Roxy Ann Peak
Roxy Ann Peak | |
---|---|
![]() Roxy Ann Peak overlooks Medford from the east. | |
Highest point | |
Elevation | 3,576 ft (1,090 m) NAVD 88[1] |
Prominence | 753 ft (230 m) NGVD 29[a] |
Coordinates | 42°21′18″N 122°47′07″W / 42.354992364°N 122.785277725°W[1] |
Geography | |
Location | Jackson County, Oregon, United States |
Parent range | Western Cascades |
Topo map | USGS Medford East |
Geology | |
Age of rock | 30–35 Ma[3] |
Volcanic arc | Cascade Volcanic Arc |
Climbing | |
Easiest route | Hike |
Roxy Ann Peak is a 3,576-foot-tall (1,090 m) mountain in the Western Cascade Range at the eastern edge of Medford, Oregon. Composed of several geologic layers, the majority of the peak is of volcanic origin and dates to the early Oligocene. It is primarily covered by oak savanna and open grassland on its lower slopes, and mixed coniferous forest on its upper slopes and summit. Despite the peak's relatively small topographic prominence of 753 feet (230 m), it rises 2,200 feet (670 m) above Medford and is visible from most of the Rogue Valley. The mountain is Medford's most important viewshed, open space reserve, and recreational resource.
The peak was originally settled 8,000 to 10,000 years ago by ancestors of the Latgawa Native American tribe. In the early 1850s, a sudden influx of non-indigenous settlers resulted in the Rogue River Wars. After the wars, the Latgawa were forced away from the region onto reservations. The peak was named in the late 1850s after one of its first landowners, Roxy Ann Bowen.
In 1883, the city of Medford was established to the west of the mountain, and became incorporated two years later. After acquiring a large amount of land from the Lions Club and the federal government between 1930 and 1933, the city created the 1,740-acre (704 ha) Prescott Park in 1937. The park protects much of the upper slopes and summit of the peak and remains largely undeveloped. The peak's southern foothills have some quickly expanding single-family residential subdivisions.
Geology
Roxy Ann Peak is part of the old and deeply eroded Western Cascades, along with nearby Pilot Rock, Grizzly Peak, and Baldy.[4][5] It is composed of several distinct geologic layers. The oldest layer, the 35- to 50-million-year-old Payne Cliffs Formation, forms the base of the peak and consists of sedimentary sandstone, shale, and conglomerates. Most of the rest of the mountain is made up of 30- to 35-million-year-old volcanic basalt, breccias, and agglomerates, known as the Roxy Formation.[3][6][7] These rocks are some of the oldest in the Cascades.[8] At the summit, younger basalt dikes and intrusions K–Ar dated to 30.82 ± 2 million years ago form a relatively erosion-resistant cap,[7] likely contributing to the peak's isolation and familiar conical shape.[3][6] Much of the lower slopes of Roxy Ann are covered by a 4-to-5-foot-thick (1.2 to 1.5 m) layer of dense, sticky clay.[3][9] Due to the clay's low shear strength, the soil is prone to creep, earthflows, and landslides. Several large subdivisions lie on top of these deposits, some of which are up to 20 feet (6.1 m) thick.[9]
The peak stands 3,576 feet (1,090 m) above sea level with a topographic prominence of 753 feet (230 m),[1][a] and rises 2,200 feet (670 m) above the surrounding Rogue Valley.[10] The unique rounded top, location, and height of the peak create a landmark distinguishable from as far away as Shady Cove, 15.5 miles (24.9 km) to the north, and the Siskiyou Summit, 23.5 miles (37.8 km) to the south.[11]
History
Early history
Humans have lived in the vicinity of Roxy Ann Peak for the past 8,000 to 10,000 years.[12] The first inhabitants were semi-nomadic, most likely living off edible bulbs and large mammals such as mastodons and giant bison.[13] Within the last millennium, the region became home to the Latgawa Native American tribe, who called the peak Al-wiya.[13][14][15] They probably used the mountain for gathering acorns and hunting black-tailed deer and small birds, animals which are still abundant there.[6][14]
The first European Americans to visit the area were a group of fur trappers led by Peter Skene Ogden who traveled north through the Rogue Valley on February 14, 1827.[12] The first non-indigenous settlers arrived a few decades later. The sudden increase in population created conflicts with the Latgawa, which ultimately led to the Rogue River Wars of 1855 and 1856. After the wars, the remaining Latgawa were forced hundreds of miles north to the Siletz Reservation on the central Oregon Coast.[13]
Early settlers named the peak Skinner Butte, after Alonzo A. Skinner, the Rogue Valley Indian agent between 1851 and 1853.[13][16][17] The current name of the mountain originates from one of its first residents, Roxy Ann Bowen. Two couples—Roxy Ann and her husband John McKee and Stephen and Mary Taylor—claimed almost the entire peak in 1853, and by the late 1850s, it came to be known as Roxy Ann Peak.[12][16][17]
