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Scottish Parliament

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For the national legislative body before 1707, see Parliament of Scotland.

Scottish Parliament

Template:Lang-gd
Template:Lang-sco
4th Parliament
Coat of Arms of Scottish Parliament
Type
Type
History
Founded12 May 1999 (1999-05-12) (With roots from the Parliament of Scotland ca. 1235)
Leadership
Tricia Marwick MSP
since 11 May 2011
Joe Fitzpatrick MSP, SNP
since 5 September 2012
Structure
Seats129
Scottish Parliament political groups
Government
  •   SNP (64)

Opposition

Presiding Officer

Scottish Parliament committees
  • Audit
  • Equal Opportunities
  • Europe and External Relations
  • Finance
  • Procedures
  • Public Petitions
  • Standards and Public Appointments
  • Subordinate Legislation
  • Economy, Energy and Tourism
  • Education, Lifelong Learning and Culture
  • Health and Sport
  • Justice
  • Local Government and Communities
  • Rural Affairs and Environment
  • Scottish Parliamentary Pensions Scheme
  • Transport, Infrastructure and Climate Change
Elections
Scottish Parliament voting system
Additional Member System
Last Scottish Parliament election
5 May 2011
Next Scottish Parliament election
5 May 2016
Meeting place
Debating Chamber, Scottish Parliament Building
Scottish Parliament Building, Holyrood, Edinburgh
Website
www.parliament.scot
This article is part of a series within the
Politics of the United Kingdom on the
Politics of Scotland
The Crown

Charles III

William, Duke of Rothesay

Executive

Swinney government

The Rt Hon John Swinney MSP

Kate Forbes MSP

Legislature

Sixth session

Alison Johnstone MSP

Law and justice

Angela Constance MSP

Dorothy Bain KC

The Rt Hon Lord Carloway KC PC

Elections and referendums
Scottish Parliament elections

United Kingdom Parliament elections

European Parliament elections

Local elections

Referendums
Scotland and the United Kingdom

Sunak ministry

The Rt Hon Keir Starmer MP

The Rt Hon Ian Murray MP

Administration

The Scottish Parliament (Template:Lang-gd; Scots: The Scots Pairlament)[2][3][4] is the devolved national, unicameral legislature of Scotland. Located in the Holyrood area of the capital city, Edinburgh, it is frequently referred to informally as "Holyrood".[5]

The Parliament is a democratically elected body comprising 129 members known as Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs), elected for four-year terms under the additional member system: 73 MSPs represent individual geographical constituencies elected by the plurality ("first past the post") system, while a further 56 are returned from eight additional member regions, each electing seven MSPs.[6] The most recent general election to the Parliament was held on 5 May 2011.

The original Parliament of Scotland (or "Estates of Scotland") was the national legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland, and existed from the early 13th century until the Kingdom of Scotland merged with the Kingdom of England under the Acts of Union 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.[7] As a consequence, both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England ceased to exist, and the Parliament of Great Britain, which sat at Westminster in London[7] was formed.

Following a referendum in 1997, in which the Scottish electorate voted for devolution, the current Parliament was convened by the Scotland Act 1998, which sets out its powers as a devolved legislature. The Act delineates the legislative competence of the Parliament – the areas in which it can make laws – by explicitly specifying powers that are "reserved" to the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster.[8] The British Parliament retains the ability to amend the terms of reference of the Scottish Parliament, and can extend or reduce the areas in which it can make laws.[9] The first meeting of the new Parliament took place on 12 May 1999.[10]

History of the Scottish parliament

Main article: History of Scottish devolution

Before the Treaty of Union 1707 combined the Kingdom of Scots and the Kingdom of England into a new state called "Great Britain", Scotland had an independent parliament known as the Parliament of Scotland. Initial Scottish proposals in the negotiation over the Union suggested a devolved Parliament be retained in Scotland, but this was not accepted by the English negotiators.[11]

For the next three hundred years, Scotland was directly governed by the Parliament of Great Britain and the subsequent Parliament of the United Kingdom, both seated at Westminster, and the lack of a Parliament of Scotland remained an important element in Scottish national identity.[12] Suggestions for a 'devolved' Parliament were made before 1914, but were shelved due to the outbreak of the First World War.[12] A sharp rise in nationalism in Scotland during the late 1960s fuelled demands for some form of home rule or complete independence, and in 1969 prompted the incumbent Labour government of Harold Wilson to set up the Kilbrandon Commission to consider the British constitution.[12] One of the principal objectives of the commission was to examine ways of enabling more self-government for Scotland, within the unitary state of the United Kingdom.[12] Kilbrandon published his report in 1973 recommending the establishment of a directly elected Scottish Assembly to legislate for the majority of domestic Scottish affairs.[13]

During this time, the discovery of oil in the North Sea and the following "It's Scotland's oil" campaign of the Scottish National Party (SNP) resulted in rising support for Scottish independence, as well as the SNP. The party argued that the revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should.[12] The combined effect of these events led to Prime Minister Wilson committing his government to some form of devolved legislature in 1974.[12] However, it was not until 1978 that final legislative proposals for a Scottish Assembly were passed by the United Kingdom Parliament.

