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Religion in Belgium

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Religion in Belgium (2015)[1]

  Catholics (52.9%)
  Protestants (2.1%)
  Orthodox Church (1.6%)
  Other Christians (4.1%)
  Agnostics (17.1%)
  Atheists (14.9%)
  Muslims (5.2%)
  Other religion (2.1%)
Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula in Brussels.
An Antoinist temple in Nandrin. Antoinism is a 20th-century Christian new religious movement founded by a Belgian (Walloon).

Religion in Belgium is diversified, with Christianity, in particular the Catholic Church, representing the largest community, though it has experienced a significant decline since the 1980s (when it was the religion of over 70% of the population). According to the 2015 Eurobarometer, 60.7% of the total population of Belgium adheres to Christianity, with Roman Catholicism being the largest denomination at 52.9%. Protestants comprised 2.1% and Orthodox Christians comprised 1.6%. Non religious people comprised 32.0% of the population and were divided between atheists (14.9%) and agnostics (17.1%). A further 5.2% of the population was Muslim and 2.1% were believers in other religions.[1]

According to a survey by Ipsos, as of 2016 about 45% of the working-age, internet connected population belongs to Christianity, with 41% being members of the Catholic Church. According to the same survey, members of Protestant and Orthodox churches and other Christian denominations make up about 2% and 1% of the population, respectively.[2] Islam was adhered to by about 5% of the population as of 2015,[3] and 3% among the working-age, internet connected population as of the 2016 survey.[2] Belgium's policy separates the state from the churches, and freedom of religion of the citizens is guaranteed by the country's constitution.

Beliefs and practices

According to a 2010 Eurobarometer poll:[4]

  • 37% of Belgian citizens believe there is a God.
  • 31% believe there is some sort of spirit or life force.
  • 27% do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force.
  • 5% declined to answer.

Some religious people dispute the precise figures, as it is unclear how many Belgians who say they believe in God are actually Christians and how many who call themselves Christians, but refuse the label "Catholic", have severed all links to the Catholic Church. Also in dispute are how many Catholic Belgians have become deists or have joined small Protestant churches.

Chronological statistics

The imposing Church of the Sacred Heart and of Our Lady of Lourdes in Liège, desacralised and abandoned since 2010, stands as a glaring example of the decline of Christianity in contemporary Belgium.
Yunus Emre Mosque of the Turkish community of Belgium.
Ritual in honour of Ganesha held in Antwerp.
Religious
group 		Population
% 1981[3] 		Population
% 2009[3] 		Population
% 2015[1] 		Population
% 2016
(working-age, internet connected people)[2]
Christianity 74.5% 52.5% 60.7% 45%
Catholicism 72% 50% 52.9% 41%
Protestantism and other Christians 2.5% 2.5% 6.2% 2%
Orthodox Christianity - - 1.6% 1%
Islam 3% 5% 5.2% 3%
Judaism 0.4% 0.4% 0.2% -
Buddhism - 0.3% 0.2% 2%
Confucianism - - - 1%
Other religions and unspecified - - 2.0% 4%
Atheism 2.5% 9.2% 14.9% 27%
Not religious and other categories
(if not separately counted) 		21.5% 32.6% 17.1% 10%

Government and religion

See also: Freedom of religion in Belgium

The Belgian constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respects this right in practice. However, government officials have the authority to research and monitor religious groups that are not officially recognized. There are a few reports of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious belief or practice, and some reports of discrimination against minority religious groups.

Belgian law officially recognizes many religions, including Catholicism, Protestantism, Anglicanism, Islam, Judaism, and Eastern Orthodoxy, as well as non-religious philosophical organizations (Dutch: vrijzinnige levensbeschouwelijke organisaties; French: organisations laïques).[5] Buddhism is in the process of being recognized under the secular organization standard. Official recognition means that priests (called "counsellors" within the secular organizations) receive a state stipend. Also, parents can choose any recognized denomination to provide religious education to their children if they attend a state school. Adherents to religions that are not officially recognized are not denied the right to practice their religion, but do not receive state stipends.

After attaining autonomy from the federal government in religious matters, the Flemish Parliament passed a regional decree installing democratically elected church councils for all recognized religious denominations and making them subject to the same administrative rules as local government bodies, with important repercussions for financial accounting and open government. In 2006, however, Catholic bishops still appointed candidates to the Catholic Church councils because they had not decided on the criteria for eligibility; they were afraid that candidates might be merely baptized Catholics. By 2008, however, the bishops decided that candidates for the church councils had only to prove that they were over 18, a member of the parish church serving the town or village in which they lived, and baptized Catholic.[6]

Religions

Yeunten Ling in Huy, a countryside castle turned into a monastery of Tibetan Buddhism.

Buddhism

Eurobarometer 2015 found only 0.2% of the total Belgian population declaring to be Buddhist.[1] Despite that, one year later Ipsos found that 2% of the working-age, internet connected Belgians were Buddhists.[2]

Confucianism

According to Ipsos, 1% of the working-age, internet connected Belgians declared that they believed in Confucianism.[2] This segment of the population may include many — if not all — the Chinese communities in Belgium.