In October 1883, construction of the Oregon and California Railroad was begun through the center of the Rogue Valley, bypassing Jacksonville, the county seat. The railroad company also constructed a train depot halfway between Central Point and Phoenix, and platted 82 city blocks around it. The townsite was named Medford in December.[18] In 1884, residents celebrated the town's first Independence Day by firing 38 cannon blasts—one for each U.S. state—from Roxy Ann Peak's summit.[16][19] Medford grew quickly, and was incorporated on February 24, 1885.[20]
Beginning in the early 1900s, the mountain's foothills were predominantly used for pear orchards and lignite mining. Mining ceased at the onset of World War I, and many of the orchards were abandoned during the Great Depression, but some still remain.[6]
Prescott Park
![Black plaque with gold letters commemorating George J. Prescott](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Prescott_Park_Plaque.jpg/220px-Prescott_Park_Plaque.jpg)
In 1929, the Lions Club purchased two sizable portions of land on the peak, and deeded 200 acres (80.9 ha) to Medford for recreational use the following year.[11][21][22] In 1931, the city acquired another 1,500 acres (607.0 ha) via the Recreation and Public Purposes Act,[23][24] and 40 acres (16 ha) more in 1933.[25][26] The park was dedicated in 1937 to George J. Prescott, a Lions Club leader and Medford police officer who was killed on duty on March 16, 1933.[6][27][28]
Starting in 1933, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) made the first improvements to Prescott Park, including constructing 18 miles (29 km) of trails and a 16-foot-wide (4.9 m) access road (Roxy Ann Road), creating several picnic areas and overlooks, and digging drainage ditches.[21][24][29] The CCC stopped work in 1942, soon after the beginning of World War II. Park maintenance ceased due to municipal budget problems, and gasoline rationing caused the number of visitors to drop markedly. By 1956, the CCC's improvements had suffered $110,000 in damage.[6] The trend of disrepair continued for several decades.[6][27]
During the late 1990s, the park experienced a surge in vandalism, littering, and wildfires caused by off-roading,[27][30] and Roxy Ann Road became nearly impassable because of lack of maintenance. Medford police officers had to devote much of their time to patrolling the mountain, made difficult by the park's remote location. To alleviate these problems, the city regraded Roxy Ann Road in 1998,[31] and installed two gates near the park entrance two years later.[27][30] By 2006, vandalism had decreased by 70 percent.[24]
At 1,740 acres (704.2 ha),[32][33][34] Prescott Park is Medford's largest park, covering much of the upper slopes and summit of Roxy Ann. It is two and a half times larger than the city's other parks combined.[32][35]
21st century
![Tall steel lattice structure with three platforms and various transmitting equipment](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Roxy_Ann_Tower.jpg/170px-Roxy_Ann_Tower.jpg)
Prescott Park and Roxy Ann Peak's upper slopes remain relatively undeveloped, being outside of Medford's city limits and urban growth boundary.[26][31][33] The summit of the peak is home to a 180-foot-tall (54.9 m) radio tower built in 2007; the new tower replaced three of four existing 80-foot (24 m) towers.[31][36] Roxy Ann Peak and nearby Baldy are the only two primary transmitter station sites in the Rogue Valley.[31]
Residential development of the mountain's southern foothills has been on the rise for several years,[37] primarily in the form of single-family residences.[31] Construction costs have continued to rise as well, in part because of a bill passed in 2003. Oregon House Bill 3375 required that new construction on slopes of 20 percent or greater with unstable soil undergo increased regulation and an extended approval process. The bill doubled the cost of new foundations to around $20,000 to $30,000, and the cost of retrofitting an existing structure approached $100,000.[38]
Roxy Ann Peak's southern foothills are also home to the RoxyAnn Winery, a Rogue Valley AVA winery founded in 2002.[39] On the opposite side of the mountain is the first bioreactor landfill in Southern Oregon, the Dry Creek Landfill, which began a program in 2006 to generate power from collected methane.[40][41]
On September 21, 2009, a wildfire broke out on Roxy Ann Peak's western slopes and consumed approximately 633 acres (256 ha).[42][43] It left 25,000 residents without electricity, forced the evacuation of over 100 homes,[44] and cost over $1.3 million to fight, but no structures were damaged.[42]