Under the terms of the Scotland Act 1978, an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh provided that the majority of the Scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 March 1979 that represented at least 40% of the total electorate. The 1979 Scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly failed. Although the vote was 51.6% in favour of a Scottish Assembly, this figure did not equal the 40% of the total electorate threshold deemed necessary to pass the measure, as 32.9% of the eligible voting population did not, or had been unable to, vote.[14]

In 1979 after the Scottish devolution referendum, a pressure group called The Scotland UN Committee was founded. It took the Scottish case for self-determination, to the United Nations and other international authorities such as the EEC Parliament, the Council of Europe, the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.[15]

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, demand for a Scottish Parliament grew, in part because the government of the United Kingdom was controlled by the Conservative Party, while Scotland itself elected relatively few Conservative MPs.[12] In the aftermath of the 1979 referendum defeat, the Campaign for a Scottish Assembly was initiated as a pressure group, leading to the 1989 Scottish Constitutional Convention with various organisations such as Scottish churches, political parties and representatives of industry taking part. Publishing its blueprint for devolution in 1995, the Convention provided much of the basis for the structure of the Parliament.[16]

Devolution continued to be part of the platform of the Labour Party which, in May 1997, took power under Tony Blair.[12] In September 1997, the 1997 Scottish devolution referendum was put to the Scottish electorate and secured a majority in favour of the establishment of a new devolved Scottish Parliament, with tax-varying powers, in Edinburgh.[17] An election was held on 6 May 1999, and on 1 July of that year power was transferred from Westminster to the new Parliament.[18]

Building and grounds

Main article: Scottish Parliament Building
The public entrance of the Scottish Parliament building, opened in October 2004

Since September 2004, the official home of the Scottish Parliament has been a new Scottish Parliament Building, in the Holyrood area of Edinburgh. The Scottish Parliament building was designed by Spanish architect Enric Miralles in partnership with local Edinburgh Architecture firm RMJM which was led by Design Principal Tony Kettle. Some of the principal features of the complex include leaf-shaped buildings, a grass-roofed branch merging into adjacent parkland and gabion walls formed from the stones of previous buildings. Throughout the building there are many repeated motifs, such as shapes based on Raeburn's Skating Minister.[19] Crow-stepped gables and the upturned boat skylights of the Garden Lobby, complete the unique[20] architecture. Queen Elizabeth II opened the new building on 9 October 2004.

In March 2006, one of the Holyrood building's roof beams slipped out of its support and was left dangling above the back benches during a debate.[21] The debating chamber was subsequently closed, and MSPs moved to The Hub for one week, whilst inspections were carried out.[22] During repairs, all chamber business was conducted in the Parliament's committee room two.

Temporary accommodation 1999–2004

Whilst the permanent building at Holyrood was being constructed, the Parliament's temporary home was the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh.[23] Official photographs and television interviews were held in the courtyard adjoining the Assembly Hall, which is part of the School of Divinity of the University of Edinburgh. This building was vacated twice to allow for the meeting of the Church's General Assembly. In May 2000, the Parliament was temporarily relocated to the former Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber in Glasgow, and to the University of Aberdeen in May 2002.[24]

In addition to the General Assembly Hall, the Parliament also used buildings rented from the City of Edinburgh Council. The former administrative building of Lothian Regional Council on George IV Bridge was used for the MSP's offices. Following the move to Holyrood in 2004 this building was demolished. The former Midlothian County Buildings facing Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge in Edinburgh (originally built as the headquarters of the pre-1975 Midlothian County Council) housed the Parliament's visitors' centre and shop, whilst the main hall was used as the Parliament's principal committee room.

Officials

Queen Elizabeth II at the opening of the Scottish Parliament on July 1, 1999 alongside then First Minister of Scotland Donald Dewar and then Presiding Officer Lord Steel of Aikwood

After each election to the Scottish Parliament, at the beginning of each parliamentary session, Parliament elects one MSP to serve as Presiding Officer, the equivalent of the speaker (currently Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith and John Scott). The Presiding Officer and deputies are elected by a secret ballot of the 129 MSPs, which is the only secret ballot conducted in the Scottish Parliament. Principally, the role of the Presiding Officer is to chair chamber proceedings and the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body.[25] When chairing meetings of the Parliament, the Presiding Officer and his/her deputies must be politically impartial.[26] During debates, the Presiding Officer (or the deputy) is assisted by the parliamentary clerks, who give advice on how to interpret the standing orders that govern the proceedings of meetings. A vote clerk sits in front of the Presiding Officer and operates the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks.[27]

As a member of the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body, the Presiding Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament functions effectively and has the staff, property and resources it requires to operate.[28] Convening the Parliamentary Bureau, which allocates time and sets the work agenda in the chamber, is another of the roles of the Presiding Officer. Under the Standing Orders of the Parliament the Bureau consists of the Presiding Officer and one representative from each political parties with five or more seats in the Parliament. Amongst the duties of the Bureau are to agree the timetable of business in the chamber, establish the number, remit and membership of parliamentary committees and regulate the passage of legislation (bills) through the Parliament. The Presiding Officer also represents the Scottish Parliament at home and abroad in an official capacity.[26]

The Presiding Officer controls debates by calling on members to speak. If a member believes that a rule (or standing order) has been breached, he or she may raise a "point of order", on which the Presiding Officer makes a ruling that is not subject to any debate or appeal. The Presiding Officer may also discipline members who fail to observe the rules of the Parliament.[26]

The member of the Scottish Government whose duty it is to steer Executive business through Parliament is the Minister for Parliamentary Business (currently Joe FitzPatrick). The minister is appointed by the First Minister and is a Junior Minister in the Scottish Government, who does not attend cabinet.