Christianity

Catholic Church

Main article: Catholic Church in Belgium

Catholicism has traditionally been Belgium's majority religion, with particular strength in Flanders. However, by 2009, Sunday church attendance was 5.4% in Flanders, down from 12.7% in 1998.[7] Nationwide, Sunday church attendance was 5% in 2009, down from 11.2% in 1998.[8] As of 2015, 52.9% Belgian population claimed to belong to the Catholic Church.[1] According to Ipsos, only 41% of the working-age, internet connected people declared to be Catholics.[2]

Until 1998, the Catholic Church annually published key figures such as Sunday mass attendance and the number of baptized children. In 2006, it announced that mass attendance for the Christmas period was 11.5%, and weekly mass attendance (not only on Sundays) was 7%,[9] for the Flanders region. Since 2000, Sunday church attendance in Flanders has dropped by an average of 0.5%–1% each year.[10] In the years 2010 to 2016, 12,442 people in Flanders formally left the Catholic Church.[11]

Anglicanism

Belgium had thirteen Anglican churches as of 2012,[12] including the Pro-Cathedral of the Holy Trinity in Brussels. They are part of the Church of England's Diocese in Europe.[13]

Protestantism

Church of Redemption, a 1930s Protestant church in Quai Godefroid Kurth, Liège.

In 1566, at the peak of Belgian Reformation, there were an estimated 300,000 Protestants, or 20% of the Belgian population.[14] The Spanish reconquest of the Southern Netherlands in the Eighty Years' War prompted most of the Belgian Protestants to flee to the north or convert, causing the region to again be overwhelmingly Catholic. As of 2016, Protestantism represented 2.1% of the total population [1] and 2% of the working-age, internet connected population.[2] The Pew Research Center, an American think tank, proposes an even lower estimate at 1.4% of the total population.[15]

The Administrative Council of Protestant and Evangelical Religion in Belgium is a coordinating group that mediates between many Protestant groups and the government. The largest Protestant denomination is the United Protestant Church in Belgium, with some 138 affiliated churches.[12]

Orthodox Christianity

Eastern Orthodox Christians made up 1.6% of the total Belgian population in 2015.[1] The region with the greatest proportion of Eastern Orthodox Christians was the Bruxelles-Capital Region, in which they formed 8.3% of the population.[16] Ipsos' survey in 2016 found that Orthodox Christianity was the religion of about 1% of the working-age, internet connected Belgians.[2]

Eastern Orthodoxy
Russian Orthodox church in Lampernisse.

The Eastern Orthodox Church in Belgium is subdivided into several canonical jurisdictions:

Oriental Orthodoxy

There are significant Armenian communities that reside in Belgium, many of them are descendants of traders who settled during the 19th century. Most Armenian Belgians are adherents of the Armenian Apostolic Church, with a smaller numbers are adherents of the Armenian Catholic Church and Armenian Evangelical Church.

Islam

Main article: Islam in Belgium
A Mosque in Lebbeke.

In 2015, according to the Eurobarometer survey made by the European Commission, 5.2% of the total Belgian population was Muslim.[1] One year later, Ipsos found that only 3% of the working-age, internet connected Belgian population declaring to be believers in Islam.[2]

As of 2015, it was estimated that 7% of the Belgians (781,887) were Muslims, including 329,749 in Flanders (forming 5.1% of the region's population), 174,136 in Wallonia (4.9%), and 277,867 in Brussels (23.6%).[17]

History

Southern part of the Low Countries with bishopry towns and abbeys, in about the 7th century.
Beguinage of Kortrijk, where the last one of the Beguines, a medieval Christian lay, semi-monastic order, died in 2013.

6th–7th century: Christianisation

After the Roman period, Christianity was brought back to the southern Low Countries by missionary saints like Willibrord and Amandus. In the 7th century, abbeys were founded in remote places, and it was mainly from these abbeys that the Christianization process was started. This process was expanded under the auspices of the Merovingian dynasty, and later by Charlemagne, who even waged war to impose the new religion.

16th century: Protestant Reformation

The Reformation Era was particularly influential in the confluence of currents that formed modern Belgium. In 1523, Belgium became the site of the first martyrdom of Lutherans by the Catholic Church, as two Augustinian monks, Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes, were burned at the stake in Brussels for their conversion to the Lutheran doctrine. Before the end of the century, however, Belgium was part of the Spanish Empire, which showed as little tolerance for complacent or liberal Catholics as for Protestants. One of the effects was that Catholics—fearing the Inquisition and preferring to live with Protestants who would, at least, tolerate them—migrated in large numbers to the Dutch Republic.

