rights. 27 (1): 165–200. doi:10.1080/13642987.2022.2065261. S2CID 248334822.
  20. ^ a b c d e "The Genocide of the Palestinian People: An International Law and Human Rights Perspective" (PDF). Center for Constitutional Rights. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  21. ^ a b Mackenzie, James; Lubell, Maayan (October 29, 2023). "Israel launches Gaza war's second phase with ground operation, Netanyahu says". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2023. Israel has tightened its blockade on and bombarded Gaza for three weeks after the Islamist group Hamas' Oct. 7 assault killed 1,400 Israelis [...] Abbas ... said, "Our people in the Gaza Strip are facing a war of genocide and massacres committed by the Israeli occupation forces in full view of the entire world."
  22. ^ a b Antonio, Raymund (23 October 2023). "Civilians not a target: Envoy decries 'genocide' tag of Israel-Hamas war". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 1 November 2023. Israeli Ambassador to the Philippines Ilan Fluss rejected the notion that his country is committing genocide in Gaza City, where a two-week war has erupted [...] their measures were targeting Hamas members, and they were "taking all measures to avoid having civilians affected" by attacks. "We are informing civilians even before attacks: keep away from Hamas' infrastructure and Hamas' facilities," [...] Hamas attacked Israel on Oct. 7, and killed at least 1,400 people, mostly civilians.
  23. ^ "Palestinian Americans, Dismayed by Violence, Say Historical Context Is Being Overlooked". The New York Times. 12 October 2023. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  24. ^ "Palestinian UN envoy accuses Israel of 'genocidal' campaign against Gaza". Reuters News. 11 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  25. ^ Bishara, Marwan. "Israel is manufacturing a case for genocide". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  26. ^ "Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza". Third World Approaches to International Law Review. 17 October 2023.
  27. ^ a b Srivastava, Mehul. "Gazans stream south to seek shelter from Israeli bombardment". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  28. ^ "forcible transfer". Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  29. ^ "UN expert warns of new instance of mass ethnic cleansing of Palestinians, calls for immediate ceasefire". UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  30. ^ Segal, Raz. "A Textbook Case of Genocide". Jewish Currents. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  31. ^ https://www.972mag.com/intelligence-ministry-gaza-population-transfer/
  32. ^ Boyle, Francis A. (2000). "Palestine: Sue Israel for Genocide before the International Court of Justice!". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 20 (1): 161–166. doi:10.1080/13602000050008979. S2CID 144055710.
  33. ^ Boyle, Francis A. (2010). "Israel's Crimes against Palestinians: War Crimes, Crimes against Humanity, Genocide". The Plight of the Palestinians: A Long History of Destruction. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 259–262. doi:10.1057/9780230107922_33. ISBN 978-0-230-10792-2.
  34. ^ Rashed, Haifa; Short, Damien (2012). "Genocide and settler colonialism: can a Lemkin-inspired genocide perspective aid our understanding of the Palestinian situation?". The International Journal of Human Rights. 16 (8): 1142–1169. doi:10.1080/13642987.2012.735494. S2CID 145422458.
  35. ^ Rashed, Haifa; Short, Damien; Docker, John (2014). "Nakba Memoricide: Genocide Studies and the Zionist/Israeli Genocide of Palestine". Holy Land Studies. 13 (1): 1–23. doi:10.3366/hls.2014.0076. ISSN 1474-9475.
  36. ^ Davidson, Lawrence (2012). "4. Israel and Palestinian Cultural Genocide". Cultural Genocide. Rutgers University Press. pp. 65–88. doi:10.36019/9780813553443-004. ISBN 978-0-8135-5344-3. S2CID 225033547.
  37. ^ Segal, Raz (13 October 2023). "A Textbook Case of Genocide". Jewish Currents. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  38. ^ Sales, Ben (May 26, 2021). "People are accusing Israel of genocide. These human rights lawyers beg to differ". The Times of Israel. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
  39. ^ Sharma, Shreya (1901). A Gender Perspective on the Responsibility to Protect: Case study of Machsom Watch in Israel (PDF) (MSc thesis). Univerzita Karlova (Charles University).
  40. ^ Montefiore, Simon Sebag (27 October 2023). "The Decolonization Narrative Is Dangerous and False". The Atlantic.
  41. ^ a b "800+ Legal Scholars Say Israel May Be Perpetrating 'Crime of Genocide' in Gaza". Common Dreams.
  42. ^ "Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza". Third World Approach to International Law Review.
  43. ^ "Scholars, civil society call on ICC Prosecutor to issue arrest warrants, investigate Israeli crimes in Gaza". WAFA.
  44. ^ Speri, Alice (19 October 2023). "Going All-In for Israel May Make Biden Complicit in Genocide". The Intercept. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  45. ^ "Rights group accuses US of complicity in children's deaths in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  46. ^ "'Palestinian people are at grave risk of genocide': UN experts". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  47. ^ Short 2016, p. 70.
  48. ^ "Is Israel committing a genocide?". Reservists on Duty. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  49. ^ "Israel 'is an apartheid state,' a quarter of U.S. Jews say in new poll". Haaretz.
  50. ^ "The U.S. Is Giving Israel Permission for War Crimes". The Intelligencer. 13 October 2023.
  51. ^ a b "Israel's Gaza war rooted in dehumanizing, genocidal language". Arab News.
  52. ^ "Awards for Guardian journalists". The Guardian. London. 26 November 2002. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  53. ^ McGreal, Chris (16 October 2023). "The language being used to describe Palestinians is genocidal". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
  54. ^ "Iran Accuses Israel of 'Genocide' Against the Palestinians in Gaza". Asharq Al-Awsat.
  55. ^ "FM Jilani equates Israeli strikes, blockade of Gaza to genocide against Palestinians". DAWN.
  56. ^ a b "Democratic Rifts Over Israel Burst to the Forefront in Congress". The New York Times.
  57. ^ "He Went There: Top U.N. Official Resigns Citing "Genocide" in Gaza". The New Republic.
  58. ^ "'Genocide', Colombia says as Latin American states condemn Israel over Gaza". Al Jazeera.

Works cited

Further reading

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