Parliamentary chamber

Seating in the debating chamber is arranged in a semicircle, with ministers sitting in the front section of the semicircle, directly opposite the presiding officer and parliamentary clerks.

The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament has seating arranged in a hemicycle, which reflects the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members.[27] There are 131 seats in the debating chamber. Of the total 131 seats, 129 are occupied by the Parliament's elected MSPs and 2 are seats for the Scottish Law Officers – the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General for Scotland, who are not elected members of the Parliament but are members of the Scottish Government. As such the Law Officers may attend and speak in the plenary meetings of the Parliament but, as they are not elected MSPs, cannot vote. Members are able to sit anywhere in the debating chamber, but typically sit in their party groupings.[27] The First Minister, Scottish cabinet ministers and Law officers sit in the front row, in the middle section of the chamber. The largest party in the Parliament sits in the middle of the semicircle, with opposing parties on either side.[27] The Presiding Officer, parliamentary clerks and officials sit opposite members at the front of the debating chamber.

In front of the Presiding Officers' desk is the parliamentary mace, which is made from silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers and inscribed with the words: Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity. The words There shall be a Scottish Parliament, which are the first words of the Scotland Act, are inscribed around the head of the mace,[29] which has a formal ceremonial role in the meetings of Parliament, reinforcing the authority of the Parliament in its ability to make laws.[30] Presented to the Scottish Parliament by the Queen upon its official opening in July 1999, the mace is displayed in a glass case suspended from the lid. At the beginning of each sitting in the chamber, the lid of the case is rotated so that the mace is above the glass, to symbolise that a full meeting of the Parliament is taking place.[27]

Proceedings

Parliament typically sits Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays from early January to late June and from early September to mid December, with two-week recesses in April and October.[31] Plenary meetings in the debating chamber usually take place on Wednesday afternoons from 2 pm to 6 pm and on Thursdays from 9:15 am to 6 pm.[31] Chamber debates and committee meetings are open to the public. Entry is free, but booking in advance is recommended due to limited space. Meetings are broadcast on the Parliament's own channel Holyrood.tv[32] and on the BBC's parliamentary channel BBC Parliament. Proceedings are also recorded in text form, in print and online, in the Official Report, which is the substantially verbatim[33] transcript of parliamentary debates.

The first item of business on Wednesdays is usually Time for Reflection,[34] at which a speaker addresses members for up to four minutes, sharing a perspective on issues of faith. This contrasts with the formal style of "Prayers", which is the first item of business in meetings of the House of Commons. Speakers are drawn from across Scotland and are chosen to represent the balance of religious beliefs according to the Scottish census.[34] Invitations to address Parliament in this manner are determined by the Presiding Officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau. Faith groups can make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to nominate speakers.

The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer) decides who speaks in chamber debates and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak.[26] Normally, the Presiding Officer tries to achieve a balance between different viewpoints and political parties when selecting members to speak.[27] Typically, ministers or party leaders open debates, with opening speakers given between 5 and 20 minutes, and succeeding speakers allocated less time.[27] The Presiding Officer can reduce speaking time if a large number of members wish to participate in the debate. Debate is more informal than in some parliamentary systems.[35] Members may call each other directly by name, rather than by constituency or cabinet position, and hand clapping is allowed.[36] Speeches to the chamber are normally delivered in English, but members may use Scots, Gaelic, or any other language with the agreement of the Presiding Officer.[37] The Scottish Parliament has conducted debates in the Gaelic language.[38]

Each sitting day, normally at 5 pm, MSPs decide on all the motions and amendments that have been moved that day. This "Decision Time" is heralded by the sounding of the division bell, which is heard throughout the Parliamentary campus and alerts MSPs who are not in the chamber to return and vote.[27] At Decision Time, the Presiding Officer puts questions on the motions and amendments by reading out the name of the motion or amendment as well as the proposer and asking "Are we all agreed?", to which the chamber first votes orally. If there is audible dissent, the Presiding Officer announces "There will be a division" and members vote by means of electronic consoles on their desks. Each MSP has a unique access card with a microchip which, when inserted into the console, identifies them and allows them to vote.[27] As a result, the outcome of each division is known in seconds.

The outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand since political parties normally instruct members which way to vote. Parties entrust some MSPs, known as whips, with the task of ensuring that party members vote according to the party line.[39] MSPs do not tend to vote against such instructions, since those who do are unlikely to reach higher political ranks in their parties.[40] Errant members can be deselected as official party candidates during future elections, and, in serious cases, may be expelled from their parties outright.[41] Thus, as with many Parliaments, the independence of Members of the Scottish Parliament tends to be low, and backbench rebellions by members who are discontent with their party's policies are rare.[41] In some circumstances, however, parties announce "free votes", which allows Members to vote as they please. This is typically done on moral issues.[42]

Immediately after Decision Time a "Members Debate" is held, which lasts for 45 minutes.[27] Members Business is a debate on a motion proposed by an MSP who is not a Scottish minister. Such motions are on issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency, an upcoming or past event or any other item which would otherwise not be accorded official parliamentary time. As well as the proposer, other members normally contribute to the debate. The relevant minister, whose department the debate and motion relate to "winds up" the debate by speaking after all other participants.