17th–18th century: Catholicism as the state religion

From the Spanish military conquest of 1592 until the re-establishment of religious freedom in 1781 by the Patent of Toleration under Joseph II of Austria, Catholicism was the only religion allowed, on penalty of death, in the territories now forming Belgium. However, a small number of Protestant groups managed to survive at Maria-Horebeke, Dour, Tournai, Eupen, and Hodimont.[18]

19th–20th century

Religion was one of the differences between the almost solidly Catholic south and the predominantly Protestant north of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, formed in 1815. The union broke up in 1830 when the south seceded to form the Kingdom of Belgium. In Belgium's first century, Catholicism was such a binding factor socially that it prevailed over the language divide (Dutch versus French). The decline in religion's importance as a social marker across late-20th-century Western Europe explains to a large extent the current centrifugal forces in Belgium, with language differences (increasingly reinforced by a positive feedback effect in the media) no longer being kept in check by a religious binding factor. If anything, the Catholic Church has acquiesced to these changes by having a Dutch-speaking university (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven) and a French-speaking university (Universite Catholique de Louvain).

Until the late 20th century, Catholicism played an important role in Belgian politics. One significant example was the so-called Schools' Wars (Dutch: schoolstrijd; French: guerres scolaires) between the country's philosophically left-wing parties (liberals at first, joined by Socialists later) and the Catholic party (later the Christian Democrats), which took place from 1879–1884 and from 1954–1958. Another important controversy happened in 1990, when the Catholic monarch, King Baudouin I, refused to ratify an abortion bill that had been approved by Parliament. The king asked Prime Minister Wilfried Martens and his government to find a solution, which proved novel. The government declared King Baudouin unfit to fulfill his constitutional duties as monarch for one day. Government ministers signed the bill in his place[19] and then proceeded to reinstate the king after the abortion law had come into effect.

21st century

Jain temple of Antwerp.

In 2002, the officially recognized Protestant denomination at the time, the United Protestant Church of Belgium[20] (consisting of around 100 member churches, usually with a Calvinist or Methodist past) and the unsubsidized Federal Synod of Protestant and Evangelical Churches (which had 600 member churches in 2008 but did not include all Evangelical and Charismatic groups outside the Catholic tradition) together formed the Administrative Council of the Protestant and Evangelical Religion (ARPEE in Dutch, CACPE in French). The council is now the accepted mouthpiece of Protestantism in all three linguistic communities of Belgium: Dutch, French, and German.

The 21st century has witnessed significant changes in the religious demography of Belgium, characterised by a rapid decline of Christianity and the growth of other religions, some of them brought by waves of immigration from foreign countries, including Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Chinese religions.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Eurobarometer 437: Discrimination in the EU in 2015. European Commission. Retrieved 15 October 2017 – via GESIS.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Religion, Ipsos Global Trends". Ipsos. 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. See also About Ipsos Global Trends survey for limitations
  3. ^ a b c Eurel-Données sociologiques et juridiques sur la religion en Europe. Also: L. Voyé, K. Dobbelaere, K. Abts. Autres temps, autres mœurs. Bruxelles, Ed. Racine-Campus, 2012.
  4. ^ Eurobarometer 341: Biotechnology Report (pdf). European Commission. p. 381. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  5. ^ "Religious Freedom in Belgium". Berkeley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Georgetown University. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  6. ^ Kerkfabriek van Geel-het Punt. "History of the Catholic Geel Church Council since 2005 (in Dutch)". Retrieved 10 April 2008.
  7. ^ "Kerken lopen zeer geleidelijk helemaal leeg - De Standaard". Standaard.be. 25 November 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  8. ^ "Met uitsterven bedreigd: de Brusselse kerkganger | Brusselnieuws" (in Dutch). Brusselnieuws.be. 30 November 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  9. ^ Auteur: Veerle Beel. "7 procent nog wekelijks naar de mis - Het Nieuwsblad". Nieuwsblad.be. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  10. ^ Hooghe, Marc; Quintelier, Ellen; Reeskens, Tim (2006). "Kerkpraktijk in Vlaanderen" [Church practice in Flanders] (PDF). Ethische Perspectieven (in Dutch). 16 (2): 121. doi:10.2143/EPN.16.2.2014176. ISSN 0778-6069. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2012: Figure 1 {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  11. ^ Belga (8 September 2017). "Ruim 800 mensen lieten zich vorig jaar "ontdopen" in Vlaanderen". VRT Nieuws. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  12. ^ a b Godwin, Colin (2013). "The Recent Growth of Pentecostalism in Belgium". International Bulletin of Missionary Research. 37 (2): 90–94. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  13. ^ "About Us". Pro-Cathedral of Holy Trinity, Brussels. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ "Le protestantisme en Belgique". Musée virtuel du Protestantisme.
  15. ^ "Global Religious Futures—Religions in Belgium". Pew-Templeton. 2015.
  16. ^ Eurobarometer 437: Discrimination in the EU in 2015. European Commission. Retrieved 15 October 2017 – via GESIS.
  17. ^ "Moslims in België per gewest, provincie en gemeentev". Npdata.be. 18 September 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  18. ^ Frank Rooze (inspector of protestant religious education). ""De Reformatie in vogelvlucht" or how Flemish Protestantism retreated to the North (in Dutch)". Retrieved 10 April 2008.
  19. ^ Montgomery, Paul L. (5 April 1990). "Belgian King, Unable to Sign Abortion Law, Takes Day Off". New York Times. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
  20. ^ UPCB. "Website of the United Protestant Church of Belgium (in Dutch)". Retrieved 10 April 2008.
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