RKM code
The RKM code,[1] also referred to as "letter and digit code for resistance and capacitance values and tolerances" or "R notation", is a notation to specify resistor and capacitor values defined in the international standard IEC 60062 (formerly IEC 62) since 1952. It is also adopted by various other standards including DIN 40825 (1973), BS 1852 (1974), IS 8186 (1976) and EN 60062 (1993). The significantly updated IEC 60062:2016 comprises the most recent release of the standard.[1]
Overview
Originally meant also as part marking code, this shorthand notation is widely used in electrical engineering to denote the values of resistors and capacitors in circuit diagrams and in the production of electronic circuits (for example in bills of material and in silk screens). This method avoids overlooking the decimal separator, which may not be rendered reliably on components or when duplicating documents.
The standards also define a color code for fixed resistors.
Part value code
| R47 | 0.47 ohm |
| 4R7 | 4.7 ohm |
| 470R | 470 ohm |
| 4K7 | 4.7 kiloohm |
| 47K | 47 kiloohm |
| 47K3 | 47.3 kiloohm |
| 470K | 470 kiloohm |
| 4M7 | 4.7 megaohm |
For brevity, the notation omits to always specify the unit (ohm or farad) explicitly and instead relies on implicit knowledge raised from the usage of specific letters either only for resistors or for capacitors,[nb 1] the case used (uppercase letters are typically used for resistors, lowercase letters for capacitors),[nb 2] a part's appearance, and the context.
The notation also avoids using a decimal separator and replaces it by a letter associated with the prefix symbol for the particular value.
This is not only for brevity (for example when printed on the part or PCB), but also to circumvent the problem that decimal separators tend to "disappear" when photocopying printed circuit diagrams.
The code letters are loosely related to the corresponding SI prefix, but there are several exceptions, where the capitalization differs or alternative letters are used.
For example, 8K2 indicates a resistor value of 8.2 kΩ. Additional zeros imply tighter tolerance, for example 15M0.
When the value can be expressed without the need for a prefix, an "R" is used instead of the decimal separator. For example, 1R2 indicates 1.2 Ω, and 18R indicates 18 Ω.
| Code letter | Prefix | Multiplier | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance [Ω] | Capacitance [F] | Name | Symbol (SI) | Base 10 | Base 1000 | Value |
| - | p (P[nb 2]) | pico- | p | ×10−12 | ×1000−4 | ×0.000000000001 |
| - | n (N[nb 2]) | nano- | n | ×10−9 | ×1000−3 | ×0.000000001 |
| - | µ (u, U[nb 2]) | micro- | µ | ×10−6 | ×1000−2 | ×0.000001 |
| L | m (M[nb 1][nb 2]) | milli- | m | ×10−3 | ×1000−1 | ×0.001 |
| R (E[nb 3]) | F | - | - | ×100 | ×10000 | ×1 |
| K (k[nb 4]) | - | kilo- | k | ×103 | ×10001 | ×1000 |
| M[nb 1] | - | mega- | M | ×106 | ×10002 | ×1000000 |
| G | - | giga- | G | ×109 | ×10003 | ×1000000000 |
| T | - | tera- | T | ×1012 | ×10004 | ×1000000000000 |
For resistances, the standard dictates the use of the uppercase letters L (for 10−3), R (for 100 = 1), K (for 103), M (for 106), and G (for 109) to be used instead of the decimal point.
The usage of the letter R instead of the SI unit symbol Ω for ohms stems from the fact that the Greek letter Ω wasn't (and still isn't) part of most character sets and therefore is sometimes impossible to reproduce, in particular in some CAD/CAM environments. The letter R was chosen because visually it loosely resembles the Ω glyph, and also because it works nicely as a mnemonic for resistance in many languages.
The letters G and T weren't part of the first issue of the standard, which pre-dates the introduction of the SI system (hence the name "RKM code"), but were added after the adoption of the corresponding SI prefixes.
The introduction of the letter L in more recent issues of the standard (instead of an SI prefix m for milli) is justified to maintain the rule of only using uppercase letters for resistances (the otherwise resulting M was already in use for mega).
Similar, the standard prescribes the following lowercase letters for capacitances to be used instead of the decimal point: p (for 10−12), n (for 10−9), µ (for 10−6), m (for 10−3), but uppercase F (for 100 = 1) for farad.
The letters p and n weren't part of the first issue of the standard, but were added after the adoption of the corresponding SI prefixes.