Flora and fauna
Roxy Ann Peak's high biodiversity is due to its wide range of elevations and its location between the Cascade, Klamath, and Eastern Cascade ecoregions.[45] The lower slopes of the peak support chaparral, oak savanna, and open grassland.[46] Scattered California black oak, Oregon white oak, and Pacific madrone trees grow in these areas,[46][47] as do sclerophyllous shrubs such as birchleaf mountain mahogany, sticky whiteleaf manzanita, buckbrush, antelope bitterbrush, and Pacific poison oak.[46][48] Common grasses include blue wildrye and prairie Junegrass. Wildflowers including Southern Oregon buttercup, common yarrow, and Tolmie star-tulip also grow in these regions.[49] At higher elevations, the vegetation transitions to mixed coniferous forest, dominated by Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, incense cedar, western juniper, and Pacific madrone trees.[45][50][51] Shrubs such as common snowberry, bearbrush, greenleaf manzanita, sticky whiteleaf manzanita, deerbrush, and Pacific poison oak make up the understory of the forest, along with herbaceous plants such as creeping snowberry and Idaho fescue.[45]
The peak is home to many species of birds, including blue-gray gnatcatchers, lazuli buntings, oak titmice, acorn woodpeckers, and California quail on the lower slopes, and mountain quail, mountain chickadees, and red-breasted nuthatches on the upper slopes.[50] Wild turkeys and raptors such as Cooper's hawks, golden eagles, bald eagles, and prairie falcons are also common.[27][52] A few species migrate to the peak in the winter, including ruby-crowned kinglets, yellow-rumped warblers, and golden-crowned sparrows.[50] Mammals that inhabit the mountain include black-tailed deer, cougars, bobcats, skunks, raccoons, coyotes, bears, weasels, and squirrels.[24][27][49] A large herd of Roosevelt elk frequent the peak's western foothills. The herd swelled to over 100 individuals in the mid-2000s, causing traffic problems and severe damage to local pear orchards, but shrank to about 40 members by 2009 after an Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife relocation effort.[53] Other common animals on the peak include western rattlesnakes and western blacklegged ticks.[24]
Recreation
![Brown, rock-strewn grassland in the foreground and a snow-covered mountain surrounded by forested hills in the distance](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/View_East_from_Roxy_Ann_Peak.jpg/220px-View_East_from_Roxy_Ann_Peak.jpg)
Roxy Ann Peak and Prescott Park serve as Medford's most important viewshed, open space reserve, and recreational resource.[37][40] Popular recreational activities on the peak include picnicking and hiking, mountain biking, and horseback riding on the 4 miles (6 km) of designated trails in Prescott Park, which range in difficulty from moderate to steep.[24][34][54] In August 2013, the city of Medford and the International Mountain Bicycling Association released a conceptual plan detailing future improvements to the park's trail system. The plan would add 30 miles (48 km) of new multi-use trails throughout the park, improve existing trails and trail signage, and add a new trailhead on the mountain's western slope, at an estimated cost of between $360,000 and $720,000.[54][55] If approved, construction on the first phase could begin by 2015.[54]
A challenge course opened in Prescott Park in April 2012, operated by the Tigard-based company Synergo. The course has 15 elements—eight low and seven high—each formed by various combinations of ropes, wires, platforms, ladders, and swings. They range from 2 to 40 feet (0.61 to 12 m) above the ground.[35][56]
The peak and park can be accessed via Roxy Ann Road on the southern side of the mountain. There are two gates on the road; the first is near the base of the peak and is opened and closed on a set schedule, and the second is about one mile beyond it at the park boundary, and is closed to all unauthorized motor vehicles.[24][57] One mile past the second gate, the road splits into a 2.7-mile-long (4.3 km) loop around the summit. Tower Road begins on the north side of the loop and ascends to the summit of the peak.[24] The peak offers expansive views of the surrounding landscape, including the Rogue Valley, Mount Ashland, Mount McLoughlin, Pilot Rock, the Crater Lake rim, and even Mount Thielsen, 66 miles (110 km) to the north, and Mount Shasta, 72 miles (120 km) to the south.[5][6][34][49]
See also
Notes and references
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d NGS 1991.
- ^ TopoQuest.
- ^ a b c d Young 2008, p. 10.
- ^ City of Ashland 2006.
- ^ a b Bernstein 2001, pp. 219–221.
- ^ a b c d e f g h LaLande 1983.
- ^ a b Wiley & Smith 1993.
- ^ Quinn 1998.
- ^ a b City of Medford 2008, p. 84; Medford Planning Department 2011, p. 50.