Committees

Main article: Committees of the Scottish Parliament
Private Bill Committees are set up to deal with the legislation required for major public sector infrastructure projects, such as the underground extensions to the National Gallery of Scotland in 2003.

Much of the work of the Scottish Parliament is done in committee. The role of committees is stronger in the Scottish Parliament than in other parliamentary systems, partly as a means of strengthening the role of backbenchers in their scrutiny of the government[43] and partly to compensate for the fact that there is no revising chamber. The principal role of committees in the Scottish Parliament is to take evidence from witnesses, conduct inquiries and scrutinise legislation.[44] Committee meetings take place on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday morning when Parliament is sitting. Committees can also meet at other locations throughout Scotland.[45]

Committees comprise a small number of MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament.[44] There are different committees with their functions set out in different ways. Mandatory Committees are committees which are set down under the Scottish Parliament's standing orders, which govern their remits and proceedings.[46] The current Mandatory Committees in the fourth Session of the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations; Finance; Public Petitions; Standards, Procedures and Public Appointments; and Delegated Powers and Law Reform.[44]

Subject Committees are established at the beginning of each parliamentary session, and again the members on each committee reflect the balance of parties across Parliament. Typically each committee corresponds with one (or more) of the departments (or ministries) of the Scottish Government. The current Subject Committees in the fourth Session are: Economy, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture; Health and Sport; Justice; Local Government and Regeneration; Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment; Welfare Reform; and Infrastructure and Capital Investment.[44]

A further type of committee is normally set up to scrutinise private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government. Private bills normally relate to large-scale development projects such as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property.[47] Private Bill Committees have been set up to consider legislation on issues such as the development of the Edinburgh Tram Network, the Glasgow Airport Rail Link, the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link and extensions to the National Gallery of Scotland.[48]

Legislative functions

Constitution and powers

The Scotland Act 1998, which was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II on 19 November 1998,[49] governs the functions and role of the Scottish Parliament and delimits its legislative competence. The Scotland Act 2012 extends the devolved competencies. For the purposes of parliamentary sovereignty, the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster continues to constitute the supreme legislature of Scotland.[50] However, under the terms of the Scotland Act, Westminster agreed to devolve some of its responsibilities over Scottish domestic policy to the Scottish Parliament.[50] Such "devolved matters" include education, health, agriculture and justice.[51] The Scotland Act enabled the Scottish Parliament to pass primary legislation on these issues. A degree of domestic authority, and all foreign policy, remain with the UK Parliament in Westminster.[51] The Scottish Parliament has the power to pass laws and has limited tax-varying capability.[52] Another of the roles of the Parliament is to hold the Scottish Government to account.[53]

The specific devolved matters are all subjects which are not explicitly stated in Schedule 5 to the Scotland Act as reserved matters. All matters that are not specifically reserved are automatically devolved to the Scottish Parliament.[51] Most importantly, this includes agriculture, fisheries and forestry, economic development, education, environment, food standards, health, home affairs, Scots law – courts, police and fire services, local government, sport and the arts, transport, training, tourism, research and statistics and social work.[51] The Scottish Parliament has the ability to alter income tax in Scotland by up to 3 pence in the pound.[52] The 2012 Act conferred further fiscal devolution including borrowing powers and some other unconnected matters such as setting speed limits and control of air guns.

Reserved matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament.[52] The Scottish Parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to, and dealt with at, Westminster (and where Ministerial functions usually lie with UK Government ministers). These include abortion, broadcasting policy, civil service, common markets for UK goods and services, constitution, electricity, coal, oil, gas, nuclear energy, defence and national security, drug policy, employment, foreign policy and relations with Europe, most aspects of transport safety and regulation, National Lottery, protection of borders, social security and stability of UK's fiscal, economic and monetary system.[51]

Members of the public take part in Parliament in two ways that are not the case at Westminster: a public petitioning system, and cross-party groups on policy topics which the interested public join and attend meetings of, alongside MSPs.[54] The Parliament is able to debate any issue (including those reserved to Westminster) but is unable to make laws on issues that are outside its legislative competence.

Bills

After a bill has passed through all legislative stages, it becomes an Act of the Scottish Parliament.

As the Scottish Parliament is able to make laws on the areas constitutionally devolved to it, the legislative process begins with bills (draft laws) which are presented to Parliament.[55]

Bills can be introduced to Parliament in a number of ways; the Scottish Government can introduce new laws or amendments to existing laws as a bill; a committee of the Parliament can present a bill in one of the areas under its remit; a member of the Scottish Parliament can introduce a bill as a private member; or a private bill can be submitted to Parliament by an outside proposer.[55] Most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party. Bills pass through Parliament in a number of stages:[56]

Stage 1 is the first, or introductory stage of the bill, where the minister or member in charge of the bill will formally introduce it to Parliament together with its accompanying documents – Explanatory Notes, a Policy Memorandum setting out the policy underlying the bill, and a Financial Memorandum setting out the costs and savings associated with it.[56] Statements from the Presiding Officer and the member in charge of the bill are also lodged indicating whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament. Stage 1 usually takes place, initially, in the relevant committee or committees and is then submitted to the whole Parliament for a full debate in the chamber on the general principles of the bill.[56] If the whole Parliament agrees in a vote to the general principles of the bill, it then proceeds to Stage 2.