In cases where the Greek letter µ is not available, the standard allows it to be replaced by u (or U, when only uppercase letters are available). This usage of u instead of µ is also in line with ISO 2955 (1974,[2] 1983[3]), DIN 66030 (Vornorm 1973;[4] 1980,[5][6] 2002[7]) and BS 6430 (1983), which allow the prefix μ to be substituted by the letter u (or U) in circumstances in which only the Latin alphabet is available.
Tolerance code
Letter code for resistance and capacitance tolerances:
| Code letter | Tolerance | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance | Capacitance | Relative | Absolute | |
| Symmetrical | Asymmetrical | C <10 pF only | ||
| A | A | variable (±0.05%) | variable | variable |
| B | B | ±0.1% | — | |
| C | C | ±0.25% | — | ±0.25 pF |
| D | D | ±0.5% | — | ±0.5 pF |
| E | ±0.005% | — | — | |
| F | F | ±1.0% | — | ±1.0 pF |
| G | G | ±2.0% | — | ±2.0 pF |
| H | H | ±3.0% | — | — |
| J | J | ±5.0% | — | — |
| K | K | ±10% | — | — |
| L | ±0.01% | — | — | |
| M | M | ±20% | — | — |
| N | ±30% | — | — | |
| P | ±0.02% | — | — | |
| Q | — | −10/+30% | — | |
| S | — | −20/+50% | — | |
| T | — | −10/+50% | — | |
| W | ±0.05% | — | — | |
| Z | — | −20/+80% | — | |
Temperature coefficient code
Letter codes for resistor temperature coefficients:
| Code letter | ppm/K |
|---|---|
| K | 1 |
| M | 5 |
| P | 15 |
| Q | 25 |
| R | 50 |
| S | 100 |
| U | 250 |
| Z | other |
Production date code
- First character: Year of production
- A = 2010,[8][9] 1990,[10] 1970[10]
- B = 2011,[8][9] 1991,[10] 1971[10]
- C = 2012,[8][9] 1992,[10] 1972[10]
- D = 2013,[8][9] 1993,[10] 1973[10]
- E = 2014,[8][9] 1994,[10] 1974[10]
- F = 2015,[8][9] 1995,[10] 1975[10]
- H = 2016,[8] 1996,[10] 1976[10]
- J = 2017,[8] 1997,[10] 1977[10]
- K = 2018,[8] 1998,[10] 1978[10]
- L = 2019,[8] 1999,[10] 1979[10]
- M = 2020,[8] 2000,[10] 1980[10]
- N = 2021,[8] 2001,[10] 1981[10]
- P = 2022,[8] 2002,[10] 1982[10]
- R = 2023,[8] 2003,[10] 1983[10]
- S = 2024,[8] 2004,[9][10] 1984[10]
- T = 2025,[8] 2005,[9][10] 1985[10]
- U = 2006,[9] 1986[10]
- V = 2007,[9][10] 1987[10]
- W = 2008,[9][10] 1988[10]
- X = 2009,[8][9][10] 1989[10]
- Second character: Month of production
- 1 to 9 = January to September
- O = October
- N = November
- D = December
Example: V8 = August 2007 (or August 1987)
Similar codes
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2016) |
Corresponding standards
- IEC 62:1952 (aka IEC 60062:1952), first edition, 1952-01-01
- IEC 62:1968 (aka IEC 60062:1968), second edition, 1968-01-01
- IEC 62:1968/AMD1:1968 (aka IEC 60062:1968/AMD1:1968), amended second edition, 1968-12-31
- IEC 62:1974 (aka IEC 60062:1974)[11]
- IEC 62:1974/AMD1:1988 (aka IEC 60062:1974/AMD1:1988), amended third edition, 1988-04-30
- IEC 62:1974/AMD2:1989 (aka IEC 60062:1974/AMD2:1989), amended third edition, 1989-01-01
- IEC 62:1992 (aka IEC 60062:1992), fourth edition, 1992-03-15
- IEC 62:1992/AMD1:1995 (aka IEC 60062:1992/AMD1:1995), amended fourth edition, 1995-06-19
- IEC 60062:2004 (fifth edition, 2004-11-08)[12]
- IEC 60062:2016 (sixth edition, 2016-07-12)[1]
- IEC 60062:2016/COR1:2016 (corrected sixth edition, 2016-12-05)
- EN 60062:1993
- EN 60062:1994 (1994-10)
- EN 60062:2005
- EN 60062:2016
- BS 1852:1975[13] (related to IEC 60062:1974)
- BS EN 60062:1994[14]
- BS EN 60062:2005[15]
- BS EN 60062:2016[16]
- DIN 40825:1973-04 (capacitor/resistor value code), DIN 41314:1975-12 (date code)
- DIN IEC 62:1985-12 (aka DIN IEC 60062:1985-12)
- DIN IEC 62:1989-10 (aka DIN IEC 60062:1989-10)
- DIN IEC 62:1990-11 (aka DIN IEC 60062:1990-11)
- DIN IEC 62:1993-03 (aka DIN IEC 60062:1993-03)
- DIN EN 60062:1997-09
- DIN EN 60062:2001-11
- DIN EN 60062:2005-11
- ČSN EN 60062
- DS/EN 60062
- EVS-EN 60062
- (GOST) ГОСТ IEC 60062-2014[10] (related to IEC 60062-2004)
- ILNAS-EN 60062
- I.S. EN 60062
- NEN EN IEC 60062
- NF EN 60062
- ÖVE/ÖNORM EN 60062
- PN-EN 60062
- prМКС EN 60062
- SN EN 60062
- TS 2932 EN 60062
- UNE-EN 60062
See also
- Electronic color code
- SI prefix
- Metric prefix
- Engineering notation
- E notation
- Cifrão (a similar scheme for a currency)
Notes
- ^ a b c The letter M was an exception to the rule that all different letters are supposed to be used for resistances and capacitances. Today, a lowercase letter m should be used for capacitances whenever possible to avoid confusion.
