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Sinaloa

Coordinates: 25°0′N 107°30′W / 25.000°N 107.500°W / 25.000; -107.500
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For other uses, see Sinaloa (disambiguation).
Sinaloa
State
Estado Libre y Soberano de Sinaloa
Flag of Sinaloa
Flag
Official seal of Sinaloa
Seal
Nickname: 
The Land of the 11 Rivers
Anthem: State of Sinaloa Anthem
State of Sinaloa within Mexico
State of Sinaloa within Mexico
Coordinates: 25°0′N 107°30′W / 25.000°N 107.500°W / 25.000; -107.500
Country Mexico
Capital and Largest CityCuliacán Rosales
Municipalities18
AdmissionOctober 14, 1830[1]
Order20th
Seat123
Government
 • GovernorQuirino Ordaz Coppel PRI
 • Senators[2]Aarón Irízar López PRI
Daniel Amador Gaxiola PRI
Francisco Salvador López Brito PAN
 • Deputies[3]
Area
[4]
 • Total58,200 km2 (22,500 sq mi)
 Ranked 17th
Highest elevation
[5]
2,520 m (8,270 ft)
Population
 (2015)[6]
 • Total2,966,321
 • Rank16th
 • Density51/km2 (130/sq mi)
  • Rank18th
DemonymSinaloense
Time zoneUTC−7 (MST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−6 (MDT)
Postal code
80-82
Area code
ISO 3166 codeMX-SIN
HDIIncrease 0.764 very high Ranked 8th
GDPUS$ 13,749,376,250 [a]
WebsiteOfficial Web Site
^ a. The state's GDP was $175,992,016 thousand of pesos in 2008,[7] amount corresponding to $13,749,376.25 thousand of dollars, being a dollar worth 12.80 pesos (value of June 3, 2010).[8]

Sinaloa (Spanish pronunciation: [sinaˈloa] ⓘ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Sinaloa (Template:Lang-es), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, compose the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 18 municipalities and its capital city is Culiacán Rosales.

It is located in Northwestern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Sonora to the north, Chihuahua and Durango to the east (separated from them by the Sierra Madre Occidental) and Nayarit to the south. To the west, Sinaloa faces Baja California Sur across the Gulf of California.

The state covers an area of 58,200 square kilometers (22,500 sq mi), and includes the Islands of Palmito Verde, Palmito de la Virgen, Altamura, Santa María, Saliaca, Macapule and San Ignacio.

In addition to the capital city, the state's important cities include Mazatlán and Los Mochis.

History

Prior to the coming of the Spaniards, much of Sinaloa was inhabited by the Cáhita peoples.

In 1531, Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán with a force of over 10,000 men, defeated a force of 30,000 Cáhita warriors at the site of Culiacán. Beltrán de Guzmán established a Spanish and allied Indian outpost at San Miguel de Culiacán. Over the next decade, the Cahíta suffered severe depopulation from smallpox and other diseases the Spanish brought.

The Spanish organized Sinaloa as part of the gobierno of Nueva Galicia. In 1564, the area was realigned: the area of Culiacán and Cosalá remained in control of Nueva Galicia, while the areas to the north, south and west were made part of the newly formed Nueva Vizcaya province, making the Culiacán area an exclave of Nueva Galicia. The first capital of Nueva Vizcaya was located in San Sebastián, near Copala, but the capital moved to Durango in 1583.[9]

Starting in 1599, Jesuit missionaries spread out from a base at what is now Sinaloa de Leyva and by 1610, the Spanish influence had been extended to the northern edge of Sinaloa. In 1601, the Jesuits' movement into the eastern part of Sinaloa led to the Acaxee going to war. The Spanish eventually managed to reassert authority in the Sierra Madre Occidental region and executed 48 Acaxee leaders.[10]

After Mexican independence, Sinaloa was joined with Sonora as Estado de Occidente, but it became a separate, sovereign state in 1830.

Geography and environment

The coastal plain is a narrow strip of land that stretches along the length of the state and lies between the Gulf of California and the foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range, which dominates the eastern part of the state. Sinaloa is traversed by many rivers, which carve broad valleys into the foothills. The largest of these rivers are the Culiacán, Fuerte, and Sinaloa.