Stage 2 is normally conducted entirely in the relevant committee, where amendments to the bill are proposed by committee members. At this stage, the bill is considered in substantial detail. Some bills – and all emergency bills – are considered in detail by a committee of the whole Parliament in the debating chamber; the Presiding Officer acts as convener of the committee in such circumstances.[57]

Stage 3 is the final stage of the bill and is considered at a meeting of the whole Parliament. This stage comprises two parts: consideration of amendments to the bill as a general debate, and a final vote on the bill. Opposition members can table "wrecking amendments" to the bill, designed to thwart further progress and take up parliamentary time, to cause the bill to fall without a final vote being taken.[58] After a general debate on the final form of the bill, members proceed to vote at Decision Time on whether they agree to the general principles of the final bill.[57]

Royal assent: After the bill has been passed, the Presiding Officer submits it to the Monarch for royal assent and it becomes an Act of the Scottish Parliament. However he cannot do so until a 4-week period has elapsed, during which the Law Officers of the Scottish Government or UK Government can refer the bill to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom for a ruling on whether it is within the powers of the Parliament.[59] Acts of the Scottish Parliament do not begin with a conventional enacting formula. Instead they begin with a phrase that reads: "The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament on [Date] and received royal assent on [Date]".

Scrutiny of government

The result for the Kelvin constituency being declared at the Scottish Parliament election, 2007. Ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament are held on the first Thursday in May every four years.

The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament forms the Scottish Government. In contrast to many other parliamentary systems, Parliament elects a First Minister from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term (after a general election).[60] Any member can put their name forward to be First Minister, and a vote is taken by all members of Parliament. Normally, the leader of the largest party is returned as First Minister, and head of the Scottish Government.[60] Theoretically, Parliament also elects the Scottish Ministers who form the government of Scotland and sit in the Scottish cabinet, but such ministers are, in practice, appointed to their roles by the First Minister.[61] Junior ministers, who do not attend cabinet, are also appointed to assist Scottish ministers in their departments. Most ministers and their juniors are drawn from amongst the elected MSPs, with the exception of Scotland's Chief Law Officers: the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General.[31] Whilst the First Minister chooses the ministers – and may decide to remove them at any time – the formal appointment or dismissal is made by the Sovereign.[61]

Under the Scotland Act 1998, ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament are held on the first Thursday in May every four years (1999, 2003, 2007 and so on).[62] The date of the poll may be varied by up to one month either way by the Monarch on the proposal of the Presiding Officer.[62] If the Parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved (with at least two-thirds of the Members voting in favour), or if the Parliament fails to nominate one of its members to be First Minister within 28 days of a General Election or of the position becoming vacant,[63] the Presiding Officer proposes a date for an extraordinary general election and the Parliament is dissolved by the Queen by royal proclamation. Extraordinary general elections are in addition to ordinary general elections, unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election, in which case they supplant it. The following ordinary election reverts to the first Thursday in May, a multiple of four years after 1999 (i.e., 5 May 2011, 7 May 2015, etc.).[64]

Several procedures enable the Scottish Parliament to scrutinise the Government.[53] The First Minister or members of the cabinet can deliver statements to Parliament upon which MSPs are invited to question. For example, at the beginning of each parliamentary year, the First Minister delivers a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme for the forthcoming year.[65] After the statement has been delivered, the leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs question the First Minister on issues related to the substance of the statement.[66]

Parliamentary time is also set aside for question periods in the debating chamber. A "General Question Time" takes place on a Thursday between 11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m. where members can direct questions to any member of the Scottish Government.[31] At 2.30pm, a 40-minute long themed "Question Time" takes place, where members can ask questions of ministers in departments that are selected for questioning that sitting day, such as health and justice or education and transport.[31] Between 12 p.m. and 12:30 p.m. on Thursdays, when Parliament is sitting, First Minister's Question Time takes place.[31] This gives members an opportunity to question the First Minister directly on issues under their jurisdiction. Opposition leaders ask a general question of the First Minister and then supplementary questions. Such a practice enables a "lead-in" to the questioner, who then uses their supplementary question to ask the First Minister any issue. The four general questions available to opposition leaders are:

  • To ask the First Minister what engagements he/she has planned for the rest of the day?
  • To ask the First Minister when he/she next plans to meet the Prime Minister and what issues they intend to discuss?;
  • To ask the First Minister when he/she next plans to meet the Secretary of State for Scotland and what issues they intend to discuss? and
  • To ask the First Minister what issues he/she intends to discuss at the next meeting of the Scottish Government's cabinet?.

Members who wish to ask general or themed questions, or questions of the First Minister, must lodge them with parliamentary clerks beforehand and selections are made by the Presiding Officer. Written questions may also be submitted by members to ministers. Written questions and answers are published in the Official Report.[31]

Members, constituencies and voting systems

The 2003 election's 129 Members of the Scottish Parliament; 73 represented individual constituencies and 56 represented eight additional member regions

Elections for the Scottish Parliament were amongst the first in Britain to use a mixed member proportional representation (MMS) system.[67] The system is a form of the additional member method of proportional representation (PR), and is better known as such in Britain. Under the system, voters are given two votes: one for a specific candidate and one for a political party.