- ^ Young 2008, pp. 8–9.
- ^ a b Young 2008, p. 5; Medford Planning Department, p. 73.
- ^ a b c Young 2008, pp. 8–9; LaLande 1983; City of Medford 2006.
- ^ a b c d Young 2008, pp. 8–9; LaLande 1983.
- ^ a b Fattig 1998; Miller 2007.
- ^ Gray 1987, p. 75.
- ^ a b c Miller 2007.
- ^ a b Since You Asked 2006; Since You Asked 2002.
- ^ Southern Oregon History, Revised 2012.
- ^ Miller 2009.
- ^ Oregon Legislative Assembly 1891, p. 986.
- ^ a b LaLande 1983; City of Medford 2012, p. 47.
- ^ Since You Asked 2009.
- ^ City of Medford 2012, p. 47.
- ^ a b c d e f g h City of Medford 2006.
- ^ Young 2008, p. 5.
- ^ a b Medford Planning Department, p. 73.
- ^ a b c d e f Briskley 2003.
- ^ Officer Down Memorial Page.
- ^ Dunn 1993, p. 98.
- ^ a b Smith 2000.
- ^ a b c d e Young 2008, pp. 14–15.
- ^ a b Young 2008, p. 1.
- ^ a b City of Medford 2012, p. 8.
- ^ a b c Danielsson & Danielsson 2003, pp. 32–33.
- ^ a b Lemon 2012.
- ^ Miller 2006.
- ^ a b Medford Planning Department 2011, pp. 7–8; Medford Planning Department 2013, pp. 9–10.
- ^ Mann 2003.
- ^ RoxyAnn Winery.
- ^ a b Medford Planning Department, p. 108.
- ^ Medford Planning Department 2013, p. 62; Darling 2006.
- ^ a b Mann 2010; Stiles 2009.
- ^ Mail Tribune, Grass fire 2009.
- ^ Mail Tribune, Crews 2009; Achen 2009; Burke 2009.
- ^ a b c The Nature Conservancy 1975, p. 135.
- ^ a b c Young 2008, pp. 11–12; The Nature Conservancy 1975, p. 135.
- ^ Martin 2001.
- ^ Freeman 2008.
- ^ a b c Young 2008, pp. 11–12.
- ^ a b c Browning 1975, p. 19; Rakestraw 2007, p. 100.
- ^ Kettler 2003.
- ^ Browning 1975, p. 19.
- ^ Freeman 2009.
- ^ a b c Mann 2013.
- ^ IMBA 2013, pp. 10–13.
- ^ City of Medford & Synergo 2013.
- ^ Kettler 2001; Landers 2003.
Bibliography
Books
- Bernstein, Art (2001). "Roxy Ann Peak". Hiking Oregon's Southern Cascades and Siskiyous. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press. pp. 219–20. ISBN 978-1-56044-898-3. OCLC 47292698.
{{cite book}}
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suggested) (help) - Danielsson, Matt; Danielsson, Krissi (2003). A Bark in the Park. Montchanin, Delaware: Cruden Bay Books. ISBN 978-0-9744083-1-6. OCLC 56528636.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Dunn, Joy B., ed. (1993). Land in Common. Medford, Oregon: Southern Oregon Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-943388-11-3. OCLC 29427009.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - LaLande, Jeff (January 1983). A Historical Overview of Roxy Ann Peak and Prescott Park. Medford, Oregon. OCLC 30562815.
{{cite book}}
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(help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Oregon Legislative Assembly (1891). The Laws of Oregon. Salem, Oregon: Baker, Frank C.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Rakestraw, John (2007). Birding Oregon. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-0-7627-3913-4. OCLC 65165451.
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News articles
- Achen, Paris (September 22, 2009). "Medford fire chars 600 acres". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Retrieved September 22, 2009.
{{cite news}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Briskley, Jill (March 16, 2003). "Rededication ceremony honors Medford's first traffic officer who was shot and killed". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - Burke, Anita (September 21, 2009). "Medford fire leaves 25,000 without power, snarls traffic". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
{{cite news}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - "Crews protect evacuated houses, some residents likely to return home soon". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. September 21, 2009. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
- Darling, John (September 21, 2006). "Power Garbage". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Archived from the original on August 1, 2014. Retrieved February 29, 2008.