- ^ a b c d e In old issues of the IEC 60062 standard, uppercase Latin letters were not only used for resistances, but also for capacitance values, whereas newer issues specifically use lowercase letters for capacitors (except for the special case of F).
- ^ The usage of the Latin letter E instead of R is not standardized in IEC 60062, but nevertheless sometimes seen in practice. It stems from the fact, that R is used in symbolic names for resistors as well, and it is also used in a similar fashion but with incompatible meaning in other part marking codes. It may therefore cause confusion in some contexts. Visually, the letter E loosely resembles a small Greek letter omega (ω) turned sideways. Historically (f.e. in pre-WWII documents), before ohms were denoted using the uppercase Greek omega (Ω), a small omega (ω) was sometimes used for this purpose as well, as in 56ω for 56 Ω. However, the letter E is conflictive with the similar looking but incompatible E notation in engineering, and it may therefore cause considerable confusion as well.
- ^ The IEC 60062 standard prescribes the usage of an uppercase Latin letter K only, however, a lowercase k is often seen in schematics and bills of materials probably because the corresponding SI prefix is defined as a lowercase k.
References
- ^ a b c "IEC 60062:2016-07" (6 ed.). July 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-07-23.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) [1] - ^ ISO 2955-1974: lnformation processing - Representations of SI and other units for use in systems with limited character sets (1 ed.). 1974.
- ^ "Table 2". ISO 2955-1983: lnformation processing - Representations of SI and other units for use in systems with limited character sets (PDF) (2 ed.). 1983-05-15. Retrieved 2016-12-14. [2]
- ^ Vornorm DIN 66030 [Preliminary standard DIN 66030] (in German). January 1973.
- ^ DIN 66030: Informationsverarbeitung - Darstellungen von Einheitennamen in Systemen mit beschränktem Schriftzeichenvorrat [Information processing; representations for names of units to be used in systems with limited graphic character sets] (in German) (1 ed.). Beuth Verlag. November 1980. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
- ^ "Neue Normen für die Informationsverarbeitung". Computerwoche (in German). 1981-01-09. Archived from the original on 2016-12-14. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ DIN 66030:2002-05 - Informationstechnik - Darstellung von Einheitennamen in Systemen mit beschränktem Schriftzeichenvorrat [Information technology - Representation of SI and other units in systems with limited character sets] (in German). Beuth Verlag. May 2002. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Precision and Power Resistors (ISA)" (PDF). Swansea, MA, USA: Isotek Corporation / Isabellenhütte. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-07. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Production date code marking system according to IEC 60062, clause 5.1 Two-character code (year/month)" (PDF). Iskra Kondenzatorji. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-07. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) (NB. Date codes for 2016 and 2017 are obviously wrong.) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ГОСТ IEC 60062-2014 (PDF) (in Russian). GOST (ГОСТ). 2014.
- ^ IEC 60062:1974
- ^ https://webstore.iec.ch/p-preview/info_iec60062%7Bed5.0%7Den.pdf
- ^ BS 1852:1975.
- ^ BS EN 60062:1994.
- ^ BS EN 60062:2005.
- ^ BS EN 60062:2016.
- ^ "www.worldstdindex.com". www.worldstdindex.com.
- ^ IS : 8186-1976 (PDF). 1977 [1976]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-14. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)