Of the 129 MSPs, 73 are elected to represent first past the post constituencies and are known as "Constituency MSPs".[6] Voters choose one member to represent the constituency, and the member with most votes is returned as a constituency MSP. The 73 Scottish Parliament constituencies shared the same boundaries as the UK Parliament constituencies in Scotland, prior to the 2005 reduction in the number of Scottish MPs, with the exception of Orkney and Shetland which each return their own constituency MSP. Currently, the average Scottish Parliament constituency comprises 55,000 electors.[68] Given the geographical distribution of population in Scotland, this results in constituencies of a smaller area in the Central Lowlands, where the bulk of Scotland's population live, and much larger constituency areas in the north and west of the country, which have a low population density. The island archipelagos of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles comprise a much smaller number of electors, due to their dispersed population and distance from the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh.[68] If a Constituency MSP resigns from Parliament, this triggers a by-election in his or her constituency, where a replacement MSP is returned from one of the parties by the plurality system.[67]

The remaining 56 MSPs, called "List MSPs", are elected by an additional members system, which seeks to make the overall results more proportional, countering any distortions in the constituency results. Seven List MSPs are elected from each of eight electoral regions, of which constituencies are sub-divisions:[69]

Each political party draws up a list of candidates standing in each electoral region, from which the List MSPs are elected.[70] When a List MSP resigns, the next person on the resigning MSPs' party's list takes the seat.[71]

The total number of seats in the Parliament are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method. For example, to determine who is awarded the first list seat, the number of list votes cast for each party is divided by one plus the number of seats the party won in the region (at this point just constituency seats). The party with the highest quotient is awarded the seat, which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat. This is repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated.[70]

As in the House of Commons, a number of qualifications apply to being an MSP. Such qualifications were introduced under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981. Specifically, members must be over the age of 18[72] and must be a citizen of the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, one of the countries in the Commonwealth of Nations, a citizen of a British overseas territory, or a European Union citizen resident in the UK.[73] Members of the police and the armed forces are disqualified from sitting in the Scottish Parliament as elected MSPs, and similarly, civil servants and members of foreign legislatures are disqualified.[73] An individual may not sit in the Scottish Parliament if he or she is judged to be insane under the terms of the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003.[73]

Elections

Percentage2021 Scottish Parliament election2016 Scottish Parliament election2011 Scottish Parliament election2007 Scottish Parliament election2003 Scottish Parliament election1999 Scottish Parliament election
Percentage of seats won in each election by political group, 1999 to 2021. Left to right:
  Labour
  Lib Dem
  Independent
  SSCUP
  Conservative
  Socialist
  Greens
  SNP
The Union Flag, Flag of Scotland, and Flag of Europe flying outside the Parliament

There have been four elections to the Parliament, in 1999, 2003, 2007 and 2011.

The next election is due to be held on 5 May 2016.[74] This will be five years (not the usual four) after the previous election date, an option which has been authorised to avoid a clash of dates with elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in London. The original clash went unnoticed by UK Conservative and Liberal Democrats during negotiations establishing the UK coalition government.[75]

As with all elections in the UK, Irish and qualifying Commonwealth citizens are entitled to vote.[76] Unlike elections to the Westminster parliament, citizens of other non-Commonwealth EU member states who are resident in Scotland are entitled to vote in elections to the Scottish Parliament. Overseas electors on Scottish electoral registers are not allowed to vote in Scottish Parliament elections.

2011 result

Main article: Scottish Parliament election, 2011

Template:Scottish Parliament election

|- ! style="background-color: #FDF38E;" | | style="text-align:left;" |SNP | style="text-align:right;" | 902,915 | style="text-align:right;" | 45.39 | style="text-align:right;" | +12.46 | style="text-align:right;" | 53 | style="text-align:right;" | +32 | style="text-align:right;" | 876,421 | style="text-align:right;" | 44.04 | style="text-align:right;" | +13.03 | style="text-align:right;" | 16 | style="text-align:right;" | −9 | style="text-align:right;" | 69 | style="text-align:right;" | +23 | style="text-align:right;" | 53.49 |-

|- ! style="background-color: #E4003B;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Labour | style="text-align:right;" | 630,461 | style="text-align:right;" | 31.69 | style="text-align:right;" | −0.45 | style="text-align:right;" | 15 | style="text-align:right;" | −20 | style="text-align:right;" | 523,559 | style="text-align:right;" | 26.31 | style="text-align:right;" | −2.85 | style="text-align:right;" | 22 | style="text-align:right;" | +13 | style="text-align:right;" | 37 | style="text-align:right;" | −7 | style="text-align:right;" | 28.68 |-

|- ! style="background-color: #0087DC;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Conservative | style="text-align:right;" | 276,652 | style="text-align:right;" | 13.91 | style="text-align:right;" | −2.69 | style="text-align:right;" | 3 | style="text-align:right;" | −3 | style="text-align:right;" | 245,967 | style="text-align:right;" | 12.36 | style="text-align:right;" | −1.55 | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | style="text-align:right;" | −2 | style="text-align:right;" | 15 | style="text-align:right;" | −5 | style="text-align:right;" | 11.63 |-