{{cite news}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
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suggested) (help) - Fattig, Paul (August 16, 1998). "Bits of lost Takelma language preserved". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Archived from the original on August 1, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
{{cite news}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
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suggested) (help) - Freeman, Mark (January 13, 2009). "Forbidden fruit solves elk problem". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
{{cite news}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Freeman, Mark (October 2, 2008). "Hidden 'danger'". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
{{cite news}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - "Grass fire on Roxy Ann threatens Medford homes; roads closed". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. September 21, 2009. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
- Kettler, Bill (April 3, 2001). "Prescott Park gets new gate". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Archived from the original on August 1, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
{{cite news}}
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suggested) (help) - Kettler, Bill (February 28, 2003). "Under bright skies or lost in fog, Prescott Park enchants". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Archived from the original on August 1, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2008.
{{cite news}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
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suggested) (help) - Landers, Meg (March 29, 2003). "Some Hillcrest Road residents want to keep off". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - Lemon, Sarah (June 18, 2012). "Challenge on the peak". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - Mann, Damian (December 6, 2003). "Foundation against sliding". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - Mann, Damian (September 20, 2010). "Medford fire area shows signs of life". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - Mann, Damian (August 21, 2013). "Roxy Ann Peak may get larger bike network". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - Martin, Melissa (November 14, 2001). "Shade Trees vs Power Lines". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Archived from the original on August 1, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2008.
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suggested) (help) - Miller, Bill (September 23, 2007). "A view of Roxy Ann Peak". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
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(help) - Miller, Bill (July 5, 2009). "How Medford celebrated the first big blast". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - Miller, Bill (December 31, 2006). "Tower will improve emergency services". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Archived from the original on August 1, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
{{cite news}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - Quinn, Beth (December 4, 1998). "Colossal quake will come". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
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suggested) (help) - Since You Asked (September 28, 2002). "Now then, Jennings, here it is". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - Since You Asked (January 1, 2009). "Prescott Park has its origins in 1929". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - Since You Asked (January 23, 2006). "Roxy Ann is named for pioneer woman". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
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(help) - Smith, Jessica (July 22, 2000). "Police, neighbors work together to curtail damage to Prescott Park". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Archived from the original on August 1, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2008.
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suggested) (help) - Stiles, Greg (September 22, 2009). "Crews have line around 633-acre Medford fire". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Retrieved September 22, 2009.
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Websites
- City of Ashland; National Park Service; Ashland Woodlands and Trails Association; Lewis, David R. (February 7, 2006). "Ashland Trails Master Plan: Appendix C: Geology". City of Ashland. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
- "Constable George J. Prescott". Officer Down Memorial Page. Archived from the original on August 3, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - "Medford News: 1883". Southern Oregon History, Revised. July 22, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
- "Roxy Ann". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- "RoxyAnn Winery". Mail Tribune. Archived from the original on September 2, 2013. Retrieved February 29, 2008.
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Other
- Browning, M. Ralph (1975). "The Distribution and Occurrence of the Birds of Jackson County, Oregon" (PDF). North American Fauna, Number 70. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
{{cite journal}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - "City of Medford Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan" (PDF). City of Medford. December 2008. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
- "City of Medford Comprehensive Plan: Regional Plan Element" (PDF). City of Medford. 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
- City of Medford; Synergo (March 2013). "Prescott Park Challenge Course" (PDF). City of Medford. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Gray, Dennis J. (1987). "The Takelma and Their Athapascan Neighbors" (PDF). Southern Oregon University. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 5, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - International Mountain Bicycling Association (August 2013). "Prescott Park Conceptual Trail Plan" (PDF). City of Medford. Retrieved November 15, 2013.[permanent dead link]
- Medford Planning Department (March 7, 2013). "City of Medford Comprehensive Plan: Conclusions, Goals, Policies, and Implementation Strategies" (PDF). City of Medford. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Medford Planning Department (October 6, 2011). "City of Medford Comprehensive Plan: Environmental Element" (PDF). City of Medford. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Medford Planning Department. "City of Medford Comprehensive Plan: Public Facilities Element" (PDF). Retrieved November 16, 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - The Nature Conservancy (1975). "Natural Area Identification and Protection" (PDF). Oregon State University. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - "Prescott Park" (PDF). City of Medford. December 29, 2006. Retrieved January 30, 2008.
- United States Geological Survey (December 17, 2013). Rio Canyon quadrangle (Topographic map). Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey. Retrieved December 17, 2013 – via TopoQuest.
- Wiley, Thomas J.; Smith, James G. (1993). Preliminary Geologic Map of the Medford East, Medford West, Eagle Point, and Sams Valley Quadrangles, Jackson County, Oregon (Map). Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. OCLC 31263986.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Young, Pete (April 15, 2008). "2008 Prescott Park Master Plan" (PDF). City of Medford Parks Commission. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
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External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)