Sinaloa has a warm climate on the coast; moderately warm climate in the valleys and foothills; moderately cold in the lower mountains, and cold in the higher elevations. Its weather characteristics vary from subtropical, found on coastal plains, to cold in the nearby mountains. Temperatures range from 22 °C (72 °F) to 43 °C (109 °F) with rain and thunderstorms during the summer months and dry conditions throughout most of the year.

Numerous species of plants and animals are found within Sinaloa. Notable among the tree species is the elephant tree, Bursera microphylla.[11]

Culture

Culturally, it is known for its popular styles of music banda and norteño.[12]

It is the only place in the continent where the ancient Mesoamerican ballgame is played, in a handful of small, rural communities not far from Mazatlán. The ritual ballgame was central in the society, religion and cosmology of all the great Mesoamerican cultures including the Mixtecs, Aztecs, and Maya. [citation needed]

An ulama player in Sinaloa.

The Sinaloa version of the game is called ulama and is very similar to the original.[13] There are efforts to preserve this 3500-year-old unique tradition by supporting the communities and children who play it.[14]

Its rich cuisine[15] is well known for its variety[16] particularly in regard to mariscos (seafood) and vegetables.[17] Sushi is a popular dish here.[18]

Famous entertainers from Sinaloa include actor Pedro Infante and singer Ana Gabriel, born in Guamúchil; Lola Beltrán from Rosario, Cruz Lizárraga, the founder of Banda el Recodo, Jorge Orta, actress/comedian/singer Sheyla Tadeo, born in Culiacan; Sabine Moussier and actress/singer Lorena Herrera, born in Mazatlan.

The Sinaloa Cartel (Cártel de Sinaloa or CDS) has significantly influenced the culture of Sinaloa.[19] The cartel is reportedly the largest drug trafficking, money laundering and organized crime syndicate in the Western hemisphere; it is based in the city of Culiacán, Sinaloa.[20]

Demography

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1895[21] 261,050—    
1900 296,701+13.7%
1910 323,642+9.1%
1921 341,265+5.4%
1930 395,618+15.9%
1940 492,821+24.6%
1950 635,681+29.0%
1960 838,404+31.9%
1970 1,266,528+51.1%
1980 1,849,879+46.1%
1990 2,204,054+19.1%
1995 2,425,675+10.1%
2000 2,536,844+4.6%
2005 2,608,442+2.8%
2010 2,767,761+6.1%
2015[22] 2,966,321+7.2%

According to the 2015 census, Sinaloa is home to 2,966,700[7] inhabitants, 61% of whom reside in the capital city of Culiacán and the municipalities of Mazatlán and Ahome. It is a young state in terms of population, 56% of which is younger than 30 years of age.

Other demographic particulars report 87% of the state practices the Catholic faith. Also, 1% of those over five years of age speak an indigenous language alongside Spanish; the main indigenous ethnic group still residing in the state is the Mayo or "Yoreme" (Cáhita language) people. Life expectancy in the state follows the national tendency of higher rates for women than men, a difference of almost five years in the case of Sinaloa, at 72.5 and 77.4 years respectively.

In ethnic composition, Sinaloa has received large historic waves of immigration from Europe (mainly Spain, the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Germany, Austria, Italy and Russia) and Asia (mainly China, Japan and the Philippines). In recent years, retirees from the U.S. and Canada have arrived and made Sinaloa their home.

There was also a sizable influx of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews in the first decades of the twentieth century.

Greeks (ancestry from Greece) form a notable presence in Sinaloa, where one can find local cuisine with kalamari and a few Greek Orthodox churches along the state's coast.

There is a sizable Arab Mexican community, mostly Lebanese and Syrian descent. It has one of the largest Arab populations in the country.

Overall Sinaloa has one of the highest European Mexican rates in the whole country, estimated at 38%, although the Mexican Census didn't have a racial category count since 1921.