|- ! style="background-color: #FAA61A;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Liberal Democrats | style="text-align:right;" | 157,714 | style="text-align:right;" | 7.93 | style="text-align:right;" | −8.25 | style="text-align:right;" | 2 | style="text-align:right;" | −9 | style="text-align:right;" | 103,472 | style="text-align:right;" | 5.20 | style="text-align:right;" | −6.10 | style="text-align:right;" | 3 | style="text-align:right;" | −3 | style="text-align:right;" | 5 | style="text-align:right;" | −12 | style="text-align:right;" | 3.88 |-

|- ! style="background-color: #00B140;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Scottish Green | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | 87,060 | style="text-align:right;" | 4.38 | style="text-align:right;" | +0.33 | style="text-align:right;" | 2 | style="text-align:right;" | +1 | style="text-align:right;" | 2 | style="text-align:right;" | +1 | style="text-align:right;" | 1.55 |-

|- ! style="background-color: #DCDCDC;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Independent | style="text-align:right;" | 12,357 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.62 | style="text-align:right;" | −0.62 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 22,306 | style="text-align:right;" | 1.12 | style="text-align:right;" | +0.08 | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.78 |-

|- ! style="background-color: #CC66CC;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Scottish Senior Citizens | style="text-align:right;" | 1,618 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.08 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0.00 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 33,253 | style="text-align:right;" | 1.67 | style="text-align:right;" | −0.23 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.00 |-

|- ! style="background-color: #6D3177;" | | style="text-align:left;" |UKIP | style="text-align:right;" | 2,508 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.13 | style="text-align:right;" | +0.13 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 18,138 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.91 | style="text-align:right;" | +0.51 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.00 |-

|- ! style="background-color: #EE1C25;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Socialist Labour | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | 16,847 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.85 | style="text-align:right;" | +0.15 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.00 |-

|- ! style="background-color: #9966CC;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Scottish Christian | style="text-align:right;" | 1,193 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.06 | style="text-align:right;" | −0.17 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 16,466 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.83 | style="text-align:right;" | −0.47 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.00 |-

|- ! style="background-color: #2e3b74;" | | style="text-align:left;" |BNP | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | 15,580 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.78 | style="text-align:right;" | −0.42 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.00 |-

|- ! style="background-color: #ff0000;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Scottish Socialist | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | 8,272 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.42 | style="text-align:right;" | −0.21 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.00 |-

|- ! style="background-color: #46801c;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Respect | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | 6,972 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.35 | style="text-align:right;" | +0.35 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.00 |-

|- ! style="background-color: #5555FF;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Scottish Unionist | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | 3,002 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.15 | style="text-align:right;" | −0.06 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.00 |-

|- ! style="background-color: white;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Ban Bankers Bonuses | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | 2,968 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.15 | style="text-align:right;" | +0.15 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.00 |-

|- ! style="background-color: #a22f32;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Solidarity | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | 2,837 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.14 | style="text-align:right;" | −1.38 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.00 |-

|- ! style="background-color: #EB7A43;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Liberal | style="text-align:right;" | 436 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.02 | style="text-align:right;" | +0.02 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 2,393 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.12 | style="text-align:right;" | +0.12 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.00 |-

|- ! style="background-color: #990099;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Pirate | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | 1,431 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.07 | style="text-align:right;" | +0.07 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.00 |-

|- ! style="background-color: #813887;" | | style="text-align:left;" |CPA | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | 1,191 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.06 | style="text-align:right;" | −0.66 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.00 |-

|- ! style="background-color: MidnightBlue;" | | style="text-align:left;" |National Front | style="text-align:right;" | 1,515 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.08 | style="text-align:right;" | +0.08 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 640 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.03 | style="text-align:right;" | +0.03 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.00 |-

|- ! style="background-color: white;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Scotland Homeland Party | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | 620 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.03 | style="text-align:right;" | +0.03 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.00 |-

|- ! style="background-color: white;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Angus Independents Representatives | style="text-align:right;" | 1,321 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.07 | style="text-align:right;" | +0.07 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 471 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.02 | style="text-align:right;" | +0.02 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.00 |-

|- ! style="background-color: white;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Land Party | style="text-align:right;" | 276 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.01 | style="text-align:right;" | +0.01 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.00 |-

|- ! style="background-color: #F93822;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Communist | style="text-align:right;" | 256 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.01 | style="text-align:right;" | +0.00 | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | — | style="text-align:right;" | 0 | style="text-align:right;" | ±0 | style="text-align:right;" | 0.00 |- |- |   || Total | 1,989,222 

|100.00
|—
|73
|±0
|1,991,051
|100.00
|—
|56
|±0
|129
|±0
|100.00

|}

  • Overall turnout: 50%

Composition

Main articles: Members of the 4th Scottish Parliament and Scottish Parliament election, 2011

The composition of the Scottish Parliament as a result of the 2011 election was as follows:
█ Scottish National Party (69)
█ Scottish Labour Party (37)
█ Scottish Conservative Party (15)
█ Scottish Liberal Democrats (5)
█ Scottish Green Party (2)

The election produced a majority SNP government, making this the first time in the Scottish Parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority. The then-Labour government at Westminster believed that the additional member system would make it all but impossible for one party to win an absolute majority, so the scale of the SNP's victory came as a particular surprise. The SNP took 16 seats from Labour, with many of their key figures not returned to parliament, although Labour leader Iain Gray retained East Lothian by 151 votes. The SNP took a further eight seats from the Liberal Democrats and one seat from the Conservatives. The SNP overall majority meant that there was sufficient support in the Scottish Parliament to hold a referendum on Scottish independence.