Sinaloense moved to the United States in large numbers in the last 50 years (since 1970), a large community, for example, is in the twin towns of Indio, California and Coachella, California about 25 miles east of Palm Springs, California in the desert resort industry.

Education

In terms of education, average schooling reaches 8.27 years; 4.2% of those over 15 years of age are illiterate, and 3.18% of children under 14 years of age do not attend school. [23]

Institutions of higher education include Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa, Universidad Politécnica del Mar y la Sierra, Universidad Politécnica del Valle del Evora, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Sinaloa, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Mazatlán and Universidad Casa Blanca.

Municipalities

Sinaloa is divided into 18 municipios (municipalities). See Municipalities of Sinaloa.

The state's major cities include the capital and largest city, Culiacán. Also Mazatlán, which is a world-famous tourist resort and destination. Los Mochis, an agricultural hub in the Northwestern region of Mexico.

Economy

The main economic activities of Sinaloa are agriculture, fishing, livestock breeding, commerce and industry. The products obtained from these activities are used for both local and national consumption. Agriculture produces tomatoes, cotton, beans, corn, wheat, sorghum, potatoes, soybeans, sugarcane, peanuts and squash. Sinaloa is the most prominent state in Mexico in terms of agriculture and is known as "Mexico's breadbasket". Additionally, Sinaloa has the second largest fishing fleet in the country [citation needed]. Livestock produces meat, sausages, cheese, milk as well as sour cream.

Government and politics

The current governor of Sinaloa is Quirino Ordaz Coppel (PRI), elected for the period 2017–2022. The state is represented in Mexico City by three Senators in the upper house of Mexican Congress: Aaron Irizar Lopez (PRI), Daniel Amador Gaxiola (PRI) and Francisco Salvador Lopez Brito (PAN). It also has fourteen federal deputies in the lower house.

Notable and infamous natives or residents

  • Botanic garden "Benjamín F. Johnston" of Parque Sinaloa
    Botanic garden "Benjamín F. Johnston" of Parque Sinaloa

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Ley. Reglas para la división del Estado de Sonora y Sinaloa" (in Spanish).
  2. ^ "Senadores por Sinaloa LXI Legislatura". Senado de la Republica. Retrieved April 6, 2011.
  3. ^ "Listado de Diputados por Grupo Parlamentario del Estado de Sinaloa". Camara de Diputados. Retrieved April 6, 2011.
  4. ^ "Resumen". Cuentame INEGI. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Relieve". Cuentame INEGI. Archived from the original on October 14, 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "Encuesta Intercensal 2015" (PDF). Retrieved December 9, 2015.
  7. ^ a b "Mexico en Cifras". INEGI. Archived from the original on April 20, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "Reporte: Jueves 3 de Junio del 2010. Cierre del peso mexicano". www.pesomexicano.com.mx. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
  9. ^ Peter Gerhard, The Northern Frontier of New Spain (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982) p. 245
  10. ^ John Schmal, "The History of Indigenous Sinaloa"
  11. ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2009
  12. ^ Lawrence Downes. "In Los Angeles, Songs Without Borders". New York Times.
  13. ^ "The Game". Mesoamerican Heritage Chapter of the Asociacion de Gestores del Patrimonio Historico y Cultural de Mazatlan. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  14. ^ Asociacion de Gestores del Patrimonio Historico y Cultural de Mazatlan. 2009
  15. ^ "Festivities and cuisine in Sinaloa".
  16. ^ "Sinaloa".
  17. ^ "Culinary Arts of Sinaloa".
  18. ^ "Oh No, There Goes Tokyo Roll—Sinaloa Style Sushi Invades Los Angeles".
  19. ^ "Sinaloa Cartel Influence is Steadily Growing In Tijuana". Borderland Beat. 23 February 2011.
  20. ^ "Mexico's Sinaloa gang grows empire, defies crackdown". Reuters. 19 January 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
  21. ^ "Mexico: extended population list". GeoHive. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2011-07-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "Encuesta Intercensal 2015" (PDF). INEGI. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
  23. ^ INEGI (2005). "Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Sinaloa" (PDF): 27, 29, 33. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Sinaloa (category)
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Sinaloa".
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