Labour's poor showing was attributed to several factors. The party focused heavily on criticising the Conservative-Lib Dem coalition at Westminster, and assumed that it would pick up support from disaffected Lib Dem voters. As it turned out, most of those voters shifted to the SNP. Jackie Baillie compared the result to Labour's performance in the 1983 UK general election. Iain Gray announced his intention to resign as Scottish Labour leader.

The election saw a rout of the Liberal Democrats. Not only did they lose all of their seats on the mainland, but 25 candidates lost their deposits (candidates gaining less than five per cent of the vote). Leader Tavish Scott thought his party was hobbled by the Liberal Democrat presence in the Cameron Government, which was unpopular in Scotland. Scott resigned as leader two days after the election.

For the Conservatives, the main disappointment was the loss of Edinburgh Pentlands, the seat of former party leader David McLetchie, to the SNP. McLetchie was elected on the Lothian regional list and the Conservatives suffered a net loss of five seats, with leader Annabel Goldie claiming that their support had held firm. Nevertheless, she too announced she would step down as leader of the party.[77] Cameron congratulated the SNP on their victory but vowed to campaign for the Union in the independence referendum.

George Galloway, under an anti-cuts banner, failed to receive enough votes to be elected to the Glasgow regional list. The Scottish Greens won two seats, including their co-convenor Patrick Harvie. Margo MacDonald again won election as an independent on the Lothian regional list.

Changes since the election

Three previous members of the SNP are now Independent members of the Scottish Parliament. In October 2012, Jean Urquhart and John Finnie (both Highlands and Islands) quit the SNP over the party's change in its policy towards NATO. Finnie has since joined the Greens.[78] John Wilson resigned from the SNP after the September 2014 independence referendum, for the same reason as Urquhart and Finnie.

A by-election was occasioned in 2013 by the death of Brian Adam, the SNP member for Aberdeen Donside. The seat was won by SNP candidate Mark McDonald, preserving the party's majority of 65 voting members. McDonald had been appointed to a list seat for the North East Scotland region after the 2011 election, and his list seat was taken by Christian Allard.

Bill Walker, the member for Dunfermline, was expelled from the SNP in April 2012 after allegations that his candidature form was incorrectly filled in. He subsequently resigned following his conviction for multiple counts of domestic violence.[79] A by-election took place on 24 October 2013 and Cara Hilton won the seat for Scottish Labour.

When independent MSP Margo MacDonald died, her seat was vacated because it was not possible to nominate a replacement for an independent.

Criticism

For criticisms of the Scottish Parliament Building, see Scottish Parliament Building § Controversy.
Enric Miralles' Scottish Parliament complex in Holyrood Park during construction. The building was completed in 2004. Above and behind the new Parliament is the neoclassical Royal High School, which was prepared for a previous devolved Scottish parliament, but never used.

The resignation of Henry McLeish as First Minister, brought on by an office expenses scandal,[80] generated controversy in the first years of the Parliament.[81] Various academics have written on how the Scottish Parliament can be improved as a governing institution.[82]

West Lothian question

Main article: West Lothian question

A further procedural consequence created by the establishment of the Scottish Parliament is that Scottish MPs sitting in the UK House of Commons are still able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland – whilst English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament. This phenomenon is known as the West Lothian question and has led to criticism.[83]

See also

References

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Bibliography

  • Balfour, A & McCrone, G (2005): Creating a Scottish Parliament, StudioLR, ISBN 0-9550016-0-9
  • Burrows, N (1999): "Unfinished Business – The Scotland Act 1998", Modern Law Review, Vol. 62, No. 2 (March 1999), pp. 241–260
  • Centre for Scottish Public Policy (1999): A Guide to the Scottish Parliament: The Shape of Things to Come, The Stationery Office Books", ISBN 0-11-497231-1
  • Dardanelli, P (2005): Between Two Unions: Europeanisation and Scottish Devolution, Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-7080-5
  • Kingdom, J (1999): Government and Politics in Britain, An Introduction, Polity, ISBN 0-7456-1720-4
  • MacLean, B (2005): Getting It Together: Scottish Parliament, Luath Press Ltd, ISBN 1-905222-02-5
  • McFadden, J & Lazarowicz, M (2003): The Scottish Parliament: An Introduction, LexisNexis UK, ISBN 0-406-96957-4
  • Murkens, E; Jones, P & Keating, M (2002): Scottish Independence: A Practical Guide, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-7486-1699-3
  • Taylor, Brian (1999): The Scottish Parliament, Polygon, Edinburgh, ISBN 1-902930-12-6
  • Taylor, Brian (2002): The Scottish Parliament: The Road to Devolution, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-7486-1759-0
  • Young, John R. (1996): The Scottish Parliament, 1639–1661: A Political and Constitutional, Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers ISBN 0-85976-412